The Notion of "communis schola" in the Thought of Jean Gerson (1363–1429)

Authors

  • Luciano Micali Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, Institute for Greek and Latin Studies, nám. Jana Palacha 1/2, 116 38 Prague 1, Czech Republic https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-1962

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.11.33

Keywords:

Gerson, Scholasticism, doctrine, theology, common school, unity, Latin, error, heresy, University, mysticism

Abstract

The article aims to analyze the meaning and the role of the notion of communis schola in the theological and ecclesiological thought of Jean Gerson (1363–1429), Chancellor of the University of Paris, schoolman influent in every intellectual debate of his time, and renowned spiritual advisor. Driven by a constant concern for the unity of the Church, Gerson is aware of the need to realize this unity first of all within the University environment, in order to avoid the circulation and the spread of heterodox or even heretical doctrines; his references to the concept of “common school”, in different textual contexts and with various shades of meaning, invest not only the doctrinal contents, but also the methodology, the moral attitudes, and the right theological models of the ideal master and of the ideal student of theology. The article also touches the way in which the Parisian chancellor deals with mysticism and mystical writers, using the concept of “common school” to define the borders and the terms in which it is possible to access the difficult and obscure field of the mystical theology.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Augustinus, De civitate Dei, ed. B. Dombart, A. Kalb, Turnholti 1955 [= Corpus christianorum, Series latina, 47–48].
Google Scholar

Augustinus, De doctrina christiana, ed. I. Martin, Turnholti 1962 [= Corpus christianorum, Series latina, 32].
Google Scholar

Augustinus, De vera religione, ed. I. Martin, Turnholti 1962 [= Corpus christianorum, Series latina, 32].
Google Scholar

Bonaventura, Commentarius in Ecclesiasten, [in:] Bonaventura, Opera Omnia, vol. VI, Romae 1893.
Google Scholar

Bonaventura, Commentarius in Evangelium Sancti Iohannis, [in:] Bonaventura, Opera omnia, vol. VI, Romae 1893.
Google Scholar

Bonaventura, Commentarius in Evangelium Sancti Lucae, [in:] Bonaventura, Opera Omnia, vol. VII, Romae 1893.
Google Scholar

Clemens V, Ad nostrum, [in:] Corpus Iuris Canonici, vol. I, ed. A. Richter, Romae 1955.
Google Scholar

Dionysius Cartusianus, Enarratio in librum Deuteronomii, [in:] Dionysii Cartusiani Opera omnia, vol. II, [s.l.] 1897.
Google Scholar

Hugo de Sancto Victore, De archa Noe, ed. P. Sicard, Turnholti 2001 [= Corpus christianorum, Continuatio mediaevalis, 176].
Google Scholar

Innocentius III, Vergentis in senium, [in:] Corpus Iuris Canonici, vol. I, ed. A. Richter, Romae 1955.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, À Barthélemy Clantier I, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. II, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1960.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, À Barthélemy Clantier II, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. II, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1960.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, À un frère mineur, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. II, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1960.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, Contra curiositatem studentium, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. III, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1962.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, Contre Jean de Monzon, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. X, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1973.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De directione cordis, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. VIII, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1971.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De distinctione verarum revelationum a falsis, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. III, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1962.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De examinatione doctrinarum, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. IX, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1973.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De modis significandi, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. IX, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1973.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De mystica theologia, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. III, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1962.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De oculo, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. VIII, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1971.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De sensu litterali sacrae scripturae, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. IX, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1973.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, De vita spirituali animae, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. III, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1962.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, Errores circa praeceptum: non occides, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. VIII, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1971.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, Nova positio, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. VI, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1965.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Gerson, Pro licentiandis in decretis, [in:] Jean Gerson, Oeuvres complètes, vol. V, ed. P. Glorieux, Paris 1963.
Google Scholar

Iohannes Wycliff, Sermones, ed. J. Loserth, London 1887–1890.
Google Scholar

Lucius III, Ad abolendam, [in:] Corpus Iuris Canonici, vol. I, ed. A. Richter, Romae 1955.
Google Scholar

Thomas de Aquino, Summa theologiae, Romae 1894.
Google Scholar

Aux marges de l’hérésie. Inventions, formes et usages polémiques de l’accusation d’hérésie au Moyen Âge, ed. F. Mercier, I. Rose, Rennes 2017.
Google Scholar

Bianchi L., 1277: A Turning Point in Medieval Philosophy?, [in:] Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter?, ed. J.A. Aertsen, A. Speer, Berlin–New York 1998 [= Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 26], p. 90–110.
Google Scholar

Bianchi L., Censure et liberté intellectuelle à l’Université de Paris (XIIIe–XIVe siècles), Paris 1999.
Google Scholar

Blumenfeld-Kosicki R., Jean Gerson and the Debate on the Roman de la Rose, [in:] A Companion to Jean Gerson, ed. B.P. McGuire, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 3], p. 317–356.
Google Scholar

Bös G., Curiositas. Die Rezeption eines antiken Begriffes durch christliche Autoren bis Thomas von Aquin, Schöning 1995.
Google Scholar

Burger C., Aedificatio, Fructus, Utilitas. Johannes Gerson als Professor der Theologie und Kanzler der Universität Paris, Tübingen 1986.
Google Scholar

Combes A., Essai sur la critique de Ruysbroeck par Jean Gerson, vol. I, Paris 1945.
Google Scholar

Combes A., La théologie mystique de Gerson: profil de son évolution, “Études philosophiques” 19.3, 1964, p. 444–545.
Google Scholar

Congar Y., Theologians and the Magisterium in the West: from the Gregorian Reform to the Council of Trent, “Chicago Studies” 17, 1978, p. 210–224.
Google Scholar

De Libera A., Philosophie et censure, [in:] Was ist Philosophie im Mittelalter?, ed. J.A. Aertsen, A. Speer, Berlin–New York 1998 [= Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 26], p. 71–89.
Google Scholar

Fink K.A., Die konziliare Idee im späten Mittelalter, [in:] Die Entwicklung des Konziliarismus. Werden und nachwirken der Konziliaren Idee, ed. R. Baeumer, Darmstadt 1976, p. 275–294.
Google Scholar

Gabriel A.L., The Ideal Master of the Medieval University, “Catholic Historical Review” 60.1, 1974, p. 1–40.
Google Scholar

Glorieux P., L’enseignement universitaire de Gerson, “Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale” 23, 1956, p. 88–113.
Google Scholar

Glorieux P., La vie et les oeuvres de Gerson. Essai chronologique, “Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen-âge” 25–26, 1950–1951, p. 149–191.
Google Scholar

Greven J., Die Anfänge der Beginen: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Volksfrömmigkeit und des Ordenswesens im Hochmittelalter, Münster 1912.
Google Scholar

Greven J., Der Ursprung des Beginenwesens, “Historisches Jahrbuch” 35, 1914, p. 26–58.
Google Scholar

Grosse S., Heilsungewißheit und Scrupulositas im späten Mittelalter. Studien zu Johannes Gerson und Gattungen der Frömmigkeitstheologie seiner Zeit, Tübingen 1994.
Google Scholar

Grosse S., Johannes Gerson und Bonaventura: Kontinuität und Diskontinuität zwischen Hoch- und Späatmittelalter, [in:] Herbst des Mittelalters? Fragen zur Bewertung des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts, ed. J.A. Aertsen, M. Pickavé, Berlin–New York 2004 [= Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 31], p. 340–348.
Google Scholar

Grundmann H., Ketzergeschichte des Mittelalters, Göttingen 1978.
Google Scholar

Grundmann H., Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter. Untersuchungen über die geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Ketzerei, den Bettelorden und der religiösen Frauenbewegung im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert und über die geschichtlichen Grundlagen der deutschen Mystik, Darmstadt 1961.
Google Scholar

Gryson G., The Authority of the Teacher in the Ancient and Medieval Church, “Journal of Ecumenical Studies” 19.2, 1982, p. 176–187.
Google Scholar

Hamburger J., Speculations on Speculation, [in:] Deutsche Mystik im abendländischen Zusammenhang, ed. W. Haug, W. Schneider-Lastin, Tübingen 2000, p. 353–408.
Google Scholar

Hamesse J., Les Auctoritates Aristotelis. Un florilège médiéval. Étude historique et édition critique, Louvain 1974.
Google Scholar

Hobbins D., Authorship and Publicity before Print. Jean Gerson and the Transformation of Late Medieval Learning, Philadelphia 2009 https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812202298
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812202298

Hobbins D., Gerson on Lay Devotion, [in:] A Companion to Jean Gerson, ed. B.P. McGuire, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 3], p. 41–78.
Google Scholar

Hobbins D., The Schoolman as Public Intellectual: Jean Gerson and the Late Medieval Tract, “American Historical Review” 108, 2003, p. 1308–1337 https://doi.org/10.1086/529968
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/529968

Hoenen M.J.F.M., Categories of Medieval Doxography. Reflections on the Use of ‘Doctrina’ and ‘Via’ in the 14th and 15th Century Philosophical and Theological Sources, [in:] Vera Doctrina. Zur Begriffsgeschichte der Lehre von Augustinus bis Descartes – L’idée de doctrine d’Augustin à Descartes, ed. P. Büttgen, R. Imbach, U.J. Schneider, H.J. Selderhuis, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 63–84.
Google Scholar

Hoenen M.J.F.M., Late Medieval Schools of Thought in the Mirror of University Textbooks. The ‘promptuarium argumentorum’ (Cologne 1482), [in:] Philosophy and Learning. Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. M.J.F.M. Hoenen, H.H.J. Schneider, J. Wieland, Leiden–New York–Boston 1995 [= Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 6], p. 329–369 https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004450684
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004450684_016

Hoenen M.J.F.M., Translating Mystical Texts from Vernacular into Latin. Intentions and Strategies behind Laurentius Surius’ Translation of Ruusbroec’s Complete Works (Cologne 1552), [in:] Per perscrutationem philosophicam. Neue Perspektiven der mittelalterlichen Forschung. Loris Sturlese zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet, ed. A. Beccarisi, Hamburg 2008, p. 348–374.
Google Scholar

Iribarren I., Curiositas, [in:] Mots médiévaux, ed. I. Atucha, D. Calma, C. König Pralong, I. Zavattero, Turnhout 2011, p. 199–209 https://doi.org/10.1484/M.TEMA-EB.4.00895
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.TEMA-EB.4.00895

Iribarren I., Jean Gerson, Spiritual Adviser to the Celestines, [in:] Autorität und Wahrheit. Kirchliche Vorstellungen, Normen und Verfahren (13.–15. Jahrhundert), ed. G. Potestà, E. Müller-Luckner, München 2011, p. 159–178 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110446753-012
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110446753-012

Iribarren I., Le Paradis retrouvé: l’utopie linguistique de Jean Gerson, “Revue de l’histoire des religions” 231, 2014 (= Langue et autorité théologique à la fin du Moyen Âge, ed. I. Iribarren), p. 223–251, https://doi.org/10.4000/rhr.8247
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/rhr.8247

Iribarren I., Question de style. Langage et méthode comme enjeux rhétoriques dans l’oeuvre de Jean Gerson, [in:] Langage et méthode. Réflexions historiques et historiographiques sur la pensée médiévale, ed. U. Zahnd, Freiburg im Breisgau 2017, p. 183–221.
Google Scholar

Kaluza Z., La doctrine selon Jean Gerson, [in:] Vera Doctrina. Zur Begriffsgeschichte der Lehre von Augustinus bis Descartes – L’idée de doctrine d’Augustin à Descartes, ed. P. Büttgen, R. Imbach, U.J. Schneider, H.J. Selderhuis, Wiesbaden 2009, p. 115–140.
Google Scholar

Kaluza Z., Les querelles doctrinales à Paris. Nominalistes et réalistes aux confins du XIV et du XV siècles, vol. II, Bergamo 1988.
Google Scholar

Kluxen W., Institution und Ideengeschichte zur geschichtlichen Bedeutung der mittelalterlichen Universität, [in:] Philosophy and Learning. Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. M.J.F.M. Hoenen, H.H.J. Schneider, J. Wieland, Leiden–New York–Boston 1995 [= Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 6], p. 1–16.
Google Scholar

König-Pralong C., Avènement de l’Aristotélisme en terre chrétienne. L’essence et la matière: entre Thomas d’Aquin et Guillaume d’Ockham, Paris 2005.
Google Scholar

Matusevich Y., Le siècle d’or de la mystique française: un autre regard. Étude de la littérature spirituelle de Jean Gerson (1363–1429) à Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples (14507–1537), Paris 2004.
Google Scholar

McDonnell E.W., The Beguines and the Beghards in Medieval Culture. With Special Emphasis on the Belgian Scene, New York 1969.
Google Scholar

McGuire B.P., In Search of Jean Gerson: Chronology of his Life and Works, [in:] A Companion to Jean Gerson, ed. B.P. McGuire, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 3], p. 1–40.
Google Scholar

McGuire B.P., Jean Gerson and the Last Medieval Reformation, University Park 2005.
Google Scholar

McLoughlin N., Gerson as a Preacher between Mendicants and Secular Priests, [in:] A Companion to Jean Gerson, ed. B.P. McGuire, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 3], p. 249–253.
Google Scholar

Ménache S., La naissance d’une nouvelle source d’autorité: l’Université de Paris, “Revue historique” 1982, p. 305–328.
Google Scholar

Miethke J., Einheit als Aufgabe: Momente der Integration in der politischen Theorie der Scholastik, “Vorträge und Forschungen” 63, 2005, p. 241–272.
Google Scholar

Oakley F., Gerson as Conciliarist, [in:] A Companion to Jean Gerson, ed. B.P. McGuire, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 3], p. 179–204.
Google Scholar

Oberman H., Contra vanam curiositatem. Ein Kapitel der Theologie zwischen Seelenwinkel und Weltall, Zürich 1974.
Google Scholar

Pascoe L.B., Jean Gerson: Principles of Church Reform, Leiden 1973 [= Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions, 7] https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004477179
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004477179

Piron S., Le plan de l’évêque: pour une critique interne de la condamnation de 1277, “Recherches de théologie et philosophie médiévales” 78.2, 2011, p. 383–415.
Google Scholar

Porro P., Tommaso d’Aquino. Un profilo storico-filosofico, Roma 2012.
Google Scholar

Posthumus Meyjes G.H.M., Jean Gerson. Apostle of Unity: his Church Politics and Ecclesiology, Leiden–New York 1999.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004474543

Robiglio A., Aspetti della nozione di «communis doctrina» all’inizio del XIV secolo, [in:] Aspetti della nozione di «communis doctrina» all’inizio del XIV secolo / Durandus and Durandellus. The Dispute behind the Promotion of Thomist Authority, ed. A. Robiglio, I. Iribarren, Bern 2004, p. 5–14.
Google Scholar

Schepers K., Introduction, [in:] Willem Jordaens – Jan van Ruusbroec, Ioannis Rusbrochii. De ornatu spiritualium nuptiarum. Wilhelmo Iordani interprete, ed. K. Schepers, Turnhout 2004 [= Corpus christianorum, Continuatio mediaevalis, 207].
Google Scholar

Schlosser M., Bonaventure: Life and Works, [in:] A Companion to Bonaventure, ed. J.M. Hammond, J.A.W. Hellmann, J. Goff, Leiden–Boston 2014 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 48], p. 9–59.
Google Scholar

Schönberger R., Scholastik, [in:] Lexikon des Mittelalters, vol. VII, ed. R.H. Bautier, R. Auty, München 1995, p. 1521–1526.
Google Scholar

Schönberger R., Was ist Scholastik?, Hildesheim 1991.
Google Scholar

Sère B., Les débats d’opinion à l’heure du Grand Schisme. Ecclésiologie et politique, Turnhout 2016.
Google Scholar

Taber Jr. D., Pierre d’Ailly and the Teaching Authority of the Theologian, “Church History” 59.2, 1990, p. 163–174 https://doi.org/10.2307/3168309
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3168309

Thijssen M.M.H., Censure and Heresy at the University of Paris, 1200–1400, Philadelphia 1998 https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812206722
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812206722

Thijssen M.M.H., What Really Happened on 7 March 1277? Bishop Tempier’s Condemnation and its Institutional Context, [in:] Texts and Contexts in Ancient and Medieval Science. Studies on the Occasion of John E. Murdoch’s Seventieth Birthday, ed. E. Sylla, M. McVaugh, Leiden 1997 [= Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History, 78], p. 84–114 https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004247321_005
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004247321_005

Torchia J., Restless Mind. Curiositas and the Scope of Inquiry in Augustine’s Psychology, Milwaukee 2013.
Google Scholar

Tritsch W., Einführung in die Mystik. In Quellen und Zeugnissen, Augsburg 1990.
Google Scholar

Vallière P., Conciliarism. A History of Decision-Making in the Church, Cambridge 2012 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059459
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139059459

Verdeyen P., Ruusbroec l’admirable, Paris 2004.
Google Scholar

Vial M., Gerson’s Legacy, [in:] A Companion to Jean Gerson, ed. B.P. McGuire, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, 3], p. 357–400.
Google Scholar

Vial M., Jean Gerson théoricien de la théologie mystique, Paris 2005.
Google Scholar

Vial M., Théologie mystique et expérience chez Jean Gerson, “Revue de théologie et de philosophie” 142, 2010, p. 229–243.
Google Scholar

Vial M., Théologie mystique et syndérèse chez Jean Gerson, [in:] Vers la contemplation. Études sur la syndérèse et les modalités de la contemplation de l’antiquité à la Renaissance, ed. C. Trottmann, Paris 2007, p. 215–232.
Google Scholar

Von Moos P., Zwischen Babel und Pfingsten. Sprachdifferenzen und Geschprächverständigung in der Vormoderne (8–16 Jh.), Zürich–Berlin 2008.
Google Scholar

Walz A., Thomas von Aquin. Lebensgang und Lebenswerk des Fürsten der Scholastik, Basel 1953.
Google Scholar

Warnar G., Ruusbroec. Literature and Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century, Leiden 2007 [= Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History, 150] https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158696.i-370
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158696.i-370

Wiseman J., Introduction, [in:] John Ruusbroec, The Spiritual Espousal and Other Works, praef. et trans. J. Wiseman, Mahwah 1985, p. 1–37.
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2021-12-30

How to Cite

Micali, L. (2021). The Notion of "communis schola" in the Thought of Jean Gerson (1363–1429). Studia Ceranea, 11, 633–651. https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.11.33

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.