The Efficiency of Labor Market Policies in EU Countries

Ewa Rollnik‑Sadowska; Vaida Bartkutė‑Norkūnienė

doi:10.18778/1508-2008.27.15

Autor

Ewa Rollnik‑Sadowska Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4896-1199
Vaida Bartkutė‑Norkūnienė Utena University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Technologies, Utena, Lithuania https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-4804

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.27.15

Słowa kluczowe:

efektywność, usługi publiczne, polityka rynku pracy, metoda DEA, kraje UE, tradycja administracji publicznej

Abstrakt

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie efektywności sektora publicznego w zakresie polityki rynku pracy w krajach UE. Dokonano kompleksowej oceny usług publicznych związanych z polityką rynku pracy z punktu widzenia efektywności wydatkowania środków publicznych na ten cel. Punktem zwrotnym dla europejskiego rynku pracy było wprowadzenie lockdownu w 2020 roku w związku z pandemią COVID–19. Dlatego też oceny efektywności rynków pracy UE dokonano przed i podczas pandemii oraz ustalono, w jakim stopniu wielkość usług publicznych (ich alokacje finansowe) wpływają na wybrane wskaźniki rynku pracy.

Do oceny efektywności krajów UE w latach 2019 i 2020 wykorzystano metodę Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). W badaniu zastosowano model BCC (Banker, Charnes, Cooper). Ponadto wybrano zorientowany na wyniki model BCC, który wydaje się dostosowany do specyfiki polityki rynku pracy. Wykorzystano program Microsoft Excel Solver, służący do opracowywania liniowych modeli optymalizacyjnych. Efektywność wydatków publicznych oceniono na podstawie danych z bazy Eurostat. Do analizy wykorzystano łącznie siedem zmiennych, w tym pięć określających nakłady (wydatki sektora publicznego na usługi rynku pracy według wybranej funkcji oraz dwie zmienne określające nakłady niekontrolowane reprezentowane przez wskaźnik wolnych miejsc pracy i PKB per capita), a także dwie zmienne wskazujące na wyniki w postaci wybranych mierników rynku pracy (wskaźnik zatrudnienia i stopa bezrobocia – wskaźnik odwrócony). Porównanie przekrojowe przeprowadzono w dwóch wymiarach – wśród poszczególnych krajów UE oraz wśród grup krajów reprezentujących różne tradycje administracji publicznej (tradycja anglosaska, tradycja Europy kontynentalnej, tradycja Europy Południowej, tradycja skandynawska, tradycja Europy Wschodniej i tradycja Europy Południowo‑Wschodniej).

Badanie wskazuje, że pomimo osiągania przez kraje Europy Południowej najgorszych mierników rynku pracy, w podejściu efektywnościowym z wykorzystaniem metody DEA takie kraje jak Portugalia i Grecja osiągnęły pełną efektywność zarówno w 2019, jak i 2020 roku. Podejście efektywnościowe polityki rynku pracy dla 2019 i 2020 roku wskazuje również na bardzo korzystną sytuację w przypadku krajów Europy Środkowo‑Wschodniej. Pełną efektywność osiągnęły także Cypr, Malta, Szwecja i Niemcy. Najgorsza sytuacja pod względem efektywności polityki rynku pracy występuje w Belgii.

W trakcie pandemii większość analizowanych grup krajów poprawiła swoje wyniki w zakresie efektywności wydatków publicznych na politykę rynku pracy. Wyjątkiem były grupy krajów o tradycji Europy Południowej i skandynawskiej, gdzie miara efektywności nieznacznie spadła. Może to świadczyć o skuteczności prowadzonej polityki publicznej w zakresie zwalczania negatywnych skutków COVID–19 na rynku pracy.

Wartość dodaną tego artykułu stanowi zaproponowanie metodyki z wykorzystaniem metody DEA, która może być używana do pomiaru efektywności polityki rynku pracy nie tylko na poziomie mikro i mezo, ale także do porównań pomiędzy krajami.

Pobrania

Brak dostępnych danych do wyświetlenia.

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