Using Japanese pop cultural heritage to create a tourist product Exploring otaku tourism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.34.2.07Keywords:
cultural heritage, destination branding, Japan, Japanese pop culture, otaku tourism, tourismAbstract
The impact of Japanese pop culture on global tourism patterns is substantial, specifically in the promotion and growth of otaku tourism. Japan has become a hub for global tourists due to its ability to attract with the allure of interacting with the environments and storylines of their beloved pop culture media. This study examines the distinctive combination of traditional and contemporary cultural aspects, evaluating its influence on Japan’s tourism industry and on global perception. The economic and cultural benefits of using cultural exports to enhance the attractiveness of tourism are revealed through a literature review, with theoretical perspectives. This emphasizes the change in travel motivations towards genuine cultural experiences and the strategic significance of popular culture in promoting destinations. The findings indicate that Japan’s strategy of blending its abundant cultural heritage with modern cultural manifestations provides valuable lessons for other destinations seeking to attract tourists based on cultural identity. This movement highlights the capacity of cultural experience to influence tourism preferences, positioning Japan as a prominent illustration of how culture impacts international tourism dynamics.
Downloads
References
Akbaş, İ. (2018). A “cool” approach to Japanese foreign policy: Linking anime to international relations. Perceptions, 23(1), 95–120. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/815454
Google Scholar
Allen, M., & Sakamoto, R. (2014). Japanese popular culture. Routledge.
Google Scholar
Arba, A. (2024, April 2). Most popular activities among foreign tourists visiting Japan in 2023. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1067623/japan-leading-activities-foreign-tourists/
Google Scholar
Atkins, E.T. (2017). A history of popular culture in Japan. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Google Scholar
Bainbridge, J. (2014). “Gotta catch ‘em all!”: Pokémon, cultural practice and object networks. The IAFOR Journal of Asian Studies, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22492/ijas.1.1.04
Google Scholar
Bardsley, J., & Miller, L. (2011). Manners and mischief: Gender, power, and etiquette in Japan. University of California Press.
Google Scholar
Berger, A.A. (2010). Tourism in Japan: An ethno-semiotic analysis. Channel View Publications.
Google Scholar
B-Ikeguchi, C. (2018). The otaku culture and its cultural ramifications. Journalism and Mass Communication, 8(5), 246–259. https://doi.org/10.17265/2160-6579/2018.05.003
Google Scholar
Bouissou, J.-M. (2014). Japan’s growing cultural power: The example of manga in France. In J. Berndt & S. Richter (Eds.), Reading manga: Local and global perceptions of Japanese comics (pp. 149–165). Leipziger Universitätverlag. https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-00972716
Google Scholar
Brazo, D. de A., & Fonseca Filho, A. da S. (2018). Otaku tourism: Imaginary and motivations of a new typology. Revista Turismo em Análise, 29(2), 273–291. http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v29i2p273-291
Google Scholar
Brooks, G., Ellis, T., & Lewis, C. (2008). Pachinko: A Japanese addiction? International Gambling Studies, 8(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790802168958
Google Scholar
Carollo, L. (2023, September 14). Breakdown of anime fans in the United States in 2022, by generation. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1350870/share-anime-fans-generation-us/
Google Scholar
Chambers, S.N.I. (2012). Anime: From cult following to pop culture phenomenon. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 3(2), 94–101. http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/836/anime-from-cult-following-to-pop-culture-phenomenon
Google Scholar
Chen, D., & Chen, H.W. (2013). Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010. Environmental Development, 6, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007
Google Scholar
Clements, J. (2018). Anime: A history. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Google Scholar
Close, N. (2018). Tradition vs. pop culture: Attracting tourists with the Cool Japan campaign. Mutual Images Journal, 5, 31–48. https://doi.org/10.32926/2018.5.clo.tradi
Google Scholar
Comic Market Committee. (2024, January). コミックマーケット年表 [Comic Market Chronology]. https://www.comiket.co.jp/archives/Chronology.html
Google Scholar
Condry, I. (2013). The soul of anime: Collaborative creativity and Japan’s media success story. Duke University Press.
Google Scholar
Cooper-Chen, A. (2011). “Japan’s illustrated storytelling”: A thematic analysis of globalized anime and manga. Keio Communication Review, 33(1), 85–98.
Google Scholar
Craig, T. (2015). Japan pop! Inside the world of Japanese popular culture. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315703220
Google Scholar
Craig, T. (2020a). The “Cool Japan” strategy: Industrial policy for cultural industries. In T. Craig (Ed.), Cool Japan: Inside Japan’s cultural and creative industries (pp. 8–30). BlueSky Publishing.
Google Scholar
Craig, T. (2020b). Japanese comics: Shueisha and the manga industry face a midlife crisis. In T. Craig (Ed.), Cool Japan: Inside Japan’s cultural and creative industries (pp. 176–196). BlueSky Publishing.
Google Scholar
Craig, T. (2020c). ‘Kawaii’: Hello Kitty and Japanese cute. In T. Craig (Ed.), Cool Japan: Inside Japan’s cultural and creative industries (pp. 104–124). BlueSky Publishing.
Google Scholar
Craig, T., Adams, M., Kesslering, J., & Iftner, N. (2020). The Japanese anime industry: Studio trigger finds its mark. In T. Craig (Ed.), Cool Japan: Inside Japan’s cultural and creative industries (pp. 197–231). BlueSky Publishing.
Google Scholar
Craig, T., Cuellar, D., & Lirdluckanawong, T. (2020). Square Enix: Keeping the fantasy alive. In T. Craig (Ed.), Cool Japan: Inside Japan’s cultural and creative industries (pp. 125–160). BlueSky Publishing.
Google Scholar
Denison, R. (2010). Anime tourism: Discursive construction and reception of the Studio Ghibli Art Museum. Japan Forum, 22(3–4), 545–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2010.533475
Google Scholar
Denison, R. (2015). Anime: A critical introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Google Scholar
ElQadi, M.M., Dyer, A.G., Vlasveld, C., & Dorin, A. (2023). The spatiotemporal signature of cherry blossom flowering across Japan revealed via analysis of social network site images. Flora, 304, Article 152311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2023.152311
Google Scholar
Freedman, A., & Slade, T. (2018). Introducing Japanese popular culture: Serious approaches to playful delights. In A. Freedman (Ed.), Introducing Japanese popular culture (pp. 1–10). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315723761
Google Scholar
Funck, C., & Cooper, M. (2013). Japanese tourism: Spaces, places and structures. Berghahn Books.
Google Scholar
Galbraith, P.W. (2019). Otaku and the struggle for imagination in Japan. Duke University Press.
Google Scholar
García, H. (2011). A geek in Japan: Discovering the land of manga, anime, zen, and the tea ceremony. Tuttle Publishing.
Google Scholar
Grand View Research. (2024, February). Anime market size, share & trends analysis report by type (T.V., movie, video, Internet distribution, merchandising, music), by genre (action & adventure, sci-fi & fantasy, romance & drama, sports, and others), by region, and segment forecasts, 2024–2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/anime-market
Google Scholar
Gushiken, Y., & Hirata, T. (2014). Processos de consume cultural e midiático: Imagem dos “otakus”, do Japão ao mundo / Processes of cultural and media consumption: The image of ‘otaku’, from Japan to the world. Intercom – RBCC, 37(2), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-584420146
Google Scholar
Hashimoto, M. (2011). Otaku and moe: An intercultural analysis of the fetishist tendency of otaku. Studia Orientalia Slovaca, 10(1), 115–137. https://fphil.uniba.sk/fileadmin/fif/katedry_pracoviska/kvas/SOS_10_1/06_37hashimoto-form120131_Kopie.pdf
Google Scholar
Henshall, K. (2019). História do Japão [History of Japan]. Edições 70.
Google Scholar
Hernández-Pérez, M. (2019). Looking into the “anime global popular” and the “manga media”: Reflections on the scholarship of a transnational and transmedia industry. Arts, 8(2), Article 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts8020057
Google Scholar
Hobbs, J.J. (2009). World regional geography. Brooks/Cole.
Google Scholar
Honda, I., Oda, M., Morse, T.O., Fukuda, J., Banno, Y., Hashimoto, K., Kizer, R.J., Ōmori, K., Okawamara, T., Yamashita, K., Tezuka, M., Kaneko, S., Kitamura, R., Anno, H., Higuchi, S., Shizuno, K., Seshita, H., & Yamazaki, T. (Directors). (1954–present). Godzilla [Film series]. Tōhō.
Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. (2019). Japanese culture through videogames. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429025006
Google Scholar
Ikei, M. (2000). Baseball, besuboru, yakyu: Comparing the American and Japanese games. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 8(1), 73–80.
Google Scholar
Isshiki, J.N., & Miyazaki, S.Y.M. (2016). Soft power como estratégia de marketing: A manifestação da cultura pop japonesa no Brasil [Soft power as a marketing strategy: The manifestation of Japanese pop culture in Brazil]. Estudos Japoneses, 36, 59–70. https://www.revistas.usp.br/ej/article/view/127690
Google Scholar
Iwabuchi, K. (2002). Recentering globalization: Popular culture and Japanese transnationalism. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822384083
Google Scholar
Iwatani, T. (Creator). (1980–present). Pac-man [Video game series]. Namco; Bandai Namco Studios.
Google Scholar
Japan Tourism Statistics. (2024a, January 18). Visitor arrivals. https://statistics.jnto.go.jp/en/graph/#category--133
Google Scholar
Japan Tourism Statistics. (2024b). Visits to regions of Japan. https://statistics.jnto.go.jp/en/graph/#category--135
Google Scholar
Kaneko, K. (2013). An analysis of Japan’s popular cultural tourism: Constructing Japan’s self-image as a provider of “unique” culture. Global Journal of Human Social Science Sociology & Culture, 13(4), 1–6. https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume13/1-An-Analysis-of-Japans-Popular-Cultural.pdf
Google Scholar
Katsumata, H. (2012). Japanese popular culture in East Asia: A new insight into regional community building. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 12(1), 133–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcr011
Google Scholar
Kawamata, K., Tajima, N., Kuroiwa, K., & Miura, T. (2017). Some preliminary notes on the evolution and development process of Japanese pop culture events. JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number. https://doi.org/10.34321/20153
Google Scholar
Kelts, R. (2006). Japanamerica: How Japanese pop culture has invaded the U.S. Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Kelts, R. (n.d.). Defining the Heisei Era: Part 6: Imagination. The Japan Times. https://features.japantimes.co.jp/heisei-moments-part-6-imagination/
Google Scholar
Kitaoka, S. (2018). The significance of the Meiji Restoration. Asia-Pacific Review, 25(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2018.1475706
Google Scholar
Koizumi, M. (2016). Japanese video game industry: History of its growth and current state. In S.A. Lee & A. Pulos (Eds.), Transnational contexts of development history, sociality, and soci-ety of play: Video games in East Asia (pp. 13–64). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43820-7_2
Google Scholar
Koma, K. (2013). Kawaii as represented in scientific research: The possibilities of kawaii cultural studies. Hemispheres: Studies on Cultures and Societies, 28, 103–117.
Google Scholar
Komisarof, A., Leong, C-H., & Lim, T. (2023). Constructions of Japanese national identity: Host views using a social markers of acceptance framework. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 94, Article 101806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101806
Google Scholar
Koshino, Y. (2019). Heisei was an era marked by Japanese soft power. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/190515_DJ-Volume2Issue5_final2.pdf
Google Scholar
Lamerichs, N. (2013). The cultural dynamic of doujinshi and cosplay: Local anime fandom in Japan, USA and Europe. Participations: Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, 10(1), 154–176. https://www.participations.org/10-01-10-lamerichs.pdf
Google Scholar
Lee, S. (2022). Classifying tourist destinations in Japan for overtourism. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences, 5(4), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.33422/jarss.v5i4.663
Google Scholar
Liu, J., Cheng, H., Jiang, D., & Huang, L. (2019). Impact of climate-related changes to the timing of autumn foliage colouration on tourism in Japan. Tourism Management, 70, 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.021
Google Scholar
Lobo-Fernandes, L. (2005). Soft power: O jogo de atracção cultural e as vantagens da cooperação [Soft power: The cultural attraction game and the advantages of cooperation]. Relações Internacionais, 6, 169–172. https://ipri.unl.pt/images/publicacoes/revista_ri/pdf/r6/RI6_rec01_LFernandes.pdf
Google Scholar
Martin, A.K.T. (n.d.). Defining the Heisei Era: Part 7: Obsession. The Japan Times. https://features.japantimes.co.jp/heisei-moments-part-7-obsession/
Google Scholar
Matsuyama, S. (2022). Regional revitalization, contents tourism, and the representation of place in anime: The Seichi-junrei of Love live! Sunshine!! in Japan. Journal of Culture Geography, 39(3), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2022.2124062
Google Scholar
Mikami, K. (2011). Cultural globalization in people’s life experiences: Japanese popular cultural styles in Sweden [Master’s dissertation, Stockholm University]. DiVA. http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:444594/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Google Scholar
Miller, V. (2019). Japanese pop culture: Discovering the fascinating Japanese pop culture: The land of manga and anime. Dingo Publishing.
Google Scholar
Mínguez-López, X. (2014). Folktales and other references in Toriyama’s Dragon ball. Animation, 9(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746847713519386
Google Scholar
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (2014, June). Cool Japan initiative. https://warp.da.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/8710090/www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/mono/creative/file/1406CoolJapanInitiative.pdf
Google Scholar
Miyamoto, S. (Creator). (1981–present). Donkey Kong [Video game series]. Nintendo.
Google Scholar
Miyazaki, H. (Director). (2001). Spirited away [Film]. Toshio Suzuki.
Google Scholar
Mori, H. (2022). The power of anime: A new driver of volunteer tourism. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(2), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020022
Google Scholar
Moriuchi, E., & Basil, M. (2019). The sustainability of Ohanami cherry blossom festivals as a cultural icon. Sustainability, 11(6), Article 1820. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061820
Google Scholar
Napier, S.J. (2005). Anime from Akira to Howl’s Moving Castle: Experiencing contemporary Japanese animation. Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Nishimoto, H., Hamada, A., Takai, Y., & Goto, A. (2015). Investigation of decision process for purchasing foodstuff in the “bento” lunch box. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.210
Google Scholar
Nishimura, T., & Iguchi, M. (2011). Volcanic earthquakes and tremor in Japan. Kyoto University Press.
Google Scholar
Ochiai, R., & Takeda, J. (2001). Introduction to sumo wrestlers, the world’s largest athletes. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care, 12(5), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1054/cacc.2001.0345
Google Scholar
Oda, E. (Creator). (1997–present). One piece [Manga]. Weekly Shōnen Jump.
Google Scholar
Okamoto, T. (2009). A study on impact of anime on tourism in Japan: A case of “anime pilgrimage”. Web-Journal of Tourism and Cultural Studies, 13, 1–9. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/38539
Google Scholar
Okamoto, T. (2015). Otaku tourism and the anime pilgrimage phenomenon in Japan. Japan Forum, 27(1), 12–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2014.962565
Google Scholar
Okazaki, M., Nishio, D., Yamauchi, S., Kasai, O., Nowatai, Y., Terazaki, N., Chioka, M., Hatano, M., Hatano, K., Nagamine, T., Nakamura, R., Sakurada, H. (Directors). (1986–present). Dragon ball [Anime TV series]. Toei Animation.
Google Scholar
Ono, A., Kawamura, S., Nishimori, Y., Oguro, Y., Shimizu, R., & Yamamoto, S. (2020). Anime pilgrimage in Japan: Focusing social influences as determinants. Tourism Management, 76, Article 103935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.010
Google Scholar
Otmazgin, N.K. (2016). Japan imagined: Popular culture, soft power, and Japan’s changing image in Northeast and Southeast Asia. Contemporary Japan, 24(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/cj-2012-0001
Google Scholar
Palumbo, F., & Calabrò, D.G. (2017). Japanese pop culture, identification, and socialization: The case of an Italian web-community. Mutual Images Journal, 2, 137–184. https://doi.org/10.32926/2017.2.pal.japan
Google Scholar
Park, J., Berry, J.W., & Joshanloo, M. (2022). Japanese people’s attitudes toward acculturation and intercultural relations. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221090996
Google Scholar
Parrot Analytics. (2018, August 9). The global content marketplace: Audi-ence demand for anime. https://www.parrotanalytics.com/insights/the-global-content-marketplace-audience-demand-for-anime/
Google Scholar
Rahman, M.A. (2019). Japanese 100-yen retail chain in the develop-ment of the retail industry. The Ritsumeikan Economic Review, 68(4), 394–420. http://ritsumeikeizai.koj.jp/koj_pdfs/68403.pdf
Google Scholar
Ramírez, V. (2018). Dragon ball: Fenómeno social [Dragon ball: Social phenomenon]. Tebeos Dolmen Editorial.
Google Scholar
Rich, D.L. (2011). Global fandom: The circulation of Japanese popular culture in the U.S. [Doctoral thesis, University of Iowa]. Iowa Research Online. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.h0czpfuy
Google Scholar
Sabre, C. (2013). New images of Japan in France: A survey to Japan Expo. International Journal of Area Studies / Regioninès studijos, 7, 95–122. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12259/32341
Google Scholar
Sakaguchi, H. (Creator). (1987–present). Final fantasy [Series of role-playing video games]. Square; Square Enix.
Google Scholar
Sakamoto, R., & Allen, M. (2011). There’s something fishy about that sushi: How Japan interprets the global sushi boom. Japan Forum, 23(1), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2011.580538
Google Scholar
Santos, A.N. (2017). A cultura otaku no Brasil: Da obsessão à criação de um Japão imaginado / The otaku culture in Brazil: From the obsession to the creation of an imagined Japan [Doctoral thesis, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo]. Repositório PUCSP. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20752
Google Scholar
Sato, C.A. (2007). Japop: O poder da cultura pop Japonesa [Japop: The power of Japanese pop culture]. NSP-Hakkosha.
Google Scholar
Satô, J., Ikuhara, K., Igarashi, T., Sakai, M., Kon, C., & Shibata, H. (Directors). (1992–2016). Sailor Moon [Anime TV series]. Toei Animation.
Google Scholar
Schilling, M. (2000). The encyclopedia of Japanese pop culture. Weatherhill.
Google Scholar
Schodt, F.L. (1983). Manga! Manga! The world of Japanese comics. Kodansha International.
Google Scholar
Seaton, P., & Yamamura, T. (2015). Japanese popular culture and contents tourism: Introduction. Japan Forum, 27(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2014.962564
Google Scholar
Seaton, P., Yamamura, T., Sugawa-Shimada, A., & Jang, K. (2017). Contents tourism in Japan: Pilgrimages to “sacred sites” of popular culture. Cambria Press.
Google Scholar
Severino, F.S. (2022). Eventos e turismo: O caso da cultura pop japonesa [Events and tourism: The case of Japanese pop culture] [Doctoral thesis, Lisbon University]. Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/54891
Google Scholar
Severino, F.S., & Silva, F. (2023). The trend of Japanese pop culture and its differentiating approach through event tourism. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 14(4), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-01-2023-0001
Google Scholar
Sheehan, K.N. (2017). The otaku phenomenon: Pop culture, fandom, and religiosity in contemporary Japan (Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Paper No. 2850) [Doctoral thesis, University of Louisville]. The University of Louisville’s Institutional Repository. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2850
Google Scholar
Shibayama, T. (Director). (1973–present). Doraemon [Anime TV series]. Tokyo Movie Shinsha; Shin-Ei Animation.
Google Scholar
Shiraishi, S.S. (1997). Japan’s soft power: Doraemon goes over-seas. In P.J. Katzenstein & T. Shiraishi (Eds.), Network power: Japan and Asia (pp. 234–272). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501731457-010
Google Scholar
Shirane, H. (2012). Japan and the culture of the four seasons. Colum-bia University Press.
Google Scholar
Shōji, K. (2010, July 27). Japanese culture takes on the world. Discuss Japan: Japan Foreign Policy Forum. Culture, 1. https://www.japanpolicyforum.jp/culture/pt2010072711564453.html
Google Scholar
Singh, M.P. (2021). Odyssey of the cultural narrative: Japan’s cultural representation in Eiichiro Oda’s One piece. Global Media Journal – Indian Edition, 13(1), 1–24. https://gmj.manipal.edu/issues/JUNE2021/S6Odyssey%20of%20the%20cultural%20narrative%20Japan%E2%80%99s%20cultural%20representation%20in%20Eiichiro%20Oda%27s%20One%20Piece.pdf
Google Scholar
Simeon, R. (2006). The branding potential and Japanese popular culture overseas. Journal of Diversity Management, 1(2), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v1i2.5031
Google Scholar
Stanley, A. (2013). Enlightenment geisha: The sex trade, education, and feminine ideals in early Meiji Japan. The Journal of Asian Studies, 72(3), 539–562. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911813000570
Google Scholar
Steine, I.M.T. (2019). Anime in tourism: An analysis of Norwegian anime enthusiasts’ motivation for conducting anime-induced travels to Japan [Master’s dissertation, UiT Norges arktiske universitet / UiT The Arctic University of Norway]. UiT Munin – Open Research Archive. https://hdl.handle.net/10037/16280
Google Scholar
Sumilang-Engracia, E.A. (2018). Repackaging Japanese culture: The digitalization of folktales in the Pokémon franchise. Mutual Images Journal, 5, 5–30. https://doi.org/10.32926/2018.5.sum.repac
Google Scholar
Tajima, N., Kawamata, K., & Miura, T. (2018). The process of the development and evolution of Japanese pop culture events: Case of the World Cosplay Summit [Conference presentation]. 10th Midterm Conference of the Research Networks, 4–7 September 2018, Department of Sociology at the University of Malta, Valletta [in Japanese]. https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/file/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15K01964/15K01964seika.pdf
Google Scholar
Tajiri, S. (Creator). (1996–present). Pokémon [Video game series]. Nintendo; The Pokémon Company.
Google Scholar
Tekinalp, M.F., & Yerli, O. (2017). “The way of stone”, the art of Japanese rock gardens. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(5), 110–113. http://jsaer.com/download/vol-4-iss-5-2017/JSAER2017-04-05-110-113.pdf
Google Scholar
The Tokyo Okinotorishima and Minamitorishima Islands. (n.d.). What are border islands? Discover boeder islands’ roles. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. https://www.t-borderislands.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/about/
Google Scholar
TitleMax. (n.d.). The 25 highest-grossing media franchises of all time. https://www.titlemax.com/discovery-center/the-25-highest-grossing-%20media-franchises-of-all-time/
Google Scholar
Toriyama, A. (Creator). (1984–2024). Dragon ball [Manga]. Weekly Shōnen Jump.
Google Scholar
Tsutsui, W.M. (2010). Japanese popular culture and globalization. Association for Asian Studies.
Google Scholar
Van Tonder, G.J., & Lyons, M.J. (2003). Structural order in Japanese “karesansui” gardens. South African Journal of Art History, 18, 210–221. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/15018
Google Scholar
Walker, B.L. (2015). A concise history of Japan. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511783043
Google Scholar
Watanabe, A., Hijino, S., Toyoda, T., Jansen, M.B., Sakamoto, T., Masai, Y., Latz, G., Masamoto, K., Notehelfer, F.G., & Hurst, G.C. (2024, September 3). Japan. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan
Google Scholar
Woolley, P.J. (2005). Geography and Japan’s strategic choices: From seclusion to internationalization. Potomac Books.
Google Scholar
Yamamura, T. (2015). Contents tourism and local community response: Lucky Star and collaborative anime-induced tourism in Washimiya. Japan Forum, 27(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2014.962567
Google Scholar
Yamamura, T. (2020). Introduction: Contents tourism beyond anime tourism. In T. Yamamura & P. Seaton (Eds.), Contents tourism and pop culture fandom: Transnational tourist experiences (pp. 1–16). Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845417239-004
Google Scholar
Yamashiro, J. (1989). Choque luso no Japão dos séculos XVI e XVII [Portuguese clash in Japan in the XVI and XVII centuries]. IBRASA – Instituição Brasileira de Difusão Cultural.
Google Scholar
Yang, B.C.-H. (2017). Why Godzilla? The factors for global fame of tokusatsu giant monsters. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 5(5), 7–16.
Google Scholar
Yano, C.R. (2018). Hello Kitty is not a cat?!? Tracking Japanese Cute culture at home and abroad. In A. Freedman & T. Slade (Eds.), Introducing Japanese popular culture (pp. 24–34). Routledge.
Google Scholar
Yuyama, K., Tomiyasu, D., Owada, J., & Den, S. (Directors). (1997–present). Pokémon [Anime TV series]. Oriental Light and Magic.
Google Scholar
Zatko, M. (2017). The rough guide to Tokyo. Rough Guides.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
