Dignity and Freedom in Humanism, Transhumanism and Posthumanism – Philosophical and Ethical Foundations for Legal Regulation

Olga Rosenkranzová

doi:10.18778/0208-6069.113.03

Autor

Olga Rosenkranzová Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Law https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-8911

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.113.03

Słowa kluczowe:

godność, wolność morfologiczna, cyborg, transhumanizm, posthumanizm, boska natura, prawa nie-ludzkich podmiotów

Abstrakt

Artykuł poddaje krytycznej analizie filozoficzne podstawy neuropraw, wolności morfologicznej opartej na koncepcji własności ciała oraz nieograniczonej wolności samostanowienia, obejmującej również byty cyborgiczne. Genezy współczesnego transhumanizmu (Huxley, Bostrom, More) można poszukiwać w humanizmie renesansowym, szczególnie w koncepcji godności i wolności Giovanniego Pico della Mirandoli. Analiza De dignitate hominis tego autora ujawnia jednak błędną interpretacją. Posthumanizm ostrzega przed utratą ludzkiej godności oraz wskazuje na jej szeroko rozpowszechnioną instrumentalizację, co może stanowić kolejne ryzyko związane z ulepszaniem ciała (Ferrando, Braidotti). Już w renesansie podejmowano pytania o miejsce człowieka w porządku natury i wobec zwierząt, w ramach tzw. scala naturae. Koncepcja boskiej natury stanowi przejaw panteizmu w neoplatonizmie i nie ma charakteru materialistycznego (Böhme, Comenius, Ficino).

Czy ego-centryczność materii może być podstawą ograniczenia wolności morfologicznej, a więc wyznaczenia granic prawa do integralności cielesnej? Jak dotąd, transhumanistyczne modyfikacje mieszczą się w ramach prawa do integralności cielesnej oraz wolności w dysponowaniu własnym ciałem, tj. autonomicznej sfery jednostki ściśle powiązanej z prawem do ukierunkowywania własnego życia na osobiste szczęście. Jeżeli prawa człowieka i ich fundament mają w większym stopniu charakter moralny, wówczas dopuszczalne staje się stosowanie zasady proporcjonalności do wyważania praw, zasad, wartości i interesów w prawie, z uwzględnieniem także ochrony środowiska i praw podmiotów marginalizowanych, w tym podmiotów nie-ludzkich (Balzer, Rippe, Schaber).

Pobrania

Statystyki pobrań niedostępne.

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