Płeć i stereotypy w doświadczaniu zaburzeń odżywiania u mężczyzn.  Proces stygmatyzacji i autostygmatyzacji jako utrudniający leczenie

Dorota Mroczkowska

doi:10.18778/0208-600X.94.05

Autor

Dorota Mroczkowska Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Socjologii https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4410-0276

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-600X.94.05

Słowa kluczowe:

zaburzenia odżywiania, płeć, mężczyźni, stygmatyzacja, autostygmatyzacja, bariery w leczeniu

Abstrakt

Artykuł analizuje problematykę zaburzeń odżywiania u mężczyzn z perspektywy genderowej, koncentrując się na roli stereotypów, stygmatyzacji i autostygmatyzacji jako na istotnych czynnikach psychospołecznych, które utrudniają rozpoznanie, leczenie i proces zdrowienia. Na podstawie narracyjnego przeglądu 50 publikacji naukowych z lat 2000–2024 tekst ukazuje, że stereotypowe postrzeganie ED jako „kobiecego zaburzenia” prowadzi do niedodiagnozowania mężczyzn i pogłębia ich cierpienie. Omówiono również różnice w obrazie klinicznym, bariery kulturowe oraz wpływ norm hegemonicznej męskości na opóźnianie pomocy. Artykuł wskazuje potrzebę zmiany narzędzi diagnostycznych i praktyk terapeutycznych na bardziej inkluzywne płciowo oraz apeluje o działania edukacyjne przeciwdziałające piętnowaniu mężczyzn z ED.

Bibliografia

Ahuja L. i in. (2024), A Systematic Review Exploring the Effectiveness of Body Image Interventions among Boys, „Adolescent Research Review”, Vol. 10, s. 97–143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00246-y
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00246-y

Austen E., Griffiths S. (2019), Why Do Men Stigmatize Individuals with Eating Disorders More Than Women? Experimental Evidence That Sex Differences in Conformity to Gender Norms, Not Biological Sex, Drive Eating Disorders’ Stigmatization, „The Journal of Treatment & Prevention”, Vol. 27, Iss. 3, s. 267–290, https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1499337
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1499337

Baumeister R.F., Leary M.R. (1997), Writing Narrative Literature Review, „Review of General Psychology”, Vol. 1, Iss. 3, s. 311–320, https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.1.3.311

Bąk D. (2008), Zaburzenia odżywiania się u mężczyzn, „Psychiatria Polska”, t. 42, nr 2, s. 167–178.
Google Scholar

Becker A.E. i in. (2003), Ethnicity and Differential Access to Care for Eating Disorder Symptoms, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 33, Iss. 2, s. 205–212, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10129
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10129

Brelet L. i in. (2021), Stigmatization toward People with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. A Scoping Review, „Nutrients”, Vol. 13, No. 8, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082834
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082834

Brown T.A., Keel P.K. (2023), Eating Disorders in Boys and Men, „Annual Review of Clinical Psychology”, Vol. 19, s. 177–205, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-074125
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-074125

Bunnell D.W. (2010), Men with Eating Disorders. The Art and Science of Treatment Engagement, [w:] M. Maine, B. McGilley, D.W. Bunnell (red.), Treatment of Eating Disorders. Between Science and Practice, Elsevier, Amsterdam–London–Heidelberg, s. 301–310.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375668-8.10018-X

Cella S. i in. (2010), Body Dissatisfaction, Abnormal Eating Behaviours and Eating Disorder Attitude in Homo- and Heterosexuals, „Eating and Weight Disorders. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity”, Vol. 15, No. 3, s. 180–185.
Google Scholar

Chamay-Weber Ch., Narring F., Michaud A.P. (2005), Partial Eating Disorders among Adolescent. A Review, „Journal Adolescent Health”, Vol. 37, Iss. 5, s. 416–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.014
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.09.014

Collier R. (2013), Gender Perceptions on Eating Disorders Slow to Change, „Canadian Medical Association Journal”, Vol. 185, No. 3, s. 151–152, https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4360
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4360

Coopey E., Johnson G. (2022), „The Male Elephant in the Room”. A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Exploring Male Experiences of Eating Disorders, „Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 10, Art. No. 131, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00614-w
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00614-w

Corrigan P.W. (2000), Mental Health Stigma as Social Attribution. Implications for Research Methods and Attitude Change, „Clinical Psychology. Science and Practice”, Vol. 7, No. 1, s. 48–67, https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.7.1.48
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/7.1.48

Corrigan P.W. (2004), How Stigma Interferes with Mental Health Care, „American Psychologist”, Vol. 59, No. 7, s. 614–625, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614

Corrigan P.W., Penn D.L. (1999), Lessons from Social Psychology on Discrediting Psychiatric Stigma, „American Psychologist”, Vol. 54, No. 9, s. 765–776, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.765
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.54.9.765

Corrigan P.W., Shapiro J.R. (2010), Measuring the Impact of Programs that Challenge the Public Stigma of Mental Illness, „Clinical Psychology Review”, Vol. 30, No. 8, s. 907–922, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004

Corrigan P.W., Watson A.C. (2002), The Paradox of Self-Stigma and Mental Illness, „Clinical Psychology. Science and Practice”, Vol. 9, No. 1, s. 35–53, https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35

Corrigan P.W., Druss B.G., Perlick D.A. (2014), The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care, „Psychological Science in the Public Interest”, Vol. 15, Iss. 2, s. 37–70, https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614531398
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614531398

Corrigan P.W., Rafacz J., Rüsch N. (2011), Examining a Progressive Model of Self-Stigma and Its Impact on People with Serious Mental Illness, „Psychiatry Research”, Vol. 189, Iss. 3, s. 339–343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.024
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.024

Corrigan P.W. i in. (2016), What Is the Impact of Self-Stigma? Loss of Self-Respect and the „Why Try” Effect, „Journal Mental Health”, Vol. 25, Iss. 1, s. 10–15, https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1021902
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1021902

Costin C. (2007), The Eating Disorder Sourcebook. A Comprehensive Guide to the Causes, Treatments, and Prevention of Eating Disorders, McGraw Hill, New York.
Google Scholar

Crisp A.H. (2005), Stigmatization of and Discrimination against People with Eating Disorders Including a Report of Two Nationwide Surveys, „European Eating Disorders Review”, Vol. 13, Iss. 3, s. 147–152, https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.648
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.648

Crisp A.H. i in. (2005), Stigmatization of People with Mental Illnesses. A Follow-Up Study within the Changing Minds Campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, „World Psychiatry. Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association”, Vol. 4, No. 2, s. 106–113.
Google Scholar

Crone C. i in. (2023), The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders, „American Journal of Psychiatry”, Vol. 80, No. 2, s. 167–171, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.23180001
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424865

Diemer E.W. i in. (2015), Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Eating-Related Pathology in a National Sample of College Students, „Journal of Adolescent Health”, Vol. 57, Iss. 2, s. 144–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.003
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.003

Eliasson M. (2000), Systematic Review is the Foundation of the Evidence Based Medicine. One of the Most Important Contributions to Clinical Medicine of the Past Decade, „Läkartidningen”, Vol. 97, No. 22, s. 2726–2728.
Google Scholar

Feldman M.B., Meyer I.H. (2007), Eating Disorders in Diverse Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 40, Iss. 3, s. 218–226, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20360
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20360

Ferrari M. (2015), Understanding the Feasibility of Integrating the Eating Disorders and Obesity Fields. The Beyond Obesity and Disordered Eating in Youth (BODY) Study, „Eating and Weight Disorder. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity”, Vol. 20, No. 2, s. 257–269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-014-0172-x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-014-0172-x

Flores L.E. i in. (2022), Analysis of Age, Race, Ethnicity, and Sex of Participants in Clinical Trials Focused on Eating Disorders, „JAMA Network Open”, Vol. 5, No. 2, Art. No. e220051, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0051
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0051

Foran A.M., O’Donnell A.T., Muldoon O.T. (2020), Stigma of Eating Disorders and Recovery-Related Outcomes. A Systematic Review, „European Eating Disorders Review”, Vol. 28, Iss. 4, s. 385–397, https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2735
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2735

Gordon K.H. i in. (2006), The Impact of Client Race on Clinician Detection of Eating Disorders, „Behavior Therapy”, Vol. 37, Iss. 4, s. 319–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.12.002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2005.12.002

Gorrell S., Murray S.B. (2019), Eating Disorders in Males, „Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America”, Vol. 28, Iss. 4, s. 641–651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.012
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.012

Grant M.J., Booth A. (2009), A Typology of Reviews. An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies, „Health Information and Libraries Journal”, Vol. 26, Iss. 2, s. 91–108, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

Griffiths S., Yager Z. (2019), Gender, Embodiment, and Eating Disorders, „Journal of Adolescent Health”, Vol. 64, Iss. 4, s. 425–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.016
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.016

Griffiths S. i in. (2015), Self-Stigma of Seeking Treatment and Being Male Predict an Increased Likelihood of Having an Undiagnosed Eating Disorder, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 48, Iss. 6, s. 775–778, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22413
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22413

Halbeisen G., Brandt G., Paslakis G. (2022), A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research, „Frontiers in Psychiatry”, Vol. 13, Art. No. 820043, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043

Halbeisen G. i in. (2024), Eating Disorders in Men. An Underestimated Problem, an Unseen Need, „Deutsches Ärzteblatt International”, Vol. 121, No. 3, s. 86–91, https://doi.org/10.3238/arztbl.m2023.0246
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0246

Hunt K., Räisänen U. (2014), The Role of Gendered Constructions of Eating Disorders in Delayed Help-Seeking in Men. A Qualitative Interview Study, „BMJ Open”, Vol. 4, No. 4, Art. No. e004342, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004342
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004342

Javier S.J., Belgrave F.Z. (2019), „I’m Not White, I Have to Be Pretty and Skinny”. A Qualitative Exploration of Body Image and Eating Disorders among Asian American Women, „Asian American Journal of Psychology”, Vol. 10, No. 2, s. 141–153, https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000133
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000133

Jaworski M. i in. (2019), Eating Disorders in Males. An 8-Year Population-Based Observational Study, „American Journal of Men’s Health”, Vol. 13, No. 4, https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319860970
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319860970

Lavender J.M., Brown T.A., Murray S.B. (2017), Men, Muscles, and Eating Disorders. An Overview of Traditional and Muscularity-Oriented Disordered Eating, „Current Psychiatry Reports”, Vol. 19, No. 6, Art. No. 32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0787-5
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0787-5

Lehe M.S. i in. (2024), Invisible Walls? Stigma-Related Perceptions Are Associated with Reduced Help-Seeking Intentions for Disordered Eating in Men, „Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 12, Art. No. 200, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01152-3
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01152-3

Link B.G. i in. (2004), Measuring Mental Illness Stigma, „Schizophrenia Bulletin”, Vol. 30, No. 3, s. 511–541, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098

Liu L., Hay P., Conti J. (2022), Perspectives on Barriers to Treatment Engagement of People with Eating Disorder Symptoms Who Have Not Undergone Treatment. A Qualitative Study, „BMC Psychiatry”, Vol. 22, Art. No. 239, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03890-7
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03890-7

MacNeil B.A., Hudson Ch.C., Leung P. (2018), It’s Raining Men. Descriptive Results for Engaging Men with Eating Disorders in a Specialized Male Assessment and Treatment Track (MATT), „Eating and Weight Disorders. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity”, Vol. 23, No. 6, s. 817–824, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0586-y
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0586-y

Maloney R. i in. (2024), Stigma Experience of Men with Eating Disorders. A Scoping Review, „Journal of Social Care”, Vol. 4, Iss. 1, Art. No. 4, https://doi.org/10.21427/tcqd-k745
Google Scholar

Marques L. i in. (2011), Comparative Prevalence, Correlates of Impairment, and Service Utilization for Eating Disorders across U.S. Ethnic Groups. Implications for Reducing Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Access for Eating Disorders, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 44, Iss. 5, s. 412–420, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20787
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20787

Mitchison D. i in. (2019), DSM-5 Full Syndrome, Other Specified, and Unspecified Eating Disorders in Australian Adolescents. Prevalence and Clinical Significance, „Psychological Medicine”, Vol. 50, Iss. 6, s. 981–990, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000898
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000898

Mond J., Mitchison D., Hay P. (2014), Eating Disordered Behavior in Men Prevalence. Impairment in Quality of Life, and Implications for Prevention and Health Promotion, [w:] L. Cohn, R. Lemberg (red.), Current Findings on Males with Eating Disorders, Routledge, Taylor & Francis, New York, s. 195–215.
Google Scholar

Moufawad M. i in. (2024), Social Media Use and Weight Bias Internalization. Association Moderated by Age and Weight Perception, „Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 12, Art. No. 84, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01043-7
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01043-7

Mroczkowska D. (2012), Postrzeganie i rozumienie zaburzeń jedzenia – fakty i mity, „Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej”, t. 6, nr 2, s. 82–91.
Google Scholar

Mroczkowska D. (2024), Problem zaburzeń odżywiania wśród młodzieży – o potrzebie uwzględniania męskiej perspektywy, „Biuletyn Socjoterapeutyczny”, nr 2, s. 25–41.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/bst.2024.2.2

Mroczkowska D., Ziółkowska B. (2021), Eating Disorders among Men in the Context of Mental Health and Socio-Cultural Gender Issues, „Przegląd Krytyczny”, t. 3, nr 1, s. 65–78, https://doi.org/10.14746/pk.2021.3.1.4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/pk.2021.3.1.4

Murray S.B., Griffiths S., Mond J.M. (2016), Evolving Eating Disorder Psychopathology. Conceptualising Muscularity-Oriented Disordered Eating, „The British Journal of Psychiatry”, Vol. 208, Iss. 5, s. 414–415, https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.168427
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.168427

Murray S.B. i in. (2018), Locating the Mechanisms of Therapeutic Agency in Family-Based Treatment for Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa. A Pilot Study of Clinician/Researcher Perspectives, „Eating Disorders. The Journal of Treatment & Prevention”, Vol. 26, Iss. 5, s. 477–486, https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1481306
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2018.1481306

Parker L.L., Harriger J.A. (2020), Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors in the LGBT Population. A Review of the Literature, „Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 8, Art. No. 51, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00327-y
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00327-y

Pattyn E. i in. (2014), Public Stigma and Self-Stigma. Differential Association with Attitudes Toward Formal and Informal Help Seeking, „Psychiatric Services”, Vol. 65, No. 2, s. 232–238, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200561
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200561

Pearl L.R. i in. (2023), Opportunities to Advance Research, Intervention, and Policy on Stigma, Eating Disorders, and Body Image, „Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 11, Art. No. 132, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00857-1
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00857-1

Pope H., Phillips K.A., Olivardia R. (2000), The Adonis Complex. The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession, Free Press, New York.
Google Scholar

Popek L. i in. (2011), Rozumienie zaburzeń odżywiania się u adolescentów płci męskiej w ujęciu psychodynamicznym, systemowym i behawioralno-poznawczym, „Psychoterapia”, t. 4, nr 159, s. 5–15.
Google Scholar

Ray N. (2007), Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth. An Epidemic of Homelessness, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, National Coalition for the Homeless, Washington.
Google Scholar

Rother E.T. (2007), Systematic Literature Review and Narrative Review, „Acta Paulista de Enfermagem”, Vol. 20(2), s. 5–6, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-21002007000200001
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-21002007000200001

Sala M., Coll S., Flamer R. (2024), Gender Stereotypes in Eating Disorder Recognition, „Eating and Weight Disorders. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity”, Vol. 29, s. 423–436, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-024-01672-6
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-024-01672-6

Silverman J.A. (1990), Anorexia Nervosa in the Male. Early Historic Cases, [w:] A.E. Anderssen (red.), Males with Eating Disorders, Brunner-Routledge, New York, s. 13–22.
Google Scholar

Sonneville K.R., Lipson S.K. (2018), Disparities in Eating Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment According to Weight Status, Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Background, and Sex among College Students, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 51, Iss. 6, s. 518–526, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22846
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22846

Stangl A.L. i in. (2019), The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework. A Global, Crosscutting Framework to Inform Research, Intervention Development, and Policy on Health-Related Stigmas, „BMC Medicine”, Vol. 17, Art. No. 31, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1271-3
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1271-3

Striegel-Moore R.H., Bulik C.M. (2007), Risk Factors for Eating Disorders, „American Psychologist”, Vol. 62, No. 3, s. 181–198, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.181
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.181

Strobel C.B.S. (2022), The Shadow that Hovered Over. Gender Salience in Eating Disorder Recovery, „Gender Issues”, Vol. 39, s. 368–386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-022-09294-x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-022-09294-x

Strother E. i in. (2012), Eating Disorders in Men. Underdiagnosed, Undertreated, and Misunderstood, „Eating Disorders. The Journal of Treatment & Prevention”, Vol. 20, Iss. 5, s. 346–355, https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.715512
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.715512

Trompeter N. i in. (2021), Emotion Dysregulation across the Span of Eating Disorder Symptoms. Findings from a Community Sample of Adolescents, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 54, Iss. 11, s. 1946–1955, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23609
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23609

Valente S. i in. (2017), Sex-Specific Issues in Eating Disorders. A Clinical And Psychopathological Investigation, „Eating and Weight Disorders. Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity”, Vol. 22, No. 4, s. 707–715, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0432-7
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0432-7

Weltzin T.E. i in. (2012), Treatment Issues and Outcomes for Males with Eating Disorders, „Eating Disorders. The Journal of Treatment & Prevention”, Vol. 20, Iss. 5, s. 444–459, https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.715527
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.715527

Wingfield N. i in. (2011), College Students’ Perceptions of Individuals with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa, „International Journal of Eating Disorders”, Vol. 44, Iss. 4, s. 369–374, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20824
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20824

Ziółkowska B., Mroczkowska D. (2020), Eating Disorders in Men – Epidemiology, Determinants and Treatment. A Narrative Review of Empirical Evidence, „Polish Psychological Bulletin”, Vol. 51, No. 4, s. 273–279, https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2020.135459
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.24425/ppb.2020.135459