Eastern Elements in Cathar Doctrines – an Argument for the Traditional Interpretation of Catharism

Piotr Czarnecki

doi:10.18778/2084-140X.14.30

Autor

Piotr Czarnecki Jagiellonian University, Institute for the Study of Religions https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4155-4918

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.14.30

Słowa kluczowe:

dualist doctrines, Catharism, Bogomilism, Paulicianism

Abstrakt

At present we can observe intense attempts at overthrowing all the claims concerning Catharism that had been formulated by the scholars of the 20^th century, based on careful analysis of the vast source material. So called “traditional interpretation”, assuming strong influence of the Eastern dualist heresies (Bogomilism and Paulicianism) on Catharism is currently rejected by scholars such as M. G. Pegg, J.-L. Biget and R. I. Moore as outdated and not compatible with the latest research. For the construction of this false image of Catharism Pegg blames Religionsgeschichte Schule and their comparative method, which according to him is built on the assumption that “if two ideas look alike to the historian, there must be a link between them”, but in this radical criticism, he seems to ignore the fact that comparison of the Cathar and Bogomil doctrine is justified by many sources, which confirm historical relations between the adherent of these heresies. What should be underlined, not only the current deconstructionist conception, represented by the above-mentioned scholars, but all the interpretations rejecting Eastern origins of Cathar doctrines, were constructed without the analysis of the Eastern sources. Considering this, the aim of this article is to analyse various specific Cathar doctrinal conceptions, which do not have analogies in the ancient heresies, with the doctrines of the Eastern dualists (mainly Bogomils but also Paulicians), known from the Eastern sources – both polemical and written (or used) by the heretics themselves. Such comparative analysis can verify the claims of the adherents of the “new paradigm”, according to which dualist Cathar doctrine was constructed by Catholics, basing on the ancient anti-heretical scriptures, mainly anti-Manichaean writings of St. Augustine.

Pobrania

Brak dostępnych danych do wyświetlenia.

Bibliografia

Accipite nobis vulpes parvulas, que demoliuntur vineas Domini, ed. B. Delmaire, “Heresis” 17, 1991, p. 11–15.
Google Scholar

Alanus de Insulis, De fide catholica contra Haereticos sui temporis, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina, vol. CCX, ed. J. P. Migne, Parisiis 1855, col. 303–428.
Google Scholar

Archiepiscopi Rotomagensis ad suffraganeos, quibus mandatum Conradi Portuensis episcopi & A. S. L significat coveniendi senonas adversus Bartholomeum, Albigensium episcopum, ed. J. D. Mansi, [in:] Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et amplissima collectio, vol. XXII, Venetiis 1778, p. 1204–1206.
Google Scholar

Ascensio Isaiae, ed. R. H. Charles, [in:] R. H. Charles, The Ascension of Isaiah, London 1900, p. 1–82.
Google Scholar

Bernard Gui, Les sentences. Texte et traduction, ed. A. Pales-Gobilliard, [in:] A. Pales-Gobilliard, Le livre des sentences de l’inquisiteur Bernard Gui: 1308–1323, vol. I, Paris 2002, p. 176–867.
Google Scholar

Brevis Summula, ed. A. Molinier, “Annales du Midi” 22, 1910, p. 197–211.
Google Scholar

Cahiers de Bernard de Caux. Ms Doat XXII B. N. Paris, ed. J. Duvernoy, Agen–Cahors–Toulouse 1988, http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/bdecaux.pdf [4 II 2024].
Google Scholar

La chanson de la croisade albigeoise, vol. I, ed. E. Martin-Chabot, Paris 1931.
Google Scholar

Charte de Niquinta, antipape des heretiques surnommés d’Albigeois, ed. D. Zbiral, [in:] 1209–2009 Cathares: une histoire à pacifier?, ed. A. Brenon, Loubatieres 2010, p. 47–48.
Google Scholar

Cosmas the Priest, The discours against Bogomils, [in:] Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World c. 650–c. 1450, trans. J. Hamilton, B. Hamilton, Manchester–New York 2013, p. 114–134.
Google Scholar

De heresibus, ed. A. Cazenave, [in:] Die Mächte des Guten und Bösen: Vorstellungen im XII. u. XIII. Jahrhundert über ihr Wirken in der Heilsgeschichte, ed. A. Zimmermann, Berlin 1977, p. 383–384.
Google Scholar

Depositions contre Pierre Garcias du Bourguet-Nau de Toulouse, ed. C. Douais, [in:] C. Douais, Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’Inquisition dans le Languedoc, vol. II, Paris 1900, p. 90–114.
Google Scholar

Disputatio inter catholicum et paterinum hereticum, ed. I. Da Milano, “Aevum” 14, 1940, p. 125–140.
Google Scholar

Durandus de Huesca, Liber antiheresis, [in:] Die ersten Waldenser. Mit Edition des Liber Antiheresis des Durandus von Osca, vol. II, ed. K. V. Selge, Berlin 1967, p. 3–257.
Google Scholar

Durandus de Huesca, Liber contra manicheos, [in:] Une somme anti-cathare: le Liber contra Manicheos de Durand de Huesca, ed. Ch. Thouzellier, Louvain 1964, p. 66–336.
Google Scholar

Ebrardus Bethunensis, Trias scriptorum adversus Valdensium sectam, ed. M. De La Bigne, [in:] Maxima Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum, vol. XXIV, Lugduni 1677, p. 34–218.
Google Scholar

Eckbertus Abbas Schonaugensis, Sermones contra catharos, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CXCV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Parisiis 1855, col. 12–102.
Google Scholar

Edition and Translation of Doat 25–26, [in:] Inquisitors and Heretics in Thirteenth-Century Languedoc, ed. et trans. P. Biller, C. Bruschi, Leiden–Boston 2011, p. 173–980.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004188105.i-1088.27

Epistola Petri tituli Sancti Chrysogoni praesbyteri cardinalis, apostolicae sedis legati, [in:] Chronica magistri Rogeri de Houedene, vol. II, ed. W. Stubbs, London 1869, p. 155–160.
Google Scholar

Ermengaudus, Contra haereticos, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CCIV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Parisiis 1855, p. 1235–1274.
Google Scholar

Etienne De Bourbon, Anecdotes historiques, légendes et apologues, ed. A. Lecoy De La Marche, Paris 1877.
Google Scholar

Euthymius of the Periblepton, A letter, [in:] Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World c. 650–c.1450, trans. J. Hamilton, B. Hamilton, Manchester–New York 2013, p. 143–164.
Google Scholar

Euthymius Zigabenus, Panoplia dogmatica, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXXX, ed. J. P. Migne, Parisiis 1886, col. 9–1362.
Google Scholar

Evervinus Steinfeldensis, Epistola CDXXXII, ad. S. Bernardum, De haereticis sui temporis, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CLXXXII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Parisiis 1879, col. 676–680.
Google Scholar

Guillelmus De Nangiaco, Chronicon, ed. M. Bouquet, [in:] Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, vol. XX, Paris 1840, p. 725–765.
Google Scholar

Interrogatio Iohannis, [in:] Le livre secret des cathares. Interrogatio Iohannis. Edition critique, traduction commentaire, ed. et trans. E. Bozoky, Paris 2009, p. 42–93.
Google Scholar

Jacobus De Capellis, Disputationes nonnulae adversus haereticos, ed. D. Bazzocchi, L’eresia catara. Appendice, Bologna 1920.
Google Scholar

Jan Egzarcha, Heksameron, [in:] Średniowieczne herezje dualistyczne na Bałkanach. Źródła słowiańskie, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, J. M. Wolski, Łódź 2015, p. 59–60.
Google Scholar

Księga Henocha słowiańska, [in:] Apokryfy Starego Testamentu, ed. R. Rubinkiewicz, Warszawa 1999, p. 197–214.
Google Scholar

Letter of the Patriarch Germanus to those in Constantinople and against the Bogomils, [in:] Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World c. 650–c. 1450, trans. J. Hamilton, B. Hamilton, Manchester–New York 2013, p. 272–274.
Google Scholar

Liber de duobus principiis, [in:] Un Traité Neo-Manicheen du 13 siècle. Le Liber de duobus principiis suivi d’un fragment de Rituel Cathare, ed. A. Dondaine, Roma 1939, p. 81–147.
Google Scholar

Manifestatio haeresis albigensium et lugdunensium, ed. A. Cazenave, [in:] Die Mächte des Guten und Bösen: Vorstellungen im XII. u. XIII. Jahrhundert über ihr Wirken in der Heilsgeschichte, ed. A. Zimmermann, Berlin 1977, p. 384–387.
Google Scholar

Matthaeus Parisiensis, Chronica Maiora, ed. F. Liebermann, [in:] Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, vol. XXVIII, Hannoverae 1888, p. 107–389.
Google Scholar

Michael Psellos, De daemonum energia seu operatione, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXXII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Parisiis 1889, col. 849–872.
Google Scholar

Moneta De Cremona, Adversus Catharos et Valdenses libri quinque, ed. T. A. Ricchini, Roma 1743.
Google Scholar

O Morzu Tyberiadzkim, trans. A. Kawecka, [in:] Apokryfy i legendy starotestamentowe Słowian południowych, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, Kraków 2006, p. 5–11.
Google Scholar

Petrus Siculus, Historia utilis et refutatio atque eversio haeresos Manichaeorum qui et Pauliciani dicuntur, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CIV, ed. J. P. Migne, Parisiis 1886, col. 1246–1304.
Google Scholar

Petrus Vallium Sarnaii Monachus, Hystoria Albigensis, vol. I, ed. P. Guebin, E. Lyon, Paris 1926.
Google Scholar

Początki świata, trans. A. Jakimiszyn, [in:] Apokryfy i legendy starotestamentowe Słowian południowych, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, Kraków 2006, p. 26–29.
Google Scholar

Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum, ed. J. Stevenson, [in:] Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, vol. LXVI, London 1875, p. 1–208.
Google Scholar

Registre de geoffroy d’Ablis. Ms Latin 4269 Bibliotheque Nationale Paris, ed. J. Duvernoy, 1980, http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/geoffroi_d_ablis.pdf [6 II 2024].
Google Scholar

Le registre d’inquisition de Jacques Fournier (1318–1325), vol. I–III, ed. J. Duvernoy, Toulouse 1965.
Google Scholar

Roberti Autissiodorensis Chronicon, ed. O. Holder-Egger, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, vol. XXVI, Hannoverae 1882.
Google Scholar

S. Petrus Martyr, Summa contra haereticos, ed. T. Kaepelli, “Archivum fratrum praedicatorum” 17, 1947, p. 320–335.
Google Scholar

Salvo Burci, Liber supra stella, ed. I. Da Milano, “Aevum” 19, 1945, p. 307–341.
Google Scholar

Słowo Jana Złotoustego jak Michał zwyciężył Satanaela, trans. A. Michałowska, [in:] Apokryfy i legendy starotestamentowe Słowian południowych, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, Kraków 2006, p. 13–25.
Google Scholar

Słowo o widzeniu Barucha, kiedy to anioł, posłany na świętą górę zwaną Syjonem, płakał nad zniewoleniem Jerozolimy, [in:] Apokryfy i legendy starotestamentowe Słowian południowych, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, Kraków 2006, p. 46–52.
Google Scholar

Summa Fratris Raineri de ordine fratrum praedicatorum, de Catharis et Pauperibus de Lugduno, [in:] Un Traité Neo-Manicheen du 13 siècle. Le Liber de duobus principiis suivi d’un fragment de Rituel Cathare, ed. A. Dondaine, Roma 1939, p. 64–78.
Google Scholar

Summula contra hereticos. Un traite contre les cathares du XIIIeme siecle, ed. J. Duvernoy, http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/summula.pdf [6 II 2024].
Google Scholar

Tractatus de Hereticis, ed. A. Dondaine, “Archivum fratrum praedicatorum” 20, 1950, p. 308–324.
Google Scholar

Tractatus manicheorum, [in:] Un traité cathare inédit du début du XIIIe siècle d’après le Liber contra Manicheos de Durand de Huesca, ed. Ch. Thouzellier, Louvain 1961, p. 87–113.
Google Scholar

The Vision of Isaiah, [in:] Heresies of the High Middle Ages, trans. W. L. Wakefield, A. P. Evans, New York–London 1969, p. 449–457.
Google Scholar

Vita Haereticorum quam fecit Bonacursus, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CCIV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Parisiis 1855, col. 775–792.
Google Scholar

Acerbi A., La Visione di Isaia nelle vicende dottrinali del catarismo lombardo e provenzale, “Cristianesimo nella Storia” 1, 1980, p. 75-122.
Google Scholar

Apokryfy i legendy starotestamentowe Słowian południowych, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, Kraków 2006.
Google Scholar

Arnold J. H., The Cathar Middle Ages as a Methodological and Historiographical Problem, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016, p. 53–78, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782048176-004
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782048176-004

Arnold J. H., Inquisition and Power. Catharism and the Confessing Subject in Medieval Languedoc, Philadelphia 2001, https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812201161
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812201161

Badalanova Geller F., The Sea of Tiberias: Between Apocryphal Literature and Oral Tradition, [in:] The Old Testament Apocrypha in the Slavonic Tradition. Continuity and Diversity, ed. L. Di Tommaso, Ch. Böttrich, Tübingen 2011, p. 13–157.
Google Scholar

Biget J.-L., Les bons hommes sont-ils les fils des bogomiles? Examen critique d’une idée reçue, “Slavica Occitania” 16, 2003, p. 133–188.
Google Scholar

Biget J.-L., L’histoire du « catharisme » occitan: un noeud de questions, [in:] Le « catharisme » en questions, ed. J.-L. Biget, S. Caucanas, M. Fournié, D. Le Blévec, Fanjeaux 2020, p. 13–36, https://doi.org/10.3406/cafan.2020.2422
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/cafan.2020.2422

Biget J.-L., Réflexions sur «l’hérésie» dans le Midi de la France au Moyen Âge, “Heresis” 36–37, 2001, p. 29–74, https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.2002.1964
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.2002.1964

Biller P., Goodbye to Catharism?, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016, p. 274–313, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782048176-015
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782048176-015

Brunn U., Cathari, catharistae et cataphrygae. Ancetres des cathares du XII siècle, “Heresis” 36–37, 2002, p. 183–200, https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.2002.1970
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.2002.1970

Brunn U., Des contestataires aux “Cathares”. Discours de réforme et propagande antihérétique dans les pays du Rhin et de la Meuse avant l’Inquisition, Paris 2006.
Google Scholar

Cazenave A., Bien et mal dans un mythe cathare languedocien, [in:] Die Mächte des Guten und Bösen: Vorstellungen im XII. u. XIII. Jahrhundert über ihr Wirken in der Heilsgeschichte, ed. A. Zimmermann, Berlin 1977, p. 344–387.
Google Scholar

Chiu H., Alan of Lille’s Academic Concept of the Manichee, “Journal of Religious History” 35, 2011, p. 492–506, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2011.01138.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2011.01138.x

Duvernoy J., Le manuscrit 609 De la bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse, vol. I, http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/ms609_a.pdf [6 II 2024].
Google Scholar

Hamilton B., The Origins of the Dualist Church of Drugunthia, “Eastern Churches Review” 6, 1974, p. 115–124.
Google Scholar

Inventer l’hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’Inquisition, ed. M. Zerner, Nice 1998.
Google Scholar

Ivanov J., Livres et legendes bogomiles (Aux Sources di Catharisme), Paris 1976.
Google Scholar

Jiménez-Sanchez P., Les catharismes. Modeles dissidents du Christianisme medieval (XXIe–XIIIe siecles), Rennes 2008, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.3688
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.3688

Manselli R., Evangelisme et mythe dans la foi cathare, “Heresis” 5, 1985, p. 5–17, https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.1985.955
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.1985.955

Miltenova A., The Sea of Tiberias, [in:] Biblical Pseudepigrapha in Slavonic Traditions, ed. A. Kulik, S. Minov, Oxford 2016, p. 188–235.
Google Scholar

Minczew G., John Chrysostom’s Tale on How Michael Vanquished Satanael – a Bogomil text?, “Studia Ceranea” 1, 2011, p. 23–54, https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.01.03
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.01.03

Moore R. I., The Birth of Popular Heresy, a Millennial Phenomenon, “The Journal of Religious History” 24, 2000, p. 8–25, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.00098
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.00098

Moore R. I., The Formation of a Persecuting Society. Authority and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250, Malden 2007, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470773987
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470773987

Moore R. I., The War on Heresy, Cambridge, Mass. 2012, https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065376
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065376

Morghen R., Medioevo cristiano, Bari 1951.
Google Scholar

Morghen R., Problèmes sur l’origine de l’hérésie au moyen âge, “Revue historique” 236, 1966, p. 1–16.
Google Scholar

Pegg M. G., Le catharisme en questions: falsifiabilité, vérité historique et une nouvelle histoire du christianisme medieval, [in:] Le « catharisme » en questions, ed. J.-L. Biget, S. Caucanas, M. Fournié, D. Le Blévec, Fanjeaux 2020, p. 331–371, https://doi.org/10.3406/cafan.2020.2439
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/cafan.2020.2439

Pegg M. G., On cathars, albigenses and good man of Languedoc, “Journal of Medieval History” 27, 2001, p. 181–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(01)00008-2
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(01)00008-2

Pegg M. G., The Corruption of Angels. The Great Inquisition of 1245–1246, Princeton 2001, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400824755
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400824755

Pegg M. G., The Paradigm of Catharism; or, the Historians’ Illusions, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016, p. 21–52, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782048176-003
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782048176-003

Roquebert M., Le déconstructionnisme et les études cathares, [in:] Les Cathares devant l’Histoire. Mélanges offerts à Jean Duvernoy, ed. M. Aurell, Cahors 2005, p. 105–134.
Google Scholar

Stoyanov Y., Aspects of Doctrinal and Cultic Secrecy in Bogomilism and Catharism and the Problem of their Provenance, “Bulgaria Mediaevalis” 1, 2016, p. 467–478.
Google Scholar

Stoyanov Y., The Debate on Medieval Western Christian Dualism through the Prism of Slavonic Pseudepigrapha, “Scrinium” 14, 2018, p. 334–350, https://doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00141P23
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00141P23

Stoyanov Y., Medieval Christian Dualist Perceptions and Conceptions of Biblical Paradise, “Studia Ceranea” 3, 2013, p. 149–166, https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.03.11
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.03.11

Średniowieczne herezje dualistyczne na Bałkanach. Źródła greckie, ed. G. Minczew, J. M. Wolski, Łódź 2023.
Google Scholar

Taylor C., Evidence for Dualism in Inquisitorial Registers of the 1240s: A Contribution to a Debate, “History” 3, 2013, p. 319–345, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12011
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12011

Taylor C., Heresy in Medieval France. Dualism in Aquitaine and the Agenais, 1000–1249, Woodbridge–Rochester 2005.
Google Scholar

Théry J., L’hérésie des bons hommes. Comment nommer la dissidence religieuse non vaudoise ni béguine en Languedoc (XIIe – début XIVe siècle)?, “Heresis” 36–37, 2002, p. 77–117, https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.2002.1965
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.2002.1965

Werner E., L’evangelie de Jean et le dualisme medieval, “Heresis” 12, 1989, p. 13–26, https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.1989.1060
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/heres.1989.1060

Zambon F., Dissimulation, secret et allégorie dans le dualisme chrétien du Moyen Age: paulicianisme, bogomilisme, catharisme, “Annali di Scienze Religiose” 4, 2011, p. 157–189, https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ASR.1.102572
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ASR.1.102572

Zerner M., Introduction, [in:] Inventer l’hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’Inquisitions, ed. M. Zerner, Nice 1998, p. 7–14, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.5.105915
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00062