„At vos … Primus in Epirum Boreas agat!” The Consuls’ Sea-passage to Greece in Lucan’s „Civil War” (2.645-648)

Autor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.28.06

Słowa kluczowe:

Lukan, Wojna domowa, konsulowie, Morze Adriatyckie, Brundyzjum, Dyrrachium, Boreasz

Abstrakt

This article analyzes lines 2.645-648 of Lucan’s Civil War. These four lines contain Pompey’s command for the consuls to sail from Brundisium to Epirus, and from there to proceed to Greece and Macedonia, where they were to gather reinforcements. According to the historical sources available to us, the consuls crossed to Dyrrachium, transporting the majority of the army and possibly civilians staying in Pompey’s camp. However, the issue lies in the north wind, Boreas, mentioned in line 2.646, where we would expect a south wind. The first part of the article examines various proposed solutions to this issue, which aim to reconcile Lucan’s lines with historical accounts. The second part offers an alternative interpretation: the consuls’ destination is not Dyrrachium. Instead, the analysis suggests that Lucan’s narrative assigns the consuls a new mission and alters their route for poetic purposes. This change stems from Lucan’s intertextual engagement with Virgil’s Aeneid and enhances the metaphorical dimension of the narrative. It helps establish a stronger parallel between Pompey’s departure from Brundisium and Aeneas’s flight from Troy.

Biogram autora

Mariusz Plago - Uniwersytet Wrocławski

Dr Mariusz Plago is a classical philologist and assistant professor at the Institute of Classical, Mediterranean, and Oriental Studies of the University of Wrocław. His research focuses on Roman epic poetry from the Augustan period and the Imperial era. He is also engaged in studying Neo-Latin literature, with a particular emphasis on the Renaissance and Baroque periods. He is the co-author of Maffeo Vegio i jego Antoniada (with Dr Elżbieta Górka, Warszawa, 2024) and the co-editor of Ars Recusandi. Odmowa jako zabieg literacki w tekstach greckich i łacińskich od starożytności do końca XVIII wieku (with Dr Ałła Brzozowska, Warszawa, 2022).

Bibliografia

Appian. (1912). Roman History. Vol. II. B. McGing (ed. and trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar

Appian. (1913). Roman History. Vol. III: The Civil War. Trans. H. White. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar

Arnaud, P. (2005). Les routes de la navigation antique. Itinéraires en Méditerranée. Paris: Editions Errance.
Google Scholar

Barnes, W.R. (1995). Virgil: The Literary Impact. In: N. Horsfall (ed.). A Companion to the Study of Virgil. Leiden–New York–Köln: Brill. 257-292. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217591_008
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217591_008

Barratt, P. (1979). M. Annaei Lucani Belli civilis liber V: A Commentary. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
Google Scholar

Bentley, R. (1760). M. Annaei Lucani Pharsalia cum notis Hugonis Grotii, et Richardi Bentleii. [Twickenham]: Strawberry-Hill.
Google Scholar

Beresford, J. (2013). The Ancient Sailing Season. Leiden–Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004241947
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004241947

Bernstein, N.W. (2022). Silius Italicus: Punica. Book 9. Edited with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00280737

Bourgery, A. (1928). La géographie dans Lucain. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d’histoire anciennes 54. 25–40.
Google Scholar

Campen, F.H.M. van. (1991). M. Annaei Lucani de bello civili liber II. Een commentaar. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
Google Scholar

Casali, S. (2011). The Bellum Civile as an Anti-Aeneid. In: P. Asso (ed.). Brill’s Companion to Lucan. Leiden–Boston: Brill. 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217096_006
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217096_006

Casson, L. (1971). Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar

D’Urso, V. (2022). Lucano. La guerra civile o Pharsalia. Saggio introduttivo a c. di P. Esposito, nuova traduzione a c. di N. Lanzarone, commento a c. di V. D’Urso. Santarcangelo di Romagna: Rusconi Libri.
Google Scholar

Davey, Ch.J. (2015). Sailing to Windward in Roman Times: The Spritsail Legacy. Buried History 51. 31–44. https://doi.org/10.62614/xh6m5m02
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.62614/xh6m5m02

Davies, P.E. (1963). The Macedonian Scene of Paul’s Journeys. The Biblical Archaeologist 26. 91–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/3210998
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3210998

Deniaux, E. (2001). La traversée de l’Adriatique à la fin de la République: dangers de la mer et affrontements politiques. In: C. Zaccharia (ed.). Strutture portuali e rotte marittime nell’ Adriatico di età romana. Trieste–Roma: Centro di antichità altoadriatiche / École française de Rome. 89–100.
Google Scholar

Dio Cassius. (1916). Roman History. Vol. IV: Books 41–45. Trans. E. Cary, H.B. Foster. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar

Ehlers, W. (1978). Lucanus. Bellum civile. Der Bürgerkrieg. Herausgegeben und übersetzt von W. Ehlers. 2. Auflage. München: Heimeran Verlag.
Google Scholar

Francken, C.M. (1896). M. Annaei Lucani Pharsalia. Cum commentario critico edidit C.M. Francken. Vol. I. continens libros I–V. Lugduni Batavorum: Apud A.W. Sijthoff.
Google Scholar

Frère, H. (1910). Recherches sur les sources historiques de la Pharsale. Le siège de Brindes. Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire 30. 15–191.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1910.8380

Gal, D., Saaroni, H., Cvikel, D. (2023). Windward Sailing in Antiquity: The Elephant in the Room. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 52/1. 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572414.2023.2186688
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10572414.2023.2186688

Graves, R. trans. (1957). Lucan. Pharsalia: Dramatic Episodes of the Civil Wars. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Google Scholar

Hadas, M. (1930). Sextus Pompey. New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/hada92764

Håkanson, L. (1979). Problems of Textual Criticism and Interpretation in Lucan’s De Bello Civili. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 205. 26–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068673500004107
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068673500004107

Hammond, N.G.L. (1967). Epirus. The Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and the Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Google Scholar

Holmes, R.T. (1909). Could Ancient Ships Work to Windward? The Classical Quarterly 3/1. 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838800018115
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838800018115

Housman, A.E. (1927). M. Annaei Lucani Belli civilis libri decem editorum in usum. Oxonii: apud Basilium Blackwell.
Google Scholar

Hunink, V. (1992). M. Annaeus Lucanus. Bellum Civile. Book III: A Commentary. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004674547

Kaerst, J. (1905). “Epeiros”. In: G. Wissowa (ed.). Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. 5/2. 2118–2731.
Google Scholar

Leach, J. (1978). Pompey the Great. London-Totowa (N.J.): Croom Helm and Rowman and Littlefield.
Google Scholar

Lintott, A.W. (1971). Lucan and the History of the Civil War. The Classical Quarterly 21/2. 488–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000983880003367X
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000983880003367X

Longhurst, I. (2016). Caesar’s Crossing of the Adriatic Countered by a Winter Blockade During the Roman Civil War. The Mariner’s Mirror 102. 132–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2015.1054681
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2015.1054681

Lucan. (1992). De bello civili. Book II. E. Fantham (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166478

Matthews, M. (2008). Caesar and the Storm: A Commentary on Lucan, De Bello Civili, Book 5 lines 476-721. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.
Google Scholar

McDonald, W.A. (1940). Archaeology and St. Paul’s Journeys in Greek Lands. The Biblical Archaeologist 3. 18–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209217
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3209217

Mohler, S.L. (1948). Sails and Oars in the Aeneid. Transactions of the American Philological Association 79. 46–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/283352
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/283352

Morton, J. (2001). The Role of the Physical Environment in Ancient Greek Seafaring. Leiden–Boston–Köln: Brill.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004351073

Narducci, E. (2002). Lucano: un’epica contro l’impero: interpretazione della “Pharsalia”. Roma-Bari: GLF editori Laterza.
Google Scholar

Ovid. (1924). Tristia. Ex Ponto. Trans. A.L. Wheeler. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.ovid-ex_ponto.1924

Palmer, C. (2009). Windward Sailing Capabilities of Ancient Vessels. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 38/2. 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00208.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00208.x

Pichon, R. (1912). Les sources de Lucain. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Google Scholar

Pliny. (1942). Natural History. Vol. II: Books 3–7. Trans. H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar

Plutarch. (1917). Lives. Vol. V: Agesilaus and Pompey. Pelopidas and Marcellus. Trans. B. Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.plutarch-lives_comparison_agesilaus_pompey.1917

Plutarch. (1919). Lives. Vol. VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Trans. B. Perrin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.plutarch-lives_comparison_demosthenes_cicero.1919

Pryor, J.H. (1988). Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511562501

Pucci, S. (1938). La geografia di Lucano. Palermo: Trimarchi.
Google Scholar

Radt, S. (2007). Strabons Geographika. Band 6. Buch V–VIII: Kommentar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Google Scholar

Ramsey, J.T., Raaflaub, K.A. (2017). Chronological Tables for Caesar’s Wars (58–45 BCE). Histos 11. 162–217. https://doi.org/10.29173/histos369
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.29173/histos369

Rawson, E. (1994). Caesar: Civil War and Dictatorship. In: J.A. Crook, A. Lintott, E. Rawson (eds.). Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd Edition. Vol. 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–143 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 424–467. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9781139054379.014
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521256032.014

Roberts, O.T.P. (1995). An Explanation of Ancient Windward Sailing – Some Other Considerations. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 24/4. 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1995.tb00744.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1995.tb00744.x

Roller, D.W. (2018). A Historical and Topographical Guide to the Geography of Strabo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316848203

Rossi, A. (2000). The Aeneid Revisited: The Journey of Pompey in Lucan’s Pharsalia. American Journal of Philology 120. 571–591. https://doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2000.0057
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2000.0057

Roux, N. (2008). The Vergilian Tradition in Lucan’s Representation of Italy. Vergilius 54. 37–48.
Google Scholar

Saint-Denis, E. de (1935). Le rôle de la mer dans la poésie latine. Paris: C. Klincksieck.
Google Scholar

Schrijvers, P.H. (2010). L’espace géographique dans le récit lucanien. Lucain et Ératosthène de Cyrène. In: O. Devillers, S. Franchet d’Espèrey (eds.). Lucain en Débat: Rhétorique, Poétique et Histoire. Paris: Ausonius Éditions. https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/3195 [24.11.2024].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ausonius.3195

Shackleton Bailey, D.R. (1968). Cicero’s Letters to Atticus. Vol. IV. 49 B.C., 133–210 (Books VII.10-X). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar

Smith, J. (1848). The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul: With Dissertations on the Sources of the Writings of St. Luke, and the Ships and Navigation of the Antients. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
Google Scholar

Strabo. (1924). Geography. Books 6–7. Trans. by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar

Tilley, A. (1994). Sailing to Windward in the Ancient Mediterranean. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23/4. 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00476.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00476.x

Trevaskis, J.R. (1951–1952). A Masculine Island in Lucan. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 181. 15–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068673500002558
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068673500002558

Ussani, V. (1903). Sul valore storico del poema lucaneo. Roma: Ermanno Loescher & C.
Google Scholar

Vanderspoel, J. (2010). Provincia Macedonia. In: J. Roisman, I. Worthington (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Malden (Mass.)–Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327519.ch13
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327519.ch13

Vergilius, P. Maro. (1903). Aeneis. Buch VI. E. Norden (ed.). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
Google Scholar

Viansino, G., (1995). Marco Anneo Lucano. La guerra civile (Farsaglia). Libri I–V. Testo critico, traduzione e commento. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.
Google Scholar

Virgil. (1916). Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid: Books 1–6. Trans. H.R. Fairclough. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.virgil-eclogues.1916

Vitelli Casella, M. (2016). Gli eventi bellici della costa orientale dell’Adriatico nell’opera di Lucano. In: F. Galtier, R. Poignault (eds.). Présence de Lucain. Clermont-Ferrand: Centre de Recherches A. Piganiol – Présence de l’Antiquité. 55–82.
Google Scholar

Weber, M.C. (1831). De spuriis et male suspectis Lucani versibus. In: M.C. Weber (ed.). M. Annaei Lucani Pharsalia, cum notis selectis H. Grotii, integris et adauctis R. Bentleii [...]. Vol. II: Continens Pharsaliae lib. IV–X et dissertationem. Lipsiae: apud Gerhardum Fleischer. 373–644.
Google Scholar

Whitewright, J. (2011). The Potential Performance of Ancient Mediterranean Sailing Rigs. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 40/1. 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00276.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00276.x

Whitewright, J. (2018). Sailing and Sailing Rigs in the Ancient Mediterranean: Implications of Continuity, Variation and Change in Propulsion Technology. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 47/1. 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12278
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12278

Wilkes, J. (1992). The Illyrians. Oxford–Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell.
Google Scholar

Williams, R.D. (1960). P. Vergili Maronis Aeneidos Liber Quintus. Edited with a Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Google Scholar

Opublikowane

2025-10-30

Jak cytować

Plago, M. (2025). „At vos … Primus in Epirum Boreas agat!” The Consuls’ Sea-passage to Greece in Lucan’s „Civil War” (2.645-648). Collectanea Philologica, (28), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.28.06