Neutrality of Moldova in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.12.03Keywords:
Moldova, Russian aggression against Ukraine, neutrality, NATO, European UnionAbstract
Russian aggression against Ukraine is redefining the existing roles and strategies adopted by states in international relations. This is particularly evident in the case of those states that lie in the orbit of interest of the Russian Federation, such as Moldova. Russia’s current activity in the region raises questions about the legitimacy of the neutral status of this small state. What scenarios can be envisaged? Maintaining the status quo, abandoning neutrality in favour of deeper cooperation with the West (EU and NATO membership) or combining state neutrality with future accession to NATO or the European Union? There is no clear answer to this question and there are arguments in favour of each solution.
References
Agius, C., Devine, K. 2011. Neutrality: A Really Dead Concept? A Reprise. Cooperation and Conflict 46(3), s. 265–284, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45084643 (dostęp 17.05.2023). https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416955
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416955
Andrzejewska, M. 2022. Mołdawia musi zapełnić magazyny, żeby nie zostać bez gazu na zimę. Biznes Alert, 4.08., https://biznesalert.pl/gazprom-gaz-rezerwy-gazu-moldawia/ (dostęp 17.05.2023).
Google Scholar
Browning, Ch. 2007. Branding Nordicity: Models Identity and the Decline of Exceptionalism. Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association 42(1), s. 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836707073475
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836707073475
Brzozowski, A. 2022. Moldova applies for fast-track EU membership, joining Ukraine and Georgia. Euractiv, 4.08., https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/moldova-applies-for-fast-track-eu-membership-joining-ukraine-and-georgia/ (dostęp 14.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Busch, C. 2022. War in Ukraine: Moldova to face severe economic shock. German Economic Team, March–April, https://www.german-economic-team.com/en/newsletter/war-in-ukraine-moldova-to-face-severe-economic-shock/ (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Călugăreanu, V., Scherle, D.A. 2022. Republika Mołdawii: groźby Rosji i „przyjaciele Putina”. Deutsche Welle, 29.09., https://p.dw.com/p/4HVxn (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Całus, K. 2022. Separatyzm i gaz: rosyjskie próby destabilizacji Mołdawii. Komentarze OSW 468, 23.08., https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/Komentarz_OSW_468.pdf (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Całus, K., Łoskot-Strachota, A. 2022. Mołdawia dywersyfikuje źródła importu gazu. Analizy OSW, 12.08., https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2022-12-08/moldawia-dywersyfikuje-zrodla-importu-gazu (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Center for Insight in Survey Research. 2022. Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Moldova. October–November, https://www.iri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Moldova-Poll_Public-Release.pdf (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Cenuşa, D. 2022a. Moldova’s neutrality dilemma. International Politics and Society, 31.05., https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/foreign-and-security-policy/moldovas-neutrality-dilemma-5967/ (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Cenuşa, D. 2022b. Regional insecurity and the search for resilience for Moldova – based on EU or NATO assistance? IPN Press Agency, 17.05., https://www.ipn.md/en/regional-insecurity-and-the-search-for-resilience-for-moldova-based-7978_1089801.html (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Ciobanu, V. 2022a. Are dreptul Republica Moldova să se apere? Deuteche Welle, 8.09., https://www.dw.com/ro/are%20dreptu%20republica%20moldova%20s%C4%83%20se%20apere/a%2063056235 (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Ciobanu, V. 2022b. Rosja kieruje wzrok na Mołdawię. Deutsche Welle, 28.04., https://www.dw.com/pl/vitalie-ciobanu-rosja-kieruje-wzrok-na-mo%C5%82dawi%C4%99/a-61627217 (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Ciobanu, V. 2022c. Republica Moldova – spre o „neutralitate” înarmată. Deuteche Welle, 3.10., https://www.dw.com/ro/republica-moldova-spre-o-neutralitate-%C3%AEnarmat%C4%83/a-63320958 (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Cojocaru, S. 2022. Alexandru Musteața despre necesitatea reformelor și consolidării SIS: Vrem și trebuie să fim un serviciu care servește intereselor democratice ale R. Moldova. TV Moldova, 20.12., https://tvrmoldova.md/article/e0e8166966cd88f6/alexandru-musteata-despre-necesitatea-reformelor-si-consolidarii-sis-vrem-si-trebuie-sa-fim-un-serviciu-care-serveste-intereselor-democratice-ale-r-moldova.html (dostęp 20.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Election Guide. Democracy Assistance and Election News, Republic of Moldova. https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3739/ (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Elman, M.F. 1995. The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in its own Backyard. British Journal of Political Science 25(2), s. 171–217, http://www.jstor.org/stable/194084?origin=JSTOR-pdf (dostęp 17.05.2024). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400007146
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400007146
Erizanu, P. 2022. People can’t afford milk’: Moldovans weigh political future as Ukraine war hits economy. The Guardian, 12.12., https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/12/moldova-inflation-economy-energy-russia-invasion-ukraine (dostęp 2.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Hedenskog, J. 2022. How the EU Can Reduce Russia’s Exploitation of Moldova’s Vulnerabilities. Sceeus Report 6, https://www.ui.se/globalassets/ui.se-eng/publications/sceeus/how-the-eu-can-reduce-russias-exploitation-of-moldovas-vulnerabilities1.pdf (dostęp 27.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Herbut, M., Kunert-Milcarz, R. 2022. Neutralność Mołdawii: uwarunkowania wewnętrzne i międzynarodowe. Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis 28, s. 77–101. https://doi.org/10.31261/SPUS.2020.28.04
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31261/SPUS.2020.28.04
Kangas, A. 2011. Beyond Russophobia: A Practice-based Interpretation of Finnish-Russian/Soviet Relation. Cooperation and Conflict 46(1), s. 40–59, https://www.jstor.org/stable/45084627 (dostęp 17.05.2024). https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836710396776
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836710396776
Karsh, E. 1988. Neutrality and Small States. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Katzenstein, P. 1985. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Google Scholar
Kirby, P. 2023. Biden hails ‘rock solid’ NATO as Putin blames West for Russia’s war. BBC News, 22.02., https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64715646 (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Konstytucja Republiki Mołdawii, Constituţia Republicii Moldova. 2014. Tłum. B. Zdaniuk. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, https://biblioteka.sejm.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Moldawia_pol_01014.pdf (dostęp 29.10.2022).
Google Scholar
Między Rosją a Zachodem. Wojna uderza w Mołdawię. Forsal, 11.05., https://forsal.pl/swiat/artykuly/8414737,moldawia-wojna-na-ukrainie-rosja-naddniestrze-uzaleznienie-od-gazu.html (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Minzarari, D. 2022. Neutrality With No Guarantees: The Evolution of Moldova’s Defense and Security Policies. Black Sea Battleground Series. The Jamestown Foundation, 1 April, https://jamestown.org/program/neutrality-with-no-guarantees-the-evolution-of-moldovas-defense-and-security/ (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Niemi, J.R. 2014. The Ideological Cold War, The Politics of Neutrality in Austria and Finland. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Relations with the Republic of Moldova, NATO-OTAN, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49727.htm (dostęp 15.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Pieńkowski, J. 2022a. Mołdawia wobec rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę. Komentarz PISM 23, 1.03., https://www.pism.pl/publikacje/moldawia-wobec-rosyjskiej-inwazji-na-ukraine (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Pieńkowski, J. 2022b. Ostrożna postawa Mołdawii i separatystycznego Naddniestrza wobec rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę. Biuletyn PISM 80(2499), https://www.pism.pl/bpublikacje/ostrozna-postawa-moldawii-i-separatystycznego-naddniestrza-wobec-rosyjskiej-inwazji-na-ukraine (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Rada UE. 2022. Komunikat prasowy z 18 lipca 2022, Mołdawskie produkty rolne: Rada przyjmuje środki tymczasowej liberalizacji handlu, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2022/07/18/moldovan-agricultural-products-council-adopts-temporary-trade-liberalisation-measures/ (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Remler, P. 2022. Transdniestria, Moldova, and Russia’s War in Ukraine. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2.08., https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/08/02/transdniestria-moldova-and-russia-s-war-in-ukraine-pub-87609 (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Rupert, J. 2022. In Moldova, Russia Wages Another Hybrid War. The U.S. Institute of Peace. 3.11., https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/11/moldova-russia-wages-another-hybrid-war (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Sava, C. 2022. Directorul SIS, Alexandru Musteața: Federația Rusă nu are nevoie de un război convențional în R. Moldova. Are foarte mulți agenți de influență, pe care noi, în mare parte, îi cunoaștem. TVR Moldova, 14.12, https://tvrmoldova.md/article/df3d7a2cb3773833/directorul-sis-alexandru-musteata-federatia-rusa-nu-are-nevoie-de-un-razboi-conventional-in-r-moldova-are-foarte-multi-agenti-de-influenta-pe-care-noi-in-mare-parte-ii-cunoastem.html (dostęp 20.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Socor, V. 2022a. Moldova’s Bizarre Neutrality: No Obstacle to Western Security Assistance (Part One). Eurasia Daily Monitor 19(123), https://jamestown.org/program/moldovas-bizarre-neutrality-no-impediment-to-western-security-assistance-part-one/ (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Socor, V. 2022b. Moldova’s Bizarre Neutrality: No Obstacle to Western Security Assistance (Part Two). Eurasia Daily Monitor 19(124), https://jamestown.org/program/moldovas-bizarre-neutrality-no-impediment-to-western-security-assistance-part-two/ (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Stosunki UE–Mołdawia. 2023, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/policies/eastern-partnership/moldova/ (dostęp 22.02.2023).
Google Scholar
Țăran, A. 2022. Republica Moldova sub povara statutului de neutralitate. Agenția de presă IPN, 15.07., https://www.ipn.md/ro/republica-moldova-sub-povara-statutului-de-neutralitate-op-ed-7978_1091067.html (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Traktat o Unii Europejskiej – tekst skonsolidowany uwzględniający zmiany wprowadzone Traktatem z Lizbony, Dz.U.2004.90.864/30.
Google Scholar
Wesolowsky, T. 2022, Amid Rising Russian Threat, Moldova Mulls Scrapping Neutrality. Radio Free Europe/ Radio Libert, 25.05., https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-russian-threat-neutrality-invasion-ukraine/31868367.html (dostęp 10.12.2022).
Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2022. Cold winter: How the EU can help Moldova survive Russian pressure and protect its democracy. The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) Policy Brief, 15.11., https://ecfr.eu/publication/cold-winter-how-the-eu-can-help-moldova-survive-russian-pressure-and-protect-its-democracy/ (dostęp 20.01.2023).
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.