Vietnamese Nationalism: Old Slogans, New Demands

Abstract

Vietnamese nationalism emerged from the struggle for national liberation. This is closely linked to the mythologisation of its leader, Ho Chi Minh, who became a key figure in Vietnamese nationalism, symbolising the country’s national unity and independence. The maturation of Asian nationalisms during the colonial period and the unification around strong leadership are common traits in many Asian states. However, a distinctive feature of Vietnamese nationalism is its anti-Chinese sentiment. Despite Vietnam’s historical adaptation of Chinese models beneficial for its development and survival, it has always emphasised independence in the process of absorption. This stance can be described as adaptive autonomy combined with a significant degree of pragmatism. Pragmatism and the ability to capitalise on historical moments have both facilitated the achievement of national goals and continue to legitimise the ruling authorities.

This article also explores modern nationalism, shaped by social media, which fosters new and often radical attitudes among the Vietnamese. This forces the authorities to manage anti-Chinese sentiment so as to prevent it from spiralling out of control. Furthermore, in the context of increasing regional rivalry in Asia, Vietnamese nationalism is being utilised in foreign policy to strengthen the country’s position in relations with China, particularly regarding disputed areas in the South China Sea.