Zróżnicowana integracja w polityce energetycznej UE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.11.15Słowa kluczowe:
Zróżnicowana integracja, Nord Stream 2, OPAL, UEAbstrakt
Głównym celem artykułu jest opisanie zróżnicowanej integracji w polityce energetycznej UE, która dotyczy wyłączenia gazociągów Nord Stream 2 i OPAL spod prawa europejskiego, a dokładniej z tzw. Trzeciego Pakietu Energetycznego. Próba derogacji prawa UE w odniesieniu do tych gazociągów miała ogromne znaczenie gospodarcze i polityczne dla całej Europy Środkowej. Wpłynęło to również na modyfikację prawa unijnego, a tym samym miało konsekwencje systemowe dla całej UE. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizuję proces mający na celu odstępstwo od stosowania prawa europejskiego oraz jego konsekwencje. Ponadto postaram się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jakim stopniu dyskusja publiczna utrudniła możliwość wyłączenia spod prawa europejskiego gazociągów. Na koniec przejdę do wyjaśnienia powodów, dla których wyłączenie spod prawa Unii w rozpatrywanej sprawie nie powiodło się. Wydaje się to mieć duże znaczenie dla wyjaśnienia innych nieudanych prób dywersyfikacji integracji w ostatnich latach; może również pomóc w nakreśleniu, jakie ograniczenia istnieją dla samego procesu w przyszłości.
Bibliografia
Bickerton, C. 2019. The Limits of Differentiation: Capitalist Diversity and Labour Mobility as Drivers of Brexit. Com-parative European Politics 17(2), pp. 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00160-x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00160-x
Bundesnetzagentur. 2017. Reply to letter of Director General Dominique Ristori. Bonn 24 February, https://euractiv.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/German-regulator-on-Nord-Stream-2.pdf (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Bundesnetzagentur. 2020. No derogation from regulation for Nord Stream 2. Bonn 15 May.
Google Scholar
C-72/83, Judgments of 10 July 1984, Campus Oil and Others (EU:C:1984:256).
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.1984.10383491
C 348/20 P, Judgments of 12 July 2022, Nord Stream 2 v Parliament and Council (EU:C:2019:438).
Google Scholar
C 503/99, Judgments of 4 June 2002, Commission v Belgium (EU:C:2002:328).
Google Scholar
C 848/19 P, Judgments of 15 July 2021, Federal Republic of Germany v European Commission (EU:C:2021:598).
Google Scholar
Commission’s Legal Service 2016. Legal Consequences of applying the Third Energy Package to offshore import pipe-lines, in particular Nord Stream 2.
Google Scholar
Council’s Legal Service 2017. Opinion of the Legal Service of the Council of the European Union – Recommendation for a Council decision authorising the opening of negotiations on an agreement between the European Union and the Russian Federation on the operation of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.
Google Scholar
De Witte, B. 2018. An Undivided Union? Differentiated Integration in post-Brexit Times. Common Market Law Review 55(2–3), pp. 227–250. https://doi.org/10.54648/COLA2018065
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/COLA2018065
Deutsche Welle. 2018. France’s President Emmanuel Macron backs sanctions on EU states refusing migrants, 23.06., https://www.dw.com/en/frances-president-emmanuel-macron-backs-sanctions-on-eu-states-refusing-migrants/a-44363945 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC. OJ L 211, 14.08.2009, pp. 94–136.
Google Scholar
Engel, H., Purta, M., Speelman, E., Szarek, G., van der Pluijm, P. 2020. Carbon-neutral Poland 2050. Turning a chal-lenge into an opportunity. Warsaw: McKinsey & Company.
Google Scholar
EUobserver. 2021. Germany leads push to stop EU gas funding. 2.06.2021, https://euobserver.com/tickers/152020 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
European Commission. 2017. Commission Seeks a Mandate from Member States to Negotiate with Russia an Agre-ement on Nord Stream, IP/17/1571.
Google Scholar
European Parliament. 2015. “Energy Union: Nord Stream and Involving EP – Statement from ITRE Chair Buzek”, November 18.
Google Scholar
European Parliament. 2016. European Parliament Resolution of 25 October 2016 on EU Strategy for Liquefied Natu-ral Gas and Gas Storage, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2016-0406_EN.html?redirect (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
European Parliament. 2018. Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas.
Google Scholar
Formuszewicz, R., Kardaś, Sz. 2020. Nord Stream 2 – rosyjsko-niemiecka gra o wyłączenie spod prawa unijnego [Nord Stream 2 – Russian-German Game for Exemption from EU Law]. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, 30.04., https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2020-04-30/nord-stream-2-rosyjsko-niemiecka-gra-o-wylaczenie-spod-prawa (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Gabriel, S., Kern, Ch. 2017. Statement on the Imposition of Russia Sanctions by the US Senate. 15 June, https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/170615-kern-russland/290666 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
German Federal Government. 2018. Press Release on Polish Prime Minister’s Visit. 16 February, https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/EN/Artikel/2018/02_en/2018-02-16-morawiecki-in-berlin_en.html?nn=709674 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Gotev, G. 2019. France ‘Steps on the Gas’ in Eurobudget Talks. EURACTIV.com, https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/france-steps-on-the-gas-in-eurobudget-talks/ (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Grosse, T.G. 2018. Germany’s strategy and tactics towards the crisis in European integration. In: K. Czerska-Shaw, M. Galent, B. Gierat-Bieroń (eds.). Visions and Revisions of Europe. Goettingen: Goettingen University Press, pp. 9–24.
Google Scholar
Gstöhl, S., Frommelt, C. 2017. Back to the Future? Lessons of Differentiated Integration from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Future Relations with the EU. Social Sciences 6(4), pp. 121–138, https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6040121
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6040121
Hancher, L., Talus, K., Wüstenberg, M. 2021. Retrospective application of legal rules in the European Union: recent practice in the energy sector. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 39(1), pp. 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1804712
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1804712
Jong de, M., Van de Graaf, T. 2021. Lost in Regulation: Nord Stream 2 and the Limits of the European Commission’s Geo-Economic Power. Journal of European Integration 43(4), pp. 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1800680
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1800680
Jong de, M., Van de Graaf, T., Haesebrouck, T. 2020. A matter of preference: Taking sides on the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline project. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1858763
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1858763
Jirušek, M. 2020. The attitude of the Visegrad Group Countries towards Russian Infrastructural Projects in the gas sector. Energy Policy 139, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111340
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111340
Khan, M., Brunsden, J. 2019. Poland risks losing EU funds over climate stance, warns Macron. Financial Times, 13.12., https://www.ft.com/content/560feece-1d06-11ea-97df-cc63de1d73f4 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Kříž, Z., Urbanovská, J., Brajerčíková, S. 2021. Refugees, Energiewende and NATO deterrence: limits of German lea-dership in Central Europe. European Security 30(1), pp. 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2020.1795836
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2020.1795836
Leruth, B., Gänzle, S., Trondal, T. 2019a. Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in the EU after Brexit: Risks versus Opportunities. Journal of Common Market Studies 57(6), pp. 1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12957
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12957
Leruth, B., Gänzle, S., Trondal, J. 2019b. Exploring Differentiated Disintegration in a Post‐Brexit European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 57(5), pp. 1013–1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12869
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12869
Maas, H. 2018. Speech at the Tiergarten Conference of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 27 June, https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/maas-fes-tiergarten-konferenz/2113728 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Martill,, B. 2021. Unity over diversity? The politics of differentiated integration after Brexit Journal of European Inte-gration. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1877285
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.1877285
Martill, B., Sus, M. 2018. Post-Brexit EU/UK Security Cooperation: NATO, CSDP+, or ‘French Connection’? British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20(4), pp. 846–863. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118796979
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118796979
Olsen, G.R. 2011. How Strong Is Europeanisation, Really? the Danish Defence Administration and the Opt-Out from the European Security and Defence Policy. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 12(1), pp. 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2011.546141
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2011.546141
Opinion of Advocate General Campos Sánchez-Bordona delivered on 18 March 2021 Case C 848/19 P, Federal Re-public of Germany v. Republic of Poland, European Commission.
Google Scholar
Paterson, W. 2018. Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe. In: B. Martill, U. Staiger (eds.). Britain’s Singular Other: Germany and the Brexit Crisis. London: UCL Press, pp. 88–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20krxf8.15
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20krxf8.15
Pisani-Ferry, J., Röttgen, N., Sapir, A., Tucker, P., Wolff, G.B. 2016. Europe after Brexit: A Proposal for A Continental Partnership. Bruegel Working Paper, https://ridiam.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/9.-Europe-after-brexit-Bruegel.pdf (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
President of Russia. 2015. Vladimir Putin Met with Vice-Chancellor and Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy of Germany Sigmar Gabriel. October 28, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50582 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Proedrou, F. 2020. Behind the EU’s Energy and Climate Policy Conundrum: Erroneous Power Toolbox, Deadlocks and the Way Forward. Journal of Common Market Studies 58(2), pp. 402–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12925
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12925
Puls Biznesu. 2006, Sikorski: Niemcy nie są solidarne w sprawie Gazociągu Północnego [Sikorski: Germany Fails to Show Solidarity on the Northern Gas Pipeline], 30.04.2006, https://www.pb.pl/sikorski-niemcy-nie-sa-solidarne-w-sprawie-gazociagu-polnocnego-313276 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Rohr von, M., 2021. Unser peinlichstes außenpolitisches Problem heißt Nord Stream 2. Der Spiegel 5, 29.01., https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/nord-stream-2-warum-sich-deutschland-von-der-pipeline-verabschieden-sollte-a-00000000-0002-0001-0000-000175089022 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Saryusz-Wolski, J. 2021. Ukraina musi się przygotowywać do najgorszego możliwego scenariusza, czyli do wojny. My też. Jesteśmy w imadle [Ukraine must prepare for the worst possible scenario, namely war. So do we. We are in a vice-like grip]. wPolityce.pl, 24.07.2021, https://wpolityce.pl/swiat/559916-saryusz-wolskiukraina-musi-przygotowac-sie-do-wojny-my-tez (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig, F. 2018. Brexit: Differentiated Disintegration in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy 25(8), pp. 1154–1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1467954
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1467954
Schimmelfennig, F. 2019. The Choice for Differentiated Europe: An Intergovernmentalist Theoretical Framework. Comparative European Politics 17(2), pp. 176–191. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00166-5
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00166-5
Schimmelfennig, F., Leuffen, D., Rittberger, B. 2015. The European Union as a System of Differentiated Integration: Interdependence, Politicization and Differentiation. Journal of European Public Policy 22(6): 764–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1020835
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1020835
Schmidt, V.A. 2019. The Future of Differentiated Integration: A ‘Soft-core,’ Multi-clustered Europe of Overlapping Policy Communities. Comparative European Politics 17(2): 294–315. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00164-7
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00164-7
Schmidt-Felzmann, A. 2020. Gazprom’s Nord Stream 2 and diffuse authority in the EU: managing authority chal-lenges regarding Russian gas supplies through the Baltic Sea. Journal of European Integration 42(1), pp. 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1708344
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1708344
Sheppard, D., 2021. Why some see the hand of Russia in Europe’s gas price crisis. Financial Times, 18 September, https://www.ft.com/content/5ec6b18d-c855-408d-acad-cb5779d101a8 (accessed 27.09.2021).
Google Scholar
Siddi, M., 2016. The EU’s Energy Union: A Sustainable Path to Energy Security? The International Spectator 51(1), pp. 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2016.1090827
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2016.1090827
Siddi, M. 2020. Theorising conflict and cooperation in EU-Russia energy relations: ideas, identities and material factors in the Nord Stream 2 debate. East European Politics 36(4), pp. 544–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2019.1700955
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2019.1700955
Siddi, M., Kustova, I. 2021. From a liberal to a strategic actor: the evolution of the EU’s approach to international energy governance. Journal of European Public Policy 28(7), pp. 1076–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918219
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918219
Sikorski, R. 2015. Sikorski: PiS sprzeciwiał się Nord Stream, a mógł się przyłączyć. Biznes Alert, October 20, https://biznesalert.pl/sikorski-pis-sprzeciwial-sie-nord-stream-a-mogl-sie-przylaczyc/ (accessed 27.07.2022).
Google Scholar
Sikorski, R. 2021. Nord Stream 2 – jeśli nie możesz kogoś pokonać, powinieneś się do niego przyłączyć. Liberte!, July 29, https://liberte.pl/nord-stream-2-jesli-nie-mozesz-kogos-pokonac-powinienes-sie-do-niego-przylaczyc/ (ac-cessed 27.07.2022).
Google Scholar
Strategic Comments. 2021. The Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline and Germany’s relationship with Russia. The Internatio-nal Institute for Strategic Studies 27, Comment 9, May, https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2021/nord-stream-2-gas-pipeline-germany-russia (accessed 27.07.2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2021.1929494
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2021.1929494
Szymanski, K. 2016. Russia’s Gas Pipeline Threatens European Unity. Financial Times, 21 October, https://www.ft.com/content/25a17928-96c3-11e6-a1dc-bdf38d484582 (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Šefčovič, M., 2016. Speech by Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič on “Nord Stream II – Energy Union at the crossroads.
Google Scholar
Tomaszewski, K. 2017. Wpływ inwestycji infrastrukturalnych w sektorze gazowym na bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej [The influence of infrastructure investments in the gas sector on energy security in Central and Eastern Europe]. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne 3, pp. 73–96. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2017.3.4
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2017.3.4
Turner, E., Glencross, A., Bilcik, V., Green, S. 2019. Negotiating as One Europe or Several? the Variable Geometry of the EU’s Approach to Brexit. Contemporary Social Science 14(2), pp. 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1492145
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1492145
US Department of State. 2021. Joint Statement of the United States and Germany on Support for Ukraine, European Energy Security, and our Climate Goals, July 21, https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-of-the-united-states-and-germany-on-support-for-ukraine-european-energy-security-and-our-climate-goals/ (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Waszczykowski, W. 2016. Op-ed for the Frankfurt Allgemeine Zeitung. The today and tomorrow of European inte-gration: Warsaw’s perspective, 4 April, https://mfa.gov.pl/en/news/minister-witold-waszczykowski-for-faz-the-today-and-tomorrow-of-european-integration-warsaws-perspective (accessed 27.07.2021).
Google Scholar
Zachmann G. 2016. Nord Stream 2: a bad deal for Germany and Eastern Europe. Bruegel, July 18, https://www.bruegel.org/2016/07/nord-stream-2-a-bad-deal-for-germany-and-eastern-europe/ (accessed 27.07.2022).
Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Wersje
- 2024-02-07 - (2)
- 2023-12-30 - (1)
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.