Egzogeniczne i endogeniczne modele wzrostu: przegląd krytyczny
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027Słowa kluczowe:
wzrost gospodarczy, egzogeniczne modele wzrostu, endogeniczne modele wzrostuAbstrakt
Badane obecnie główne działy literatury teoretycznej dotyczącej wzrostu gospodarczego obejmują egzogeniczne i endogeniczne modele wzrostu, które doczekały się wielu różnych definicji i spotkały z krytycznymi uwagami. Zwolennicy egzogenicznych modeli wzrostu twierdzą, że postęp technologiczny jest kluczowym wyznacznikiem długoterminowego wzrostu gospodarczego, jak również różnic w produktywności w skali międzynarodowej. W modelach endogenicznego wzrostu propagowane są dwa poglądy. Pierwszy z nich mówi, że kapitał wykorzystywany do celów innowacyjnych może wywoływać korzyści skali, a tym samym przyczyniać się do powstawania obserwowanych obecnie różnic w produktywności w skali międzynarodowej. Najważniejszymi czynnikami są tutaj: wiedza, kapitał ludzki oraz badania i rozwój. Drugi pogląd mówi, że międzynarodowe różnice w produktywności można również wytłumaczyć czynnikami, które wpływają na efektywność kapitału, a tym samym powodują ucieczkę kapitału,. Czynniki wpływające na efektywność kapitału obejmują: wydatki rządowe, inflację, realne kursy walut i realne stopy procentowe. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań pokazują, że wśród ekonomistów nadal nie ma konsensusu odnośnie dominującego teoretycznego modelu wzrostu gospodarczego, który może w pełni uwzględniać różnice w produktywności w skali międzynarodowej. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że prace dotyczące teorii wzrostu gospodarczego są dalekie od zakończenia i należy kontynuować prace zmierzające do opracowania bardziej praktycznych modeli strukturalnych wzrostu gospodarczego.
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