The Diplomatic Corps of German Consulates in Soviet Ukraine (1922–1938)

Liudmyla Vovchuk

doi:10.18778/1644-857X.22.01.08

Authors

Liudmyla Vovchuk Petro Mohyla Czarnomorski Narodowy Uniwersytet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-1388

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1644-857X.22.01.08

Keywords:

consul, consulate, diplomatic relations, Germany, Soviet Ukraine

Abstract

This paper focuses on the study of the activity of German consular institutions on the territory of Soviet Ukraine during 1922–1938. German consular representatives operating in Ukrainian cities were career diplomats, who had higher education, a perfect command of foreign languages, and deep knowledge in the ﬁelds of history, geography, statistics, political economy, and international law. While operating in Ukraine, German consuls were taking their ofﬁcial duties seriously: normalization of bilateral trade and economic relations, the establishment of cultural ties, as well as protection and assistance to German citizens living within the consular district. One of the important aspects of consular activity was the performance of the “honorary spy” functions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Liudmyla Vovchuk, Petro Mohyla Czarnomorski Narodowy Uniwersytet

Prof. Liudmyla Vovchuk – is employed at the Department of International Relations and Foreign Policy of Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolaiv, Ukraine. Candidate of Historical Sciences (2014), associate professor (2020). Author of 110 publications, co-author of 2 monographs, 2 textbooks. Deputy editor-in-chief of the scientiﬁc journal “Antiquities of Lukomorie”. Chief editor of the scientiﬁc journal “Acta de Historia & Politica: Saeculum XXI”, member of the Editorial Board of the specialized historical journal “Kraeznavstvo” and historical journal “Analele Universităţii ‘Dunărea de Jos’ din Galaţi”. Member of the History of Diplomacy and International Relations Society. Member and secretary of the Expert Council of Young Scientists at the Ministry of Education and Culture of Ukraine in the ﬁeld of “Security society: protection of freedom, national secur ity and cultural heritage of Ukraine and its citizens”.

Research interests: the consular institute of foreign states in Ukraine between the end of the 18^th century until the 1920s–1930s, as well as the foreign policy activity and diplomacy of the countries of Asia, Africa, and Europe in the post-bipolar period.

References

Derzhavnyy arkhiv Kyyivs’koyi oblasti (The State Archive of Kyiv Region), fond 4205, opys 1, sprava 162
Google Scholar

Haluzevyi derzhavnyi arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy, Kyiv (The Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv) [SSA SSU], fond 1, opys 1, sprava 886
Google Scholar

Haluzevyi derzhavnyi arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy, Kyiv (The Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv) [SSA SSU], fond 13, opys 1, sprava 215; sprava 429, vol. IX, XI, XVIII
Google Scholar

Haluzevyi derzhavnyi arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy, Kyiv (The Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv) [SSA SSU], fond 16, opys 1, sprava 24, 39, 87
Google Scholar

Bast O., German-Persian diplomatic relations, “Encyclopedia Iranica”, 5 X 2001, p. 510.
Google Scholar

Belkovets L., Istoriya germanskogo konsulstva v Novosibirske, “Sibirskie ogni” 2013, no. 6, pp. 142–162.
Google Scholar

Cameron D.J., Carl Graap and the formation of Weimar foreign policy toward Soviet Russia from 1919 until Rapallo, “Diplomacy & Statecraft” 2002, no.13(4), pp. 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/714000346
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/714000346

Dornfeld M., Seewald E., Deutschland–Ukraine. Hundert Jahre diplomatische Beziehungen, Berlin 2017.
Google Scholar

Ehberger W., Das Kabinett Hoffmann II, Teil 1: 31. Mai – 1. September 1919 (Die Protokolle des Bayerischen Ministerrats 1919–1945), Munchen 2017.
Google Scholar

Gielhammer L., Deutsche Gesandte in Teheran, zur Geschichte der diplomatischen. Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Iran, “Mitteilungen des Instituts fur Auslandsbeziehungen” 1960, no. 3–4, pp. 273–275.
Google Scholar

Hencke A., Erinnerungen als Deutscher Konsul in Kiew in der Jahren 1933–1936: Mit einer Vorbemerkung von Georg Stadtmüller, München 1979.
Google Scholar

Keipert M., Grupp P., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945, Bd. II (G–K), bearb. v. G. Keiper, M. Kröger, Paderborn 2004.
Google Scholar

Keipert M., Grupp P., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945, Bd. III (L–R), bearb. v. G. Keiper, M. Kröger, Paderborn 2007.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657718429_003

Keipert M., Grupp P., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945, Bd. IV (S), bearb. v. B. Isphording, G. Keiper, M. Kröger, Paderborn 2012.
Google Scholar

Keipert M., Grupp P., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871–1945, Bd. V (T–Z), bearb. v. B. Isphording, G. Keiper, M. Kröger, Paderborn 2014.
Google Scholar

Klyshevich M.A., Eksperty Ministerstva inostrannyh del Germanii o perspektivah ustanovleniya otnosheniy s Sovetskoy Rossiey (1919–1922 gody), “Istoricheskie, ﬁlosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kulturologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosyi teorii i praktiki” 2013, no. 8(2), pp. 81–85.
Google Scholar

Lyman I., Konstantinova V., Nimetski konsuly v Pivnichnomu Pryazovi, Dnipro 2018.
Google Scholar

Lyman I., Konstantinova V., Prussian consuls on the Southern Ukrainian frontier in the 19th century, “Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi” 2020, no. 35, pp. 145–173. https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.794409
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.26650/gaad.794409

Marochko V., Nimets’ki dyplomaty i holodomor 1932–1933 rr. v Ukrayini, “Kyivski istorychni studii” 2015, no. 1, pp. 62–66.
Google Scholar

Matiash I., Inozemni predstavnytstva v radianskiy Ukraini (1919–1991): protystoiannia i spivpratsia, Kyiv 2020.
Google Scholar

Philipp Vassel: Generalkonsul (1911 bis 1951), ed. K. Vassel, Selbstverlag 1977.
Google Scholar

Trygub O., Vnutrishnia torhivlia v USRR pershoi polovyny 1930-kh rokiv (za materialamy nimetskykh konsulstv), “Starozhytnosti Lukomoria” 2021, no. 2, pp. 116–123. https://doi.org/10.33782/2708-4116.2021.2.68
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.33782/2708-4116.2021.2.68

Trygub O., Vovchuk L., Osnovni napriamky diialnosti inozemnykh konsulstv na Pivdni Ukrainy u druhii polovyni XIX – pochatku XX st. (na prykladi Mykolaie va), “Eminak” 2007, no. 2, pp. 90–97.
Google Scholar

Ukrainskie natsionalisticheskie organizatsii v gody Vtoroy mirovoy voyny. Dokumenty, vol. II (1944–1945), ed. A.N. Artizov, Moskva 2012.
Google Scholar

«Velykyy teror» v Ukrayini: Nimetska operatsiya 1937–1938 rokiv, eds A. Aysfeld, N. Serdyuk, Kyiv 2018.
Google Scholar

Vovchuk L.[A.], Diialnist konsuliv inozemnykh derzhav u chornomorsko-azovskykh portakh Rosiiskoi imperii (kinets XVIII – pochatok XX st.), [PhD thesis], Myko laiv: Chornomorskyi derzhavnyi universytet imeni Petra Mohyly 2013.
Google Scholar

Vovchuk L., Foreign consulates in Odesa (1920s–1930s), “Eminak” 2023, no. 1(41), [in print].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628

Vovchuk L., Nimets’ki dyplomaty v Ukraini (1918–1938 rr.): prosopohraﬁchnyi portret, [w:] Ukrayina ta Nimechchyna: mizhderzhavni vidnosyny, ed. V. Verstyuk, Chernihiv 2018, pp. 207–218.
Google Scholar

Vovchuk L., Stanovlennia dyplomatychnykh ustanov u portovykh mistakh Chorno morsko-azovskoho baseinu Rosiiskoi imperii (1785–1919 rr.), “Naukovyi vis nyk: istorychni nauky” 2013, no. 3(34), pp. 210–218.
Google Scholar

Vovchuk L., Kornovenko S., Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. ochyma inozemnykh dyplomativ, “Eminak” 2019, no. 4(28), pp. 71–82. https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2019.4(28).343.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2019.4(28).343

Vovchuk L., Habro I., Trygub, O., Holovnyi «sovietoloh» Tretoho Reikhu: Andor Henke – heneralnyi konsul Nimechchyny v USRR, “Storinky istorii” 2020, no. 50, pp. 166–186.
Google Scholar

Bilokin S., Nimetske konsulstvo. In Bilokin S. V oboroni ukrainskoi spadshchyny: Istoryk mystetstva Fedir Ernst, Kyiv 2006, http://www.s-bilokin.name/Personalia/Ernst/Culture/GermanConsulat.html (accessed: 13 XII 2022).
Google Scholar

Ivanushchenko H., Mykola Svitalskyi, http://aokornus.at.ua/index/svitalskiy/0-181 (accessed: 13 XII 2022).
Google Scholar

Walther C.H., Das Bundesarchiv. Biographien, https://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/19191933/0000/adr/adrsz/kap1_5/para2_33.html (accessed: 13 XII 2022).
Google Scholar