Selected Cryptocurrency Returns and Capital Gains Tax - Based on the Example of Countries with Varying Degrees of Legal Regulations Concerning Cryptocurrencies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.35.04Keywords:
taxes, cryptocurrency, regulation, capital gains tax, bitcoin, ETCAbstract
The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The purpose of this article is to present the impact of capital gains tax on the returns of the two most popular cryptocurrencies: BITCOIN and Ethereum Classic (ETC).
Methodology: In this study, the rates of return on selected cryptocurrencies were proposed as a variable that may be affected by taxes on capital gains. The article presents a new approach to the analysis of issues related to cryptocurrencies.
Results of the research: The results show that for selected countries (Hungary, Italy, Poland, the USA) there is a correlation between the tax rate on capital gains and the return on ETC. In the case of BITCON, however, there is no such a relationship.
Downloads
References
Bollen R., 2013, The Legal Status of Online Currencies: Are Bitcoins the Future? „Journal of Banking and Finance Law and Practice”, pp. 38.
Czarnecki J., 2018, Cryptocurrency a financial instrument? A new proposal in the EU https://newtech.law/en/cryptocurrency-a-financial-instrument-a-new-proposal-in-the-eu/ [Accessed 10.04.2021].
Directive (EU) 2018/843 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, and amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU (Text with EEA relevance) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32018L0843 [Accessed 02.05.2021].
Dobosz D., Niziołek A., 2019, Opodatkowanie kryptowalut w Polsce. „Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne”, 28, pp. 275–286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.28.20
ESMA 2019 https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/library/esma71-99-1084_advice_on_crypto_assets.pdf [Accessed 22.06.2022].
Giudici G., Milne A., Vinogradov D., 2020, Cryptocurrencies: market analysis and perspectives. „Journal of Industrial and Business Economics”, 47(1), pp. 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-019-00138-6
Haffke L., Fromberger M., Zimmermann P., 2020, Cryptocurrencies and anti-money laundering: the shortcomings of the fifth AML Directive (EU) and how to address them. „Journal of Banking Regulation”, 21(2), pp. 125–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41261-019-00101-4
Härdle W.K., Dautel A.J., Lessmann S., Seow H.V., 2020, Forex exchange rate forecasting using deep recurrent neural networks. „Digital Finance”, 2(1), pp. 69–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-020-00019-x
Houben R., Snyers A., 2020, Crypto-assets - Key developments, regulatory concerns and responses, „European Parliament Study” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2020)648779 [Accessed 08.03.2022]
Karisma K., 2022, Comparative Review of the Regulatory Framework of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions. „Regulatory Aspects of Artificial Intelligence on Blockchain”, pp. 82–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7927-5.ch005
Kowalski P., 2015, Taxing Bitcoin transactions under Polish tax law. „Comparative Economic Research”, 18(3), pp. 139–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0025
Lener R., Furnari S.L., Lorenzotti N., Di Ciommo A., Lener R.A., 2021, The Virtual Currency Regulation Review: Italy, „Lener & Partners and Verteq Capital” https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-virtual-currency-regulation-review/italy [Accessed 15.03.2022].
Lyons T., 2018, EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum. In Workshop Report. „Government Services and Digital Identity”, Brussels.
Nakamoto S., 2008, Re: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper. „The Cryptography Mailing List”.
OECD Data https://data.oecd.org/ [Accessed 12.01.2020].
OECD, 2020, Taxing Virtual Currencies: An Overview Of Tax Treatments And Emerging Tax Policy Issues, „OECD”, Paris https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/taxing-virtual-currencies-an-overview-of-tax-treatments-and-emerging-tax-policy-issues.htm [Accessed 20.02.2022].
Ossinger J., Hajric V., 2021, Crypto investors turn to lesser-known tokens after Bitcoin and Ether’s rallies https://fortune.com/2021/08/30/crypto-alternative-cardano-binance-coin-avalanche-bitcoin-ether-price-rally/ [Accessed 20.02.2022]
Papadimitriou T., Gogas P., Gkatzoglou F., 2020, The evolution of the cryptocurrencies market: A complex networks approach. „Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics”, 376, pp. 112831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2020.112831
Przyluska-Schmitt J., 2021, Bitcoin – zagadnienia prawno-podatkowe. „Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny”, (4), pp. 115–134. https://doi.org/10.31743/ppe.12731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31743/ppe.12731
Rainero C., Puddu L., Migliavacca A., Coda R., Modarelli G., 2019, “Bit Standard”- Bitcoin between reality and risks of a “halfway- money”. „African Journal of Busi-ness Management”, 13(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2018.8724
Ramasastry A., 2014, Bitcoin: If You Can’t Ban It, Should You Regulate It? The Merits of Legalization, „Verdict Justia” https://verdict.justia.com/2014/02/25/bitcoin-cant-ban-regulate [Accessed 20.05.2021].
Segendorf B., 2014, What is bitcoin. „Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review”, 2014:2, pp. 2–71.
Sobiecki G., 2015, Regulowanie kryptowalut w Polsce i na świecie na przykładzie Bitcoina–status prawny i interpretacja ekonomiczna. „Problemy Zarządzania”, (3/2015 (54), t. 1), pp. 144–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.54.10
The Chainalysis, 2020, Crypto Crime Report https://go.chainalysis.com/2020-crypto-crime-report [Accessed 15.02.2021]
Tu K.V., Meredith M.W., 2015, Rethinking virtual currency regulation in the bitcoin age. „Washington Law Review”, 90(1), pp. 271–347.
Van Eecke P., Haie A.G. 2018, Blockchain and the GDPR: The EU Blockchain Observa-tory Report. “Eur. Data Prot. L. Rev”, 4, pp. 531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2018/4/18
Vaselli G., 2019, Italy’s tax treatment of cryptocurrencies: The risks and opportunities. „THE BLOCK Blockchain Technology News”. Available from https://www.blockchaintechnology-news.com/2019/04/italys-tax-treatment-of-cryptocurrencies-the-risks-and-opportunities/ [Accessed 11.02.2020].
Verbeek M., 2012, A Guide to Modern Econometrics: KU Leuven and Tilburg University. https://thenigerianprofessionalaccountant.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/modern-econometrics.pdf [Accessed 12.01.2019].
Wang Z., Jin H., Dai W., Choo K.K.R., Zou D., 2021, Ethereum smart contract security research: survey and future research opportunities. „Frontiers of Computer Science”, 15(2), pp. 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-020-9284-9
Włosik K., 2021, Rynek kryptowalut i tokenów z perspektywy inwestycyjnej, Wydawnictwo UEP. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-081-4
Wooldridge J.M., 2005, Fixed-effects and related estimators for correlated random-coefficient and treatment-effect panel data models. „Review of Economics and Statis-tics”, 87(2), pp. 385–390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/0034653053970320
World Bank Open Data - https://data.worldbank.org/ [Accessed 12.01.2020].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.




