Structural Conflict in the Polish Migrant Community in the UK
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.20.2.07Keywords:
structural conflict, migration, conflict of goals, conflict of valuesAbstract
The article presents the results of the author’s research concerning the place and characteristics of structural conflict in the functioning of the Polish migrant community in the UK. The backdrop for the analyzed phenomenon was post-accession migrations. Giving rise to phenomena and processes significant to the development of social structure, they constitute one of the critical factors in social change. The study used qualitative analysis to identify which of the analyzed social areas generated structural conflicts in the investigated environment. Structural conflict, in its many dimensions, was present not only between migrants and the host society, but also between migrants from different countries and between migrants from the same diaspora. This called into question the previously prevalent belief about the cohesion of the migrant community. The present study may serve as a point of departure for further explorations concerning issues such as structural barriers in a multinational society.
Downloads
References
Adamson Fiona B. (2005), Globalisation, Transnational Political Mobilisation, and Networks of Violence, “Cambridge Review of International Affairs”, vol. 18(1), pp. 31–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570500059548
Google Scholar
Andreoni Antonio, Chang Ha-Joon (2019), The political economy of industrial policy: Structural interdependencies, policy alignment and conflict management, “Structural Change and Economic Dynamics”, vol. 48, pp. 136–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2018.10.007
Google Scholar
Aronson Elliot, Wilson Timothy D., Akert Robin (1994), Social Psychology: The Heart and the Mind, New York: Harpercollins College Publishers.
Google Scholar
Byrne Bridget, Alexander Claire, Khan Omar, Nazroo James, Shankley William (2020), Ethnicity, Race and Inequality in the UK: State of the Nation, Bristol: Policy Press, http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/22310 (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Castles Stephen, Davidson Alastair (2020), Citizenship and Migration: Globalization and the Politics of Belonging, New York: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003061595
Google Scholar
Coombs Clyde H. (1987), The structure of conflict, “American Psychologist”, vol. 42(4), pp. 355–363, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.42.4.355 (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Djundeva Maja, Ellwardt Lea (2020), Social support networks and loneliness of Polish migrants in the Netherlands, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 46(7), pp. 1281–1300, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1597691
Google Scholar
Duda-Mikulin Ewa (2013), Migration as opportunity? A case study of Polish women: migrants in the UK and returnees in Poland, “Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje”, vol. 23(4), pp. 105–121, https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/473531.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Dunin-Wąsowicz Roch (2022), Polish Immigrant Organisations in the UK after 2004: Between Lack of Unity and Increased Recognition, “Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny”, vol. 2(184), pp. 47–67, https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.22.011.15837
Google Scholar
Dwyer Peter James, Scullion Lisa, Jones Katy, Stewart Alasdair (2019), The impact of conditionality on the welfare rights of EU migrants in the UK, “Policy & Politics”, vol. 47(1), pp. 133–150, https://doi.org/10.1332/030557318X15296527346800
Google Scholar
Fel Stanisław, Kozak Jarosław, Wódka Marek (2022), Polacy w Wielkiej Brytanii wobec brexitu. Studium socjologiczne, Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360473072_Poles_in_Great_Britain_toward_Brexit_A_Sociological_Study_Polacy_w_Wielkiej_Brytanii_wobec_brexitu_Studium_socjologiczne (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Féron Elise (2013), Diaspora politics: From “long distance nationalism” to autonomization, [in:] D. Halm, Z. Sezgin (eds.), Migration and Organized Civil Society, London: Routledge, pp. 63–78, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203103821.
Google Scholar
Féron Élise (2017), Transporting and re-inventing conflicts: Conflict-generated diasporas and conflict autonomisation, “Cooperation and Conflict”, vol. 52(3), pp. 360–376, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836716671759
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald Ian, Smoczynski Rafal (2015), Anti-Polish Migrant Moral Panic in the UK: Rethinking Employment Insecurities and Moral Regulation, “Sociologicky Casopis”, vol. 51(3), pp. 339–361, http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2015.51.3.180
Google Scholar
Flint John (2007), Faith schools, multiculturalism and community cohesion: Muslim and Roman Catholic state schools in England and Scotland, “Policy & Politics”, vol. 35(2), pp. 251–268, https://doi.org/10.1332/030557307780712979
Google Scholar
Frankfort-Nachmias Chava, Leon-Guerrero Anna, Davis Georgiann (2019), Social Statistics for a Diverse Society, London: Sage Publications.
Google Scholar
Friszke Andrzej (1999), Życie polityczne emigracji, Warszawa: Biblioteka Więzi, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjTstq7-amAAxWdKRAIHa2hDUMQFnoECBwQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzpe.gov.pl%2Fpdf%2FP10YtVqfU&usg=AOvVaw2Tl7FG-hwRYt_ClZBj_prg&opi=89978449 (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Garapich Michał (2008), Odyssean Refugees, Migrants and Power: Construction of the “Other” within the Polish Community in the United Kingdom, [in:] D. Reed-Danahay, C. Brettell (eds.), Citizenship, Political Engagement and Belonging. Immigrants in Europe and the United States, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, pp. 124–144.
Google Scholar
Garapich Michał (2019), Polskie organizacje imigranckie w Wielkiej Brytanii – raport z analizy danych zastanych, Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/70758/ssoar-2019-garapich-Polskie_organizacje_imigranckie_w_Wielkiej.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2019-garapich-Polskie_organizacje_imigranckie_w_Wielkiej.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Gawlewicz Anna, Narkowicz Kasia, Wright Sharon (2023), Heroes or Villains? Migrant Essential Workers and Combined Hostilities of Covid-19 And Brexit, “Discover Society: New Series”, vol. 3(2), pp. 1–5.
Google Scholar
Gromkowska-Melosik Agnieszka (2021), Globalna tożsamość korporacyjnego lidera i edukacja międzykulturowa, “Edukacja Międzykulturowa”, vol. 15(2), pp. 75–90, https://doi.org/10.15804/em.2021.02.04
Google Scholar
Grzymała-Kazłowska Aleksandra (2012), Postawy wobec mniejszości i imigrantów w Polsce na tle Europy, [in:] A. Jasińska-Kania (ed.), Wartości i zmiany. Przemiany postaw Polaków w jednoczącej się Europie, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, pp. 131–164.
Google Scholar
Grzymała-Kazłowska Aleksandra (2013), Ku socjologii mobilnego społeczeństwa? Rozwój nowych koncepcji migracji i integracji a socjologii, “Studia Socjologiczne”, vol. 210(3), pp. 31–52, http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.cejsh-093c1e1b-4ead-4754-9cc0-45cb1a9951fe/c/Grzymala-Kazlowska.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Habielski Rafał (2004), Polski Londyn, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie.
Google Scholar
Harris Catherine, Gawlewicz Anna, Valentine Gill (2022), Attitudes towards immigration: responses to the increased presence of Polish migrants in the UK post 2004, “Migration and Development”, vol. 11(1), pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2019.1697489
Google Scholar
Hofstede Geert (1980), Culture and Organizations, “International Studies of Management & Organization”, vol. 10(4), pp. 15–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300
Google Scholar
Isański Jakub, Nowak Marek, Kozak Jarosław, Eade John (2023), The New Parochialism? Polish Migrant Catholic Parishes on the Path of Change, “Review of Religious Research”, vol. 1(4), pp. 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X231171040
Google Scholar
Jehn Karen A. (1997), A Qualitative Analysis of Conflict Types and Dimensions in Organizational Groups, “Administrative Science Quarterly”, vol. 42(3), pp. 530–557, https://doi.org/10.2307/2393737
Google Scholar
Jeong Ho-Won (2008), Understanding Conflict and Conflict Analysis, London: Sage, https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=6tBl2nylydAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=Different+types+of+social+structures+have+different+tolerances+for+conflict.+Rigid+ones+are+exposed+to+their+accumulation+and+violent+explosion&ots=cXeD7gfYXn&sig=Ph63sZxxZtHaPC56JHZTrcOol_4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Johnson Adayshia (2022), Ibn Khaldun’s Views on Race: Influences by Early Life/Childhood, Climate, Geography, and Geographic Segmentation, “Johns Hopkins University”, vol. 3(1), pp. 1–7, https://mackseyjournal.scholasticahq.com/article/55659-ibn-khaldun-s-views-on-race-influences-by-early-life-childhood-climate-geography-and-geographic-segmentation (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Kaprāns Mārtiņš (2023), ‘They laughed at me, but I left that job’: occupational agency of Latvian migrant workers in the United Kingdom, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 49(5), pp. 1191–1209, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2035702
Google Scholar
Kilkey Majella, Ryan Louise (2020), Unsettling Events: Understanding Migrants’ Responses to Geopolitical Transformative Episodes through a Life-Course Lens, “International Migration Review”, vol. 55(1), pp. 227–253, https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918320905507
Google Scholar
Koinova Maria (2011), Diasporas and secessionist conflicts: the mobilization of the Armenian, Albanian and Chechen diasporas, “Ethnic and Racial Studies”, vol. 34(2), pp. 333–356, https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.489646
Google Scholar
Kok Anne M., Bakker Frank G.A. de, Groenewegen Peter (2019), Sustainability Struggles: Conflicting Sultures and Incompatible Logics, “Business & Society”, vol. 58(8), pp. 1496–1532, https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317703644
Google Scholar
Koos Sebastian, Seibel Verena (2019), Solidarity with refugees across Europe. A comparative analysis of public support for helping forced migrants, “European Societies”, vol. 21(5), pp. 704–728, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2019.1616794
Google Scholar
Kozak Jarosław (2023), Sources of knowledge about Brexit and the assessment of information activities undertaken by the Polish and British authorities among Poles living in the United Kingdom, “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny”, vol. 85(3), pp. 161–182, https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2023.85.3.10
Google Scholar
Kozak Jarosław, Fel Stanisław, Wódka Marek (2021), Religijność a tożsamość narodowa polskich migrantów w Wielkiej Brytanii w dobie brexitu, “Zeszyty Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II”, vol. 64(3), pp. 3–29.
Google Scholar
Kozina Andrzej, Pieczonka Agnieszka (2018), Strukturalne uwarunkowania konfliktów organizacyjnych, “Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu”, no. 543, pp. 81–97, http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2018.543.07
Google Scholar
Kwiatkowska Elżbieta (2014), Funkcjonowanie społeczne w środowisku wielokulturowym na przykładzie polskich emigrantów na Wyspach Brytyjskich, [in:] J. Nikitorowicz, J. Muszyńska, B. Boćwińska-Kiluk (eds.), Od wielokulturowości miejsca do międzykulturowości relacji społecznych. Współczesne strategie kreowania przestrzeni życia jednostki, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak, pp. 52–70, https://old.noe.uwb.edu.pl/files/file/PDF/PUBLIKACJE/Od_wielokulturowosci_miejsca_do.pdf#page=52 (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Lyons Terrence (2007), Conflict-generated diasporas and transnational politics in Ethiopia, “Conflict, Security & Development”, vol. 7(4), pp. 529–549, https://doi.org/10.1080/14678800701692951
Google Scholar
Łodziński Sławomir, Nowicka Ewa (2021), Wielokulturowość w wielkim mieście. Wspólnota pokoleń, siła wykształcenia i stosunek do imigracji w świetle badań jakościowych, “Studia Socjologiczne”, vol. 2(241), pp. 71–96, http://dx.doi.org/10.24425%2Fsts.2021.137289
Google Scholar
Meardi Guglielmo (2009), A suspended status: The puzzle of Polish workers in the West Midlands, [in:] H. Fassmann, M. Haller, D.S. Lane (eds.), Migration and Mobility in Europe: Trends, Patterns and Control, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 102–122, https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=XcQK1zSxVJYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA102&dq=polish+veteran+and+polish+plumber+migration+in+uk&ots=QqCwSMYXT0&sig=BlUOHYhi9wyUiqLbiJYjINd58D8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Mikułowski Pomorski Jerzy (2012), Jak narody porozumiewają się ze sobą w komunikacji międzykulturowej i komunikowaniu medialnym, Kraków: Universitatis.
Google Scholar
Mogilnicka Magda (2022), Conditional citizenship in the UK: Polish migrants’ experiences of diversity, “Ethnicities”, vol. 22(6), pp. 838–856, https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968221089926
Google Scholar
Moore Christopher W. (2014), The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
Google Scholar
Morgan Gareth (1981), The Schismatic Metaphor and Its Implications for Organizational Analysis, “Organization Studies”, vol. 2(1), pp. 23–44, https://doi.org/10.1177/017084068100200103
Google Scholar
Mucha Janusz (2011), Jak badać dynamikę i konflikt w społeczeństwie polskim?, “Studia Socjologiczne”, vol. 1(200), pp. 339–352, https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/427707.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Mucha Janusz (2014), Socjoterapeutyczne aspekty zarządzania sytuacją konfliktową w wymiarze jednostkowym i społecznym. Kilka uwag wprowadzających, [in:] M. Plucińska-Nowak (ed.), Rozwiązywanie sytuacji konfliktowych w wymiarze jednostkowym i społecznym, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Społecznych UAM, pp. 11–20.
Google Scholar
Narkowicz Kasia (2023), White enough, not white enough: racism and racialisation among Poles in the UK, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 49(6), pp. 1534–1551, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2154913
Google Scholar
Ngalande Rebecca Chikondi, Mkwinda Esmey (2014), Benefits and Challenges of Using ATLAS.ti, [in:] S. Friese, T. Ringmayr (eds.), Fostering Dialog on Qualitative Methods, Berlin: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, pp. 1–5, https://api-depositonce.tu-berlin.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/88cf2894-dd92-4a65-ac98-615495e1c6cd/content (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Nowak Witold, Nowosielski Michał (2016), Zarys uwarunkowań funkcjonowania organizacji imigranckich – propozycja modelu wyjaśniającego, “Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny”, vol. 3(161), pp. 31–52, http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-051eff6e-e70a-4091-bb22-d5c8dbe9f7fa/c/St.Migrac._3-16_3-W.Nowak_i_in.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Nowak Witold, Plucińska-Nowak Martyna (2022), Konfliktowy wymiar zorganizowania imigrantów – przypadek polskich organizacji imigranckich w Szwecji, “Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny”, vol. 2(184), pp. 161–183, http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.22.016.15842
Google Scholar
Omyła-Rudzka Małgorzata (2015), Autoportret Polaków i postrzegany dystans kulturowy wobec sąsiadów, Warszawa: CBOS, https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2015/K_126_15.PDF (accessed: 23.07.2023).
Google Scholar
Ossowska Maria (1985), Normy moralne. Próba systematyzacji, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Google Scholar
Paerregaard Karsten (2010), Interrogating Diaspora: Power and Conflict in Peruvian Migration, [in:] R. Bauböck, T. Faist (eds.), Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 91–107, http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/34853 (accessed: 23.07.2023).
Google Scholar
Pak Yoon K. (2021), “Racist-Blind, Not Color-Blind” by Design: Confronting Systemic Racism in Our Educational Past, Present, and Future, “History of Education Quarterly”, vol. 61(2), pp. 127–149, https://doi.org/10.1017/heq.2021.5
Google Scholar
Pakszys Elżbieta (2022), Doświadczanie Innego: postkolonialne oblicza rasizmu, “Sensus Historiae”, vol. 46(1), pp. 299–310, http://sensushistoriae.epigram.eu/index.php/czasopismo/article/view/630 (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Pietrzak Nicole (2021), Stygmatyzacja i dyskryminacja imigrantów i mniejszości etnicznych. Rozważania w kontekście pandemii COVID-19, [in:] M. Iwaniuk, B. Bujalska (eds.), Dysfunkcje i szanse współczesnego społeczeństwa, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Tygiel, pp. 74–84, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicole-Pietrzak/publication/354921098_Stygmatyzacja_i_dyskryminacja_imigrantow_i_mniejszosci_etnicznych_Rozwazania_w_kontekscie_pandemii_COVID-19/links/615432da14d6fd7c0fb8d9f4/Stygmatyzacja-i-dyskryminacja-imigrantow-i-mniejszosci-etnicznych-Rozwazania-w-kontekscie-pandemii-COVID-19.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Radzik Tadeusz (1991), Szkolnictwo polskie w Wielkiej Brytanii po drugiej wojnie światowej, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
Google Scholar
Rahim M. Afzalur (2023), Managing Conflict in Organizations, Abingdon–New York: Routledge, https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=zQa6EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT14&dq=conflict+types+incompatibility&ots=sENGDsw_QQ&sig=YrMa4eAjcUcg4oUihbYhYF7zMJg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=conflict%20types%20incompatibility&f=false (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Romejko Adam (2015), Polacy w Wielkiej Brytanii: interpretacja mimetyczna, Tuchów: Poligrafia Redemptorystów, https://pbc.gda.pl/dlibra/publication/62849/edition/56562?language=en (accessed: 6.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Rzepnikowska Alina (2023), Racialisation of Polish migrants in the UK and in Spain (Catalonia), “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 49(6), pp. 1517–1533, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2154912
Google Scholar
Sadura Przemysław (2022), The class-related educational strategies and national capital of Polish migrants in the UK (England), “British Journal of Sociology of Education”, vol. 43(5), pp. 754–769, https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2022.2058462
Google Scholar
Safran William (1991), Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return, “Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies”, vol. 1(1), pp. 83–99, https://doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.1.1.83
Google Scholar
Scott Sam, Craig Gary, Geddes Alistair (2012), Experiences of forced labour in the UK food industry, New York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, https://www.jrf.org.uk/experiences-of-forced-labour-in-the-uk-food-industry (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Shain Yossi (2007), Kinship & Diasporas in International Affairs, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=AD1xQ5dih18C&oi=fnd&pg=PP17&ots=lwwZaQd7R6&sig=FBifwddxKSBXnGCqWdBBKARpubk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Shankley William (2023), Gender, modern slavery and labour exploitation: experiences of male Polish migrants in England, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 49(5), pp. 1274–1291, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.2000853
Google Scholar
Shankley William (2024), The racialization of whiteness in migrants’ residential decisions: the case of Polish migrants in England, “Ethnic and Racial Studies”, vol. 47, pp. 123–144, https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2215853
Google Scholar
Sime Daniela, Tyrrell Naomi, Käkelä Emmaleena, Moskal Marta (2022), Performing whiteness: Central and Eastern European young people’s experiences of xenophobia and racialisation in the UK Post-Brexit, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 48(19), pp. 4527–4546, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2085678
Google Scholar
Simmel Georg (1950), The Stranger, [in:] K.H. Wolff (ed.), The Sociology of Georg Simmel, vol. 402, Glencoe: The Free Press, p. 408–410, http://timothyquigley.net/vcs/simmel-stranger.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Siomkajło Alina (2003), Stan edukacji i oświaty polonijnej w Wielkiej Brytanii, Lublin: Norbertinum.
Google Scholar
Sökefeld Martin (2006), Mobilizing in transnational space: a social movement approach to the formation of diaspora, “Global Networks”, vol. 6(3), pp. 265–284, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00144.x
Google Scholar
Squire Dian, Yao Christina W., Zenner Keni (2023), Neo-Racism, Academic Advisor Intercultural (In)competence, and the Hindering of International Student Success, “Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice”, vol. 61(4), pp. 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2022.2147014
Google Scholar
Stankiewicz Emilia (2016), Kapitał społeczny w perspektywie interdyscyplinarnej, “Kwartalnik Prawo – Społeczeństwo – Ekonomia”, vol. 4, pp. 44–65, https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/server/api/core/bitstreams/c78355fa-2302-4cc1-8154-c409420ac292/content (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Styk Józef (1987), System wartości a pokrewne kategorie badania życia społecznego, “Roczniki Nauk Społecznych”, vol. 15(1), pp. 125–142, https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1871859.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Switat Mustafa (2018), Rasizm i mechanizmy mu pokrewne w kontekście badań nad diasporą arabską w Polsce, “Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny”, vol. 1(167), pp. 189–218, https://doi.org/10.4467/25444972SMPP.18.009.8918
Google Scholar
Sword Keith (1996), Identity in Flux. The Polish Community in Britain, London: UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10078280/1/SSEES0012.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Sztompka Piotr (2007), Zaufanie. Fundament społeczeństwa, Kraków: Znak.
Google Scholar
Temple Bogusia, Young Alys (2004), Qualitative Research and Translation Dilemmas, “Qualitative Research”, vol. 4(2), pp. 161–178, https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794104044430
Google Scholar
Tomczak Maria (2014), Między wielokulturowością a kulturą wiodącą. Niemieckie debaty wokół imigracji, “Przegląd Zachodni”, vol. 350(1), pp. 95–110, https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=39303 (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Troccoli Giuseppe, Moreh Chris, McGhee Derek, Vlachantoni Athina (2022), Diagnostic testing: therapeutic mobilities, social fields, and medical encounters in the transnational healthcare practices of Polish migrants in the UK, “Journal of Migration and Health”, vol. 5, pp. 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100100
Google Scholar
Ufkes Elze G., Otten Sabine, Zee Karen I. van der, Giebels Ellen, Dovidio John F. (2012), The effect of stereotype content on anger versus contempt in “day-to-day” conflicts, “Group Processes & Intergroup Relations”, vol. 15(1), pp. 57–74, https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211417832
Google Scholar
Vertovec Steven (2009), Transnationalism, London–New York: Routledge, https://books.google.pl/books?hl=pl&lr=&id=084dVpMaRmYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&ots=FtEtu3U8mZ&sig=mN6keNQXmoMcRLYwm3MyFD84oCY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Werbner Pnina (2002), The place which is diaspora: Citizenship, religion and gender in the making of chaordic transnationalism, “Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies”, vol. 28(1), pp. 119–133, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830120103967
Google Scholar
Wesoły Szczepan (1994), Podwójna jurysdykcja dla Polaków w Anglii. Z dziejów emigracji polskiej w Wielkiej Brytanii, [in:] K. Mochlińska, Z.E. Wałaszewski (eds.), W służbie emigracji. 25 lat posługi pasterskiej księdza arcybiskupa Szczepana Wesołego Delegata Prymasa Polski dla duszpasterstwa emigracji, Londyn: Veritas Foundation Publication Centre, pp. 90–110.
Google Scholar
Williams Robert C. (1970), European Political Emigrations: A Lost Subject, “Comparative Studies in Society and History”, vol. 12(2), pp. 140–148, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500005727
Google Scholar
Wodawski Marek, Fel Stanisław, Kozak Jarosław (2023), Polish Return Migration after Brexit: A Sociological Forecast, London–New York: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003449843
Google Scholar
Wódka Marek (2017), Social and Economic Significance of Moral Capital, “Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym”, vol. 20(4), pp. 65–75, https://doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.4.05
Google Scholar
Zawadewicz Magda (2008), Życie codzienne w muzułmańskim Londynie, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog.
Google Scholar
Zborowski Andrzej, Gałka Jadwiga (2008), Migracje stałe i czasowe z Polski po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej, [in:] D. Ilnicki, K. Janc (eds.), Przekształcenia regionalnych struktur funkcjonalno-przestrzennych, “Rozprawy Naukowe Instytutu Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego”, vol. 3, pp. 39–37, https://www.repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/publication/146968/edition/137342/przeksztalcenia-regionalnych-struktur-funkcjonalno-przestrzennych-europa-bez-granic-nowe-wyzwania-ilnicki-dariusz-red-janc-krzysztof-red?language=pl (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Ziętara Paweł (1993), Misja ostatniej szansy. Próba zjednoczenia polskiej emigracji politycznej w latach 1952–1956, “Przegląd Historyczny”, vol. 84(2), pp. 199–220, https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Przeglad_Historyczny/Przeglad_Historyczny-r1993-t84-n2/Przeglad_Historyczny-r1993-t84-n2-s199-220/Przeglad_Historyczny-r1993-t84-n2-s199-220.pdf (accessed: 1.09.2023).
Google Scholar
Published
Versions
- 2024-07-10 (2)
- 2024-05-31 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.