Are “dirty” industries looking for pollution havens? – an overview of selected studies

Anetta Kuna-Marszałek

doi:10.18778/2082-4440.28.02

Authors

Anetta Kuna-Marszałek University of Lodz, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, Institute of Economics, Department of International Trade

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2082-4440.28.02

Keywords:

environment, environment pollution, pollution havens, “race to the bottom”, foreign direct investment

Abstract

The paper aims to present an overview of theoretical and empirical studies dedicated to “dirty” industries that migrate to pollution havens. It consists of three parts. The first one discusses the major determinants that trigger the migration of dirty industries. Next, attention is paid to the results of studies which reject the hypothesis about the existence of pollution havens. Part three addresses the ideas and concepts that validate this hypothesis and confirm that dirty industries move to countries with a more relaxed environmental regulatory regime. The paper finishes with a summary section presenting the main conclusions from the analysis.

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