“All’s Well that Ends Welles”: Orson Welles and the “Voodoo” "Macbeth"
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/mstap-2016-0007Słowa kluczowe:
multicultural, Caribbean, Orson Welles, nationality, voodoo, Shakespeare, „Macbeth”, raceAbstrakt
The Federal Theatre Project, which was established in 1935 to put unemployed Americans back to work after the Great Depression, and later employed over 10,000 people at its peak, financed one particularly original adaptation of Shakespeare: the “voodoo” Macbeth directed by Orson Welles in 1936. Debuting in Harlem with an all-black cast, the play’s setting resembled a Haiti-like island instead of ancient Scotland, and Welles also supplemented the witches with voodoo priestesses, sensing that the practice of voodoo was more relevant, if not more realistic, for a contemporary audience than early modern witchcraft. My essay will consider how the terms “national origins” and “originality” intersect in three distinct ways vis-a-vis this play: The Harlem locale for the premier, the Caribbean setting for the tragedy, and the federal funding for the production.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Anderegg, Michael. Orson Welles, Shakespeare, and Popular Culture. New York: Columbia UP, 1999.
Google Scholar
Atkinson, Brooks. “‘Macbeth,’ or Harlem Boy Goes Wrong, Under Auspices of Federal Theatre Project.” The New York Times. (15 April 1936): 15.
Google Scholar
Benamou, Catherine L. It’s All True: Orson Welles’s Pan-American Odyssey. University of California Press, 2007.
Google Scholar
Callow, Simon. Orson Welles, Volume 1: The Road to Xanadu. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.
Google Scholar
Corbould, Clare. “Streets, Sounds and Identity in Interwar Harlem.” Journal of Social History 40.4 (2007): 859-894. Print.
Google Scholar
Denning, Michael. The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London and New York: Verso, 1996. Print.
Google Scholar
Duberman, Martin. Paul Robeson: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1988.
Google Scholar
France, Richard, ed. Orson Welles on Shakespeare: The W.P.A and Mercury Theatre Playscripts. Forward by Simon Callow. New York and London: Routledge, 2001.
Google Scholar
France, Richard. “The ‘Voodoo’ Macbeth of Orson Wells. Yale Theatre 5.3 (1974): 66-78.
Google Scholar
Hammond, Percy. Review of the “Voodoo” Macbeth. New York Herald Tribune (16 April 1936): 25.
Google Scholar
Hilb, Benjamin. “Afro-Haitian-American Ritual Power: Vodou in the Welles-FTP Voodoo Macbeth.” Shakespeare Bulletin 32.4 (Winter 2014): 649-681.
Google Scholar
Houseman, John. Run-Through: A Memoir. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972.
Google Scholar
Hughes, Langston and Milton Meltzer. Black Magic: A Pictorial History of the Negro in American Entertainment. Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967.
Google Scholar
Johnston, Alva and Fred Smith. “How to Raise a Child: The Education of Orson Welles, Who Didn’t Need it.” Saturday Evening Post (part 1, Jan. 20, 1940; part 2, Jan. 27, 1940; part 3, February 3, 1940).
Google Scholar
Leaming, Barbara. Orson Welles: A Biography. New York: Viking, 1985.
Google Scholar
Kliman, Bernice W. Macbeth. 2nd Ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. Print.
Google Scholar
McCloskey, Susan. “Shakespeare, Orson Welles, and the Voodoo Macbeth.” Shakespeare Quarterly 36.4 (Winter 1985): 406-416.
Google Scholar
Ottley, Roi. Review of Voodoo Macbeth. The Amsterdam News (18 April 1936):8.
Google Scholar
Review of Native Son. Time (7 April 1941).
Google Scholar
Rippy, Marguerite. Orson Welles and the Unfinished RKO Projects: A Postmodern Perspective. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009.
Google Scholar
Rooney, Tom. “‘A Thousand Shylocks’: Orson Wells and The Merchant of Venice. Shakespeare Survey 59 (2006): 63-68.
Google Scholar
Tynan, Kenneth. “Orson Wells.” In Focus on Orson Wells. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice H-Hall, Inc., 1976. 8-27.
Google Scholar
Smith, Mona Z. Becoming Something: The Story of Canada Lee. New York: Faber and Faber, 2004.
Google Scholar
Smith, Wendy. “Voodoo Macbeth.” http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fdtp/ftsmith00.html
Google Scholar
Welles, Orson, ed. Macbeth. In France 2001.
Google Scholar
Welles, Orson. “Race Hate Must be Outlawed.” Free World. July 1944. Online at Wellesnet.com. http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=1543
Google Scholar
Wells, Orson and Roger Hill, eds. Everybody’s Shakespeare. Three Plays. Edited for Reading and Arranged for Staging. Woodstock, Illinois: The Todd Press, 1938.
Google Scholar
Wright, Richard. Letter to Orson Welles and John Housman. 19 May 1940. Welles Mss.in the Lilly Library in Bloomington, Indiana.
Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.