Temperatura i wilgotność w podziemiach trzech kościołów na północy Finlandii, zawierających pochówki z okresu od XVII do XIX w.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6034.35.12Słowa kluczowe:
wczesna era nowożytna, archeologia kościelna, mumifikacja, FinlandiaAbstrakt
Do mumifikacji naturalnej dochodzi pod wpływem różnego rodzaju korzystnych warunków. W północnej Finlandii szczątki zostały zmumifikowane w chłodnym środowisku. Szczątki te, pochowane pod posadzką kościołów, zostały naturalnie zmumifikowane prawdopodobnie w procesie przypominającym liofilizację. Niniejszy tekst analizuje warunki, które doprowadziły do mumifikacji dziesiątek, a być może setek szczątków ludzkich. Na potrzeby badania pod posadzkami trzech kościołów na wybrzeżu Zatoki Botnickiej w północnej Finlandii zainstalowaliśmy urządzenia pomiarowe rejestrujące temperaturę i wilgotność. Już wstępne wyniki naszych badań wskazują, że wilgotność i temperatura różnią się w zależności od kościoła. Wyraźnie też widać, że wilgotność względna pod posadzką każdego z kościołów pozostaje bardzo wysoka. Wygląda na to, że do mumifikacji doszło w niemal piwnicznych warunkach. Proces konserwacji prawdopodobnie ułatwiły luźno rozmieszczone struktury, które umożliwiły swobodny przepływ powietrza w grobach, odprowadzając wilgoć.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Abdel-Maksoud G., El-Amin A.-R. (2011), A Review on the Materials Used during the Mummification Processes in Ancient Egypt, “Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry”, 11 (2), p. 129–150.
Google Scholar
Amendt J., Krettek R., Zehner R. (2004), Forensic Entomology, “Naturwissenschaften”, 91, p. 51–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-0493-5
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-0493-5
Aufderheide A.C. (2010), The Scientific Study of Mummies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Google Scholar
Buckley S.A., Evershed R.P. (2001), Organic Chemistry of Embalming Agents in Pharaonic and Graeco-Roman Mummies, “Nature”, 413, p. 837–841, https://doi.org/10.1038/35101588
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35101588
Büntgen U., Raible C.C., Frank D., Helama S., Cunningham L., Hofer D., Nievergelt D., Verstege A., Timonen M., Stenseth N.C., Esper J. (2011), Causes and Consequences of Past and Projected Scandinavian Summer Temperatures, 500–2100 AD, “PLoS ONE”, 6 (9), p. e25133, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025133
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025133
Cajanus K.I. (1927), Piirteitä Kemin Maaseurakunnan Kirkkojen Historiasta, Tekijä, Tornio.
Google Scholar
Calamnius J.W. (1868), Muinais-tiedustuksia Pohjanperiltä, “Suomi: Kirjoituksia isänmaallisista aineista”, 2 (7), p. 191–267.
Google Scholar
Campobasso C.P., Disney R.H.L., Introna F. (2004), A Case of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Dipt., Phoridae) Creeding in a Human Corpse, “Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology”, 5, p. 3–5.
Google Scholar
Carrion Ecology, Evolution, and their Applications (2015), E.M. Benbow, J.K. Tomberlin, A.M. Tarone (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Google Scholar
Catts E.P., Coff M.L. (1992), Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigations, “Annual Review of Entomology”, 37, p. 253–272, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001345
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001345
Dix J., Graham M. (2000), Time of Death, Decomposition and Identification. An Atlas, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420048285
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420048285
Eronen M., Zetterberg P., Briffa K.R., Lindholm M., Meriläinen J., Timonen M. (2002), The Supra-long Scots Pine Tree-ring Record for Finnish Lapland: Part 1, Chronology Construction and Initial References, “The Holocene”, 12 (6), p. 673–680, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl580rp
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl580rp
Fiedler S., Graw M. (2003), Decomposition of Buried Corpses, with Special Reference to the Formation of Adipocere, “Naturwissenschaften”, 90, p. 291–300, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-0437-0
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-0437-0
Grassberger M., Frank C. (2004), Initial Study of Arthropod Succession on Pig Carrion in a Central European Urban Habitat, “Journal of Medical Entomology”, 41 (3), p. 511–523, https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.511
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.511
Grassberger M., Reiter C. (2002), Effect of Temperature on Development of the Forensically Important Holarctic Blow Fly Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Dipetra: Calliphoridae), “Forensic Science International”, 128 (3), p. 177–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00199-8
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00199-8
Hagberg L. (1937), När döden gästar. Svenska folkseder och svensk folktro I samband med död och begravning, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm.
Google Scholar
Helama S., Lindholm M., Timonen M., Eronen M., Meriläinen J. (2002), The Supra-long Scots Pine Tree-ring Record for Finnish Lapland: Part 2, Interannual to Centennial Variability in Summer Temperatures for 7500 Years, “The Holocene”, 12 (6), p. 681–687, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl581rp
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl581rp
Helama S., Timonen M., Lindholm M., Meriläinen J., Eronen M. (2005), Extracting Long-period Climate Fluctuations from Tree-ring Chronologies over Timescales of Centuries to Millennia, “International Journal of Climatology”, 25 (13), p. 1767–1779, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1215
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1215
Helama S., Timonen M., Holopainen J., Ogurtsov M.G., Mielikäinen K., Eronen M., Lindholm M., Meriläinen J. (2009), Summer Temperature Variations in Lapland During the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age Relative to Natural Instability of Thermohaline Circulation on Multi-decadal and Multi-centennial Scales, “Journal of Quaternary Science”, 24 (5), p. 450–456, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1291
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1291
Hiltunen M. (1982), Kempeleen historia, Kempeleen kunta ja seurakunta, Oulu.
Google Scholar
Itkonen T. (1976), Keminmaan kirkkojen vaiheilta, T. Itkonen, Kemi.
Google Scholar
Janaway R.D., Percival S.L., Wilson A.S. (2009), Decomposition of Human Remains, [in:] S.L. Percival (ed.), Microbiology and Aging. Clinical Manifestations, Springer, Flintshire, p. 313–334, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-327-1_14
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-327-1_14
Joona J.-P., Ojanlatva E. (1997a), Keminmaan kirkon kuoriosan hautakammiot ja hautaukset, [in:] E. Ojanlatva, K. Paavola (ed.), Keminmaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 14, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 32.
Google Scholar
Joona J.-P., Ojanlatva E. (1997b), Keminmaan kirkon kuorin ja keskiosan luulöydöt, [in:] E. Ojanlatva, K. Paavola (ed.), Keminmaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 14, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 6–16.
Google Scholar
Joona J.-P., Ojanlatva E., Paavola K., Pöppönen S., Tikkala E., Tuovinen O., Alakärppä J. (1997), Kempeleen kirkkohaudat, University of Oulu, Oulu.
Google Scholar
Kallinen M. (1990), Legendoja ja käsityksiä Rungiuksesta kansan suussa ja politiikan välineenä, “Jatuli”, 21, p. 124–136.
Google Scholar
Kallio-Seppä T., Tranberg A. (2020), The Materiality of Odors: Experiencing Church Burials and the Urban Environment in Early Modern Northern Sweden, “Historical Archaeology” (forthcoming), https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00264-2
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00264-2
Kangasvuo J., Pöppönen S. (1997), Keminmaan kirkon toisen ja kolmannen niskahirren väliset multahaudat, [in:] E. Ojanlatva, K. Paavola (ed.), Keminmaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 14, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 17–19.
Google Scholar
Koivunen P. (1997), Keskiaika ja 1500-luku. Kristinuskon vaikutus, [in:] R. Satokangas (ed.), Keminmaan historia, Jyväskylä, p. 41–51.
Google Scholar
Koskela T. (1997), Haukiputaan kirkkohautojen dokumentointia ja kirkon historiaa, [in:] J. Alakärppä, K. Paavola (ed.), Haukiputaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 13, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 7–12.
Google Scholar
Kuusisto P.A. (1929), Hautausmaista ja kirkkoon hautaamisesta Porin kaupungissa ja maaseurakunnassa 1700–1800-luvuilla, Turun yliopiston ylioppilaskunta, Turun ylioppilas 1, Tyrvään kirjapaino OY, Vammala, p. 72–86.
Google Scholar
Lagerås P. (2016), Från trädgård till grav: växterna i biskop Peder Winstrups kista, “Ale”, 4, p. 15–28.
Google Scholar
Laiho K. (1981), Patologinen ja kriminalistinen oikeuslääketiede III. Kuoleman jälkeiset muutokset, [in:] J. Raekallio, A. Alha, J. Hirvonen, M. Möttönen (ed.), Oikeuslääketiede, Porvoo, p. 132–139.
Google Scholar
Lipkin S., Väre T., Kallio-Seppä T. (2018), Pappissäädyn haudat Pohjois-Pohjanmaan kirkkojen lattioiden alla – Tapaustutkimuksia 1300–1700-luvuilta, “Thanatos”, 7, p. 60–88.
Google Scholar
Lipkin S., Ruhl E., Vajanto K., Tranberg A., Suomela J. (2020), Textiles: Decay and Preservation in the 17th–19th Century Burials in Finland, [in:] T. Kallio-Seppä, S. Lipkin, P.R. Mullins (ed.), Historical Burials in Europe. Natural Mummification, Burial Customs, and Ethical Challenges, “Historical Archaeology”, 54, 4.
Google Scholar
Marjomaa M., Ruonakoski A. (1997), Keminmaan kirkon länsiosan multahaudat, [in:] E. Ojanlatva, K. Paavola (ed.), Keminmaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 14, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 27–31.
Google Scholar
Mielikäinen K., Timonen M., Helama S. (2012), Ilmastonmuutokset ja niiden syyt puulustojen ja muiden proksitietojen pohjalta, [in:] A. Asikainen, H. Ilvesniemi, R. Sievänen, E. Vapaavuori, T. Muhonen (ed.), Bioenergia, ilmastonmuutos ja Suomen metsät, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa (Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute, 240), p. 32–52.
Google Scholar
Nuorteva P. (1977), Sarcosaprophagous Insects and Forensic Indicators, [in:] C.G. Tedeschi, W.G. Eckert, L.G. Tedeschi (ed.), Forensic Medicine. A Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards, vol. II, Saunders, Philadelphia–London–Toronto, p. 1072–1095.
Google Scholar
Nuorteva P. (1987), Empty Puparia of Phormia terraenovae R.-D. (Diptera, Calliphoridae) as Forensic Indicators, “Suomen hyönt. Aikak”, 53, p. 53–56.
Google Scholar
Núñez M., Paavola K., García-Guixe E. (2008), Mummies in Northern Finland, [in:] P. Atoche Peña, C. Rodgues Martin, M. Ángeles Ramírez Rodríquez (ed.), Mummies and Science, World Mummies Research, Proceedings of the VI World Congress on Mummy Studies, Teguise, Lanzarote, p. 123–128.
Google Scholar
Nurminen N., Niskanen M., Ahonen S., Junno J.A., Kuha A., Marjakangas S., Natural Mummification in Cool Temperatures in Northern Finland: Incubator Chamber Experiment, “The Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science (JONAS)” (submitted).
Google Scholar
Nurminen N., Lipkin S., Kuha A., Väre T., Marjakangas S., Niskanen M., Junno J.-A. (2017), Experimental Mummification in Northern Finland, “Fennoscandia Archaeologica”, 34, p. 146–151.
Google Scholar
Ojanlatva E. (1997), Haukiputaan kirkkohautojen dokumentointia ja kirkon historiaa, [in:] J. Alakärppä, K. Paavola (ed.), Haukiputaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 13, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 1–6.
Google Scholar
Paavola K. (1997), Keminmaan vanhan kirkon hautojen tutkimus, [in:] E. Ojanlatva, K. Paavola (ed.), Keminmaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 14, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 1–4.
Google Scholar
Paavola K. (1998), Kepeät mullat. Kirjallisiin ja esineellisiin lähteisiin perustuva tutkimus Pohjois-Pohjanmaan rannikon kirkkohaudoista, Oulun yliopisto, Oulu (Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. Series B, Humaniora, 28).
Google Scholar
Paavola K. (2009), Hautaamatta haudatut, [in:] J. Ikäheimo, S. Lipponen (ed.), Ei kiveäkään kääntämättä – Juhlakirja Pentti Koivuselle, Tornio, p. 241–250.
Google Scholar
Paavola K. (2012), Haukiputaan kirkkohautojen ongelmalähteet, [in:] S. Niinimäki, A.-K. Salmi, J.-M. Kuusela, J. Okkonen (ed.), Stones Bones & Thoughts. Festschrift in Honour of Milton Núñez, Oulu, p. 101–111.
Google Scholar
Pernter P., Gostner P., Egarte-Vigl E., Rühli F.J. (2007), Radiologic Proof for the Iceman’s Cause of Death (ca. 5’300 BP), “Journal of Archaeological Science”, 34 (11), p. 1784–1786, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.12.019
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.12.019
Pettersson L., Hyvönen H. (1991), Kempeleen kirkko, Museoverasto, Helsinki (Suomen kirkot, 17).
Google Scholar
Prado e Castro P., Serrano A., Martins da da Silva P., Garcia M.-D. (2012), Carrion Flies of Forensic Interest: a Study of Seasonal Community Composition and Succession in Lisbon, Portugal, “Medical and Veterinary Entomology”, 26 (4), p. 361–469, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01031.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01031.x
Prahlow J.A. (2010), Forensic Pathology for Police, Death Investigators, Attorneys, and Forensic Scientists, Humana Press, New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-404-9
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-404-9
Quigley C. (2006), Modern Mummies. The Preservation of the Human Body in the Twentieth Century, McFarland Company, Inc., Publishers, Jeffersson.
Google Scholar
Raappana T. (2017), pers.com. 13.3.2017 verger of the Kempele parish, Tapani Raappana.
Google Scholar
Rognes K. (1991), Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Brill, Leiden.
Google Scholar
Rudenko S.I. (1970), Frozen Tombs of Siberia. The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Google Scholar
Satokangas R. (1997), Murroksen aika (1860–1930), [in:] R. Satokangas (ed.), Keminmaan historia, Jyväskylä, p. 250–442.
Google Scholar
Smith K. (1986), A Manual of Forensic Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press, London.
Google Scholar
Soszynska-Maj A., Woźnica A.J. (2016), A Case Study of Heleomyzidae (Diptera) Recorded on Snow in Poland with a Review of their Winter Activity in Europe, “European Journal of Entomology”, 113, p. 279–294, https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2016.035
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2016.035
Tikkala E. (1997), Keminmaan kirkon kolmannen ja neljännen niskahirren väliset multahaudat, [in:] E. Ojanlatva, K. Paavola (ed.), Keminmaan kirkkohaudat. Meteli 14, University of Oulu, Oulu, p. 20–26.
Google Scholar
Tranberg A. (2015), Burial Customs in the Northern Ostrobothnian Region (Finland) from the Late Medieval Period to the 20th Century. Plant Remains in Graves, [in:] S. Tarlow (ed.), The Archaeology of Death in Post-medieval Europe, De Gryuter, Warsaw, p. 189–203, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110439731-010
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110439731-010
Vahtola J. (1980), Haukiputaan seurakunnan historia, Haukiputaan seurakunta, Haukipudas.
Google Scholar
Vainio-Kaila T. (2017), Antibacterial Properties of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce (Doctoral dissertation, Aalto University publication series Doctoral dissertations, 179/2017).
Google Scholar
Väre T., Heino M., Junno J.-A., Lipkin S., Niinimäki J., Niinimäki S., Niskanen M., Núñez M., Tranberg A., Tuovinen S., Vilkama R., Ylimaunu T., Kallio-Seppä T. (2014), Kempeleen ja Keminmaan vanhojen kirkkojen muumiot, “Muinaistutkija”, 1, p. 17–32.
Google Scholar
Warren J.-A. (2006), The Development of Protophormia Terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures (Doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Canada).
Google Scholar
Wilson A., Taylor T., Ceruti M.C., Chávez J.A., Reinhard J., Grimes V., Meier-Augenstein W., Cartmell L., Stern B., Richards M., Worobey M., Barnes I., Gilbert T. (2007), Stable Isotope and DNA Evidence for Ritual Sequences in Inca Child Sacrifice, “PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA)”, 104 (42), p. 16456–16461, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704276104
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704276104
Zimmerman M.R. (1996), Mummies of the Arctic Regions, [in:] K. Spindler, H. Wilfing, E. Rastbichler-Zissernig, D. zur Nedden, H. Nothdurfter (ed.), Human mummies. A Global Survey of their Status and the Techniques of Conservation, Springer, Vienna (The Man in the Ice, 3), p. 83–92, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_9
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6565-2_9
Zimmerman M.R., Smith G.S. (1975), A Probable Case of Accidental Inhumation of 1,600 Years Ago, “Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine”, 51, p. 828–837.
Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
