Kalibracja modelu wzrostu Ukrainy. Jak Ukraina może powtórzyć sukces rozwojowy Polski?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.27.27Słowa kluczowe:
model wzrostu, wzrost gospodarczy, produkcja, BIZ, Ukraina, PolskaAbstrakt
Niniejsze opracowanie prezentuje analizę porównawczą ścieżek wzrostu gospodarczego Ukrainy i Polski z perspektywy modelu wzrostu i określa, w jaki sposób należy skalibrować model wzrostu Ukrainy, aby był zbieżny z dynamicznym rozwojem gospodarki polskiej. Metodologia obejmuje podejście do operacjonalizacji modeli wzrostu w celu dekompozycji wzrostu PKB na komponenty popytu „skorygowane o import”, na podstawie krajowych danych dotyczących nakładów i wyników z lat 2000–2019. Zauważono, że w latach 2000–2003 obie gospodarki europejskie rozwijały się w oparciu o eksport i konsumpcję krajową. Rozszerzona integracja handlowa i wzrost BIZ po przystąpieniu Polski do UE w 2004 r. przyspieszyły przejście polskiego modelu wzrostu w kierunku strategii opartej na eksporcie oraz BIZ z przyspieszonym tempem wzrostu PKB. Na Ukrainie, w następstwie wielkiego kryzysu finansowego, zaobserwowano przejście w kierunku modelu wzrostu opartego na konsumpcji, który wraz ze spadającym komponentem inwestycyjnym zagregowanego popytu doprowadził do zaniku stóp wzrostu. Analiza wkładu poszczególnych sektorów gospodarki we wzrost PKB wykazała, że zapobieganie deindustrializacji w Polsce stanowiło podstawę strategii eksportowej tego kraju, w przeciwieństwie do Ukrainy, która przeszła po 2008 roku kluczową zmianę sektorową z produkcji na orientację opartą na sprzedaży towarów. Obie te gospodarki wykazały wysoki poziom integracji z globalnymi łańcuchami wartości, koncentrując się na pracochłonnej produkcji i usługach, ale Polska wyprzedziła Ukrainę pod względem udziału eksportu o wysokiej wartości dodanej, który wzrósł po przystąpieniu do UE. Podążając za polskim wzorcem, zaproponowano, aby model wzrostu Ukrainy pobudził siłę napędową wzrostu gospodarczego poprzez polepszenie struktury eksportu i zwiększenie łańcuchów wartości, aby odblokować możliwości wzrostu tego kraju. Opracowanie to jest pierwszym porównaniem ścieżek wzrostu gospodarczego Ukrainy i Polski, które śledzi zmiany dominujących komponentów popytu końcowego i makrosektorów w profilach wzrostu gospodarczego obu krajów. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi wkład do literatury porównawczej z zakresu ekonomii politycznej na temat modeli wzrostu gospodarek peryferyjnych, dostarczając spostrzeżeń, które mogą stanowić podstawę polityki transformacji modeli wzrostu.
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