The Case of the Anti-spirituality of the Orthodox Behaviorist B. F. Skinner – A Psychobiographic Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2450-4491.12.12Keywords:
spirituality, beliefs, nurtureAbstract
The purpose of the article is to show how the religious education that B. F. Skinner experienced changed his perception of man and the world, and ultimately influenced his abandonment of faith and directed him onto the path of radical behaviorism. Analysis of the available literature shows that the difference in the views of Skinner’s opponents (Joseph Wood Krutch, Tomasz Szasz, Ayn Rand) and his allies (Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris) lies in their different upbringing and complex life experiences. Related beliefs influenced their understanding of spirituality and free will.
References
Bjork D. W. (1997) B. F. Skinner: A life, Washington, US: American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10130-000
Clark C. et al (2014) Free to Punish: A Motivated Account of Free Will Belief, „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, nr 106, s. 501–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035880
Dawkins R. (1996) Samolubny gen, tłum. M. Skoneczny, Warszawa, Prószyński i S-ka.
Dawkins R. (2007) Bóg urojony, tłum. P. J. Szwajcer, Warszawa, Wydawnictwo CiS.
Dennett D. (1984) Elbow Room. The Varietes of Free Will Worth Wanting, Cambridge, MIT Press.
Dennett D. (2003) Freedom Evolves. London, Penguin Books.
Dennett D. (2006) Odczarowanie. Religia jako zjawisko naturalne, tłum. B. Stanosz, Warszawa, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Harris S. (2004) The end of faith: Religion, terror, and the future of reason, New York, W. W. Norton & Co.
Harris S. (2012) Free Will, Waszyngton, Free Press.
Hitchens Ch. (2012) Śmiertelność, tłum. R. Madejski, Katowice, Sonia Draga.
James J. (2001) Doświadczenia religijne, tłum. J. Henpel, Warszawa, Nomos.
Krutch Wood J. (1953) The Measure of Men: on freedom, human values, survival, and the modern temper, Washington, Peter Smith Pub Inc.
Ono K. (1987) Superstitious behavior in humans, „Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior”, nr 47 (3), s. 261–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1987.47-261
Pawelec T. (2002) Psyche i Klio. Historia w oczach psychohistoryków, Lublin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
Piszkalski H. (1978) Problem „sytuacji granicznych” w ujęciu Karla Jaspersa, „Analecta Cracoviensia”, 10. 99. 10.15633/acr.2948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15633/acr.2948
Rand A. (1982) The Stimulus and the Response w: Philosophy – Who Needs It, New York, Signet.
Runyan W. M. (1992) Historie życia a psychobiografia. Badania teorii i metody, tłum. J. Kasprzewski, Warszawa, PWN.
Schneider Ch. (2008) Wilhelm Wundt – Volkerpsychologie, Berlin, V&R unipress GmbH.
Skinner B. F. (1938) The Behavior of Organisms. An Experimental Analysis, New York, Appleton Century Crofts, Inc.
Skinner B. F. (1948a) 'Superstition' in the pigeon, „Journal of Experimental Psychology”, nr 38 (2), s. 168–172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055873
Skinner B. F. (1948b) Walden Two, Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing Company.
Skinner B. F. (1953) Science and Human Behavior, Washington, Free Press.
Skinner B. F. (1955) Freedom and the control of men w: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative Record. Definitive Edition, Great Rd City, Copley Publishing Group.
Skinner B. F. (1957) Verbal Behavior, New York, Appleton Century Crofts, Inc.
Skinner B. F. (1961) How to teach animals w: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative Record. Definitive Edition, Washington, Copley Publishing Group. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11324-000
Skinner B. F. (1963) Behaviorism at Fifty w: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative Record. Definitive Edition, Washington, Copley Publishing Group.
Skinner B. F. (1977) Particulars of My Life. Part One of an Autobiography, New York, Knopf.
Skinner B. F. (1978) Poza wolnością i godnością, tłum. W. Szelenberger, Warszawa, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Skinner B. F. (1979) The Shaping of a Behaviorist. Part Two of an Autobiography, New York, Knopf.
Skinner B. F. (1983) A Matter of Consequences. Part Three of an Autobiography, New York, Knopf.
Skinner B. F. (1986) Upon Further Reflection, Harlow, Pearson.
Skinner B. F. (1987) What Religion Means to Me?, „Free Inquiry”, nr 7, s. 12–14.
Skinner B. F. (1990) Can Psychology Be a Science of Mind?, „American Psychologist”, vol. 45, nr 11, s. 1206–1210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.11.1206
Skinner B. F. (1995) Zachowanie się organizmów, tłum. K. Dudziak, Warszawa, PWN.
Skinner B. F. (2013) Behawioryzm, tłum. P. Skawiński, Gdańsk, Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Szasz T. (1974) Against behaviorism. A review of B. F. Skinner’s about behaviorism, „Libertarian Review”, nr 111, s. 6–7.
Szasz T. (1987) Justifying Coercion through Religion and Psychiatry, „Journal of Humanistic Psychology”, t. 7, nr 2, s. 158–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167887272004
Encyklopedia PWN (2011), https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/sytuacje-graniczne;3982244.html [dostęp: 29.04.2020].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal's website, created and edited by the NOWiS Editorial Team on the Index Copernicus platform: 

