The international importance of the command and control function of cities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2543-9421.08.09Keywords:
command and control function of cities, global city, world city, rankAbstract
In the existing literature, there are many studies of large cities in terms of their global functions, such as: command and control, world or global city. So far, there are no comprehensive studies of cities that could show a more complete picture of their impact on the international arena. Filling this gap, the aim here is to show the relationship between the command and control function, global city and world city. Previous analyzes in terms of command and control functions have taken into account large corporations influencing the political and economic situation on a global or national scale. However, it can be assumed that command and control functions may be created by smaller companies and these functions can also be considered in smaller administrative units like voivodeships or poviats. To achieve this, a hierarchy of control and management functions is proposed on a global, continental, national, regional and local scales. Taking into account the share of command and control, global and world city, four types have been distinguished. They take into account the dominance of one such function or the balance of all three.
References
Alderson, A.S., Beckfield, J. (2004). Power and position in the world city system. American Journal of Sociology, 109(4), 811–851.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/378930
Anttiroiko, A.-V. (2015). City branding as a response to global intercity competition. Growth and Change, 46(2), 233–252. http://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12085
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12085
AT Kearney. (2018). 2018 Global Cities Report: Learning from the East: Insights from China’s urban success. https://www.kearney.com/service/global-business-policy-council/gcr/2018-full-report
Google Scholar
AT Kearney. (2022). Readiness for the storm: The 2022 Global Cities Report. https://www.kearney.com/service/global-business-policy-council/gcr/2022-full-report
Google Scholar
Beaverstock, J.V., Smith, R.G, Taylor, P.J. (1999). A roster of world cities. Cities, 16(6), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(99)00042-6
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(99)00042-6
Beaverstock, J., Smith, R.G., Taylor, P.J., Walker, D.R.F., Lorimer, H. (2000). Globalization and world cities: Some measurement methodologies. Applied Geography, 20(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-6228(99)00016-8
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-6228(99)00016-8
Beldebros, R., Benoit, F., Derudder, B. (2022). World city innovation and service networks and economic growth. Papers in Regional Science, 101(4), 979–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12687
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12687
Bogdański, M. (2019). Ewolucja bazy ekonomicznej a wzrost gospodarczy miast województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego. Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, 77(3), 103–132. https://doi.org/10.7366/1509499537706
Google Scholar
Borchert, J.R. (1978). Major control points in American economic geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 68(2), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1978.tb01192.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1978.tb01192.x
Cohen, R.B. (1981). The new international division of labor, multinational corporations and urban hierarchy. W: M. Dear, A. Scott (red.), Urbanization and urban planning in capitalist societies (s. 287–316). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068000-12
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068000-12
Csomós, G. (2013). The command and control centers of the United States (2006/2012): An analysis of industry sectors influencing the position of cities. Geoforum, 50, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.09.015
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.09.015
Csomós, G., Vida, Z.V., Lengyel, B. (2020, 19 września). Science cities seek new connections. Nature, 585, 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02579-9
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02579-9
Derudder, B., Feng, X., Shen, W., Shao, R., Taylor, P.J. (2022). Connections between Asian and European world cities: Measurement, analysis, and evaluation. Land, 11(9), artykuł 1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091574
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091574
Derudder, B., Taylor, P.J. (2020). Three globalizations shaping the twenty-first century: Understanding the new world geography through its cities. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 110(6), 1831–1854. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1727308
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1727308
Dorocki, S., Raźniak, P., Winiarczyk-Raźniak, A. (2019). Changes in the command and control potential of European cities in 2006–2016. Geographia Polonica, 92(3), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0149
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0149
Friedmann, J. (1986). The world city hypothesis. Development and Change, 17(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x
Friedmann, J., Wolff, G. (1982). World city formation: An agenda for research and action. International Journal of Urban & Regional Research, 6(3), 309–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1982.tb00384.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1982.tb00384.x
Globalization and World Cities Research Network. (2018). The world according to GaWC 2018. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2018t.html
Google Scholar
Godfrey, B.J., Zhou, Y. (1999). Ranking world cities: Multinational corporations and the global urban hierarchy. Urban Geography, 20(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.20.3.268
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.20.3.268
Goldberg, M., Hedrick-Wong, Y., Bhaskaran, M., Gang, F., Lever, W., Levi, M., Pellegrini, A., Sassen, S., Taylor, P.J. (2008). Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. MasterCard Worldwide. https://www.scpd.gov.kw/archive/new/3.pdf
Google Scholar
Hall, P. (1966). The world cities. Heinemann.
Google Scholar
Hymer, S. (1972). The multinational corporation and the law of uneven development. W: J. Bhagwati (red.), Economics and world order (s. 113–140). Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Korcelli-Olejniczak, E. (2021). Small towns in settlement systems: A return to the foreground? W: J. Bański (red.), The Routledge handbook of small towns (s. 20–31). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003094203-4
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003094203-4
Korycka-Skorupa, J. (2007). Trójkąt Osanna jako forma prezentacji danych statystycznych i legenda map tematycznych. Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny, 39(4), 340–353.
Google Scholar
Krätke, S. (2014). How manufacturing industries connect cities across the world: Extending research on “multiple globalizations”. Global Networks, 14(2), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12036
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12036
Kukuła, K., Luty, L. (2015). Propozycja procedury wspomagającej wybór metody porządkowania liniowego. Przegląd Statystyczny, 62(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1748
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1748
Lyons, D., Salmon, S. (1995). World cities, multinational corporations, and urban hierarchy: The case of the United States. W: P.L. Knox, P.J. Taylor (red.), World cities in a world-system (s. 98–114). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511522192.007
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511522192.007
Masik, G., Grabkowska, M. (2020). Practical dimension of urban and regional resilience concepts: A proposal of resilience strategy model. Miscellanea Geographica, 24(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0028
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0028
Murphy, A., Tucker, H. (red.). (2023, 8 czerwca). The Global 2000. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=39dfea3d5ac0
Google Scholar
Neal, Z.P., Derudder, B., Taylor, P. (2020). Forecasting the world city network. Habitat International, 106, artykuł 102146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102146
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102146
Parnreiter, C. (2019). Global cities and the geographical transfer of value. Urban Studies, 56(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017722739
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017722739
Ratajski, L. (1989). Metodyka kartografii społeczno-gospodarczej (wyd. 2). Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych.
Google Scholar
Raźniak, P., Dorocki, S., Rachwał, T., Winiarczyk-Raźniak, A. (2021). The role of the energy sector in the command and control function of cities in conditions of sustainability transitions. Energies, 14(22), artykuł 7579. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227579
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227579
Raźniak, P., Dorocki, S., Winiarczyk-Raźniak, A. (2017). Permanence of economic potential of cities based on sector development. Chinese Geographical Sciences, 1(27), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0850-5
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0850-5
Raźniak, P., Dorocki, S., Winiarczyk-Raźniak, A. (2018). Eastern European cities as command and control centres in a time of economic crisis. Acta Geographica Slovenica, 58(2), 101–110. http://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.3124
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.3124
Raźniak, P., Dorocki, S., Winiarczyk-Raźniak, A., Płaziak, M., Szymańska, A.I. (2016). Lokalizacja ośrodków kontroli i zarządzania elementem stabilności gospodarczej ośrodków miejskich w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 30(2), 38–54. https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.302.3
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.302.3
Raźniak, P., Winiarczyk-Raźniak, A., Dorocki, S., Csomós, G. (2022). Zmiany rozmieszczenia funkcji kontrolno-zarządczych na świecie w latach 2006–2018. Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego, 36(3), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.363.1
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.363.1
Robinson, J. (2005). Urban geography: World cities, or a world of cities. Progress in Human Geography, 29(6), 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph582pr
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph582pr
Sassen, S. (1991). The global city: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Sassen, S. (2006). Cities in a world economy (wyd. 3). Pine Forge Press.
Google Scholar
Sassen, S. (2009a). Cities in today’s global age. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 29(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.0.0034
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.0.0034
Sassen, S. (2009b). The specialised differences of cities matter in today’s global economy. W: S. Whimster (red.), Reforming the city: Responses to the global financial crisis (s. 209–236). London Metropolitan University.
Google Scholar
Sassen, S. (2012). Cities in a world economy (wyd. 4). Sage Publications.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog069
Śleszyński, P. (2015). Economic control functions in Poland in 2013. Geographia Polonica, 88(4), 701–708. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0041
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0041
Taylor, P.J. (2017). The new political geography of corporate globalization. L’Espace Politique, 32. https://doi.org/10.4000/espacepolitique.4330
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/espacepolitique.4330
Taylor, P.J., Csomós, G. (2012). Cities as control and command centres: Analysis and interpretation. Cities, 29(6), 408–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.09.005
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.09.005
Taylor, P.J., Derudder, B. (2014). World city network: A global urban analysis. Routledge.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730950
Wdowicka, M. (2016). Miasta światowe jako węzły w sieci powiązań globalnej gospodarki. Problemy Rozwoju Miast, 4, 107–117. https://www.prm-irm.com/zeszyt-iv2016.html
Google Scholar
Westaway, J. (1974). The spatial hierarchy of business organizations and its implications for the British urban systems. Regional Studies, 8(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237400185141
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237400185141
Zuzańska-Żyśko, E. (2021). Role of advanced producer services shaping globalization processes in a post-industrial region: The case of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis. Sustainability, 13(1), artykuł 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010211
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010211
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
