The Birth of the Myth About the Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 863
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.13.28Słowa kluczowe:
Byzantine Empire, Khan Boris, Christianization of Bulgaria, Michael III, BardasAbstrakt
The Byzantine-Bulgarian relationship from the mid-9th to the early 10th century has attracted the attention of historians for years. However, this topic is fraught with multiple myths and misconceptions. The Byzantine invasion of Bulgarian territories in 863 is one of these myths. This hypothesis became part of the master narrative of Bulgarian national historiography and significantly impacted the clarification of the actual motivation of all parties in the complex political process. However, an analysis of sources shows that the military raid under Basileus Michael III and Caesar Bardas into Bulgarian territory is nothing more than fiction. According to a new Byzantine propaganda policy, this narrative was created after the mid-10th century. This research observes how a simple interpolation becomes a historiographical hypothesis and the dominant historiographical narrative. Additionally, a new interpretation of the beginning of Bulgarian Christianization is proposed.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Annales Alamannici, Hannover 1826 [= Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores, 1].
Google Scholar
Annales Altahenses maiores, Hannover 1868 [= Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores, 20].
Google Scholar
Annales Quedlinburgenses, Hannover 1839 [= Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores, 3].
Google Scholar
Annales Sangallenses maiores, Hannover 1826 [= Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores, 1].
Google Scholar
Chernorizets Khrabr O pis’menakh, [in:] B. Florya, Skazaniya o nachale slavyanskoy pis’mennosti, Moskva 1981.
Google Scholar
Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik, trans. R.J.H. Jenkins, Washington 1993 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 1].
Google Scholar
Epi tē tōn Boulgarōn symvasei, [in:] I. Dujčev, On the Treaty of 927 with the Bulgarians, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 32, 1978, p. 254–288, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291425
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1291425
Genesios, On the Reigns of the Emperors, trans. A. Kaldellis, Canberra 1998 [= Byzantina Australiensia, 11].
Google Scholar
Georgii Monachi chronicon, ed. C. de Boor, Stutgardiae 1904 [= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana].
Google Scholar
Georgius Cedrenus, Compendium historiarum, vol. I–II, ed., trans. I. Bekker, Bonn 1838–1839 [= Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae].
Google Scholar
Georgius Monachus Continuatus, [in:] Theophanes Continuatus, ed I. Bekker, Bonn 1838 [= Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae].
Google Scholar
Ioannis Scylitzae, Synopsis Historiarum, ed. I. Thurn, Berolini–Novi Eboraci 1973 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 5].
Google Scholar
Iosephi Genesii Regum libri quattuor, rec. A. Lesmueller-Werner, H. Thurn, Berolini 1978 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 14] (ed. C. Lachmann, Bonn 1834).
Google Scholar
John Zonaras, Epitome of Histories, vol. I–III, ed., trans. M. Pinder, Th. Büttner-Wobst, Bonn 1841–1897.
Google Scholar
Khronika Simeona Magistra i Logofeta, vol. I, ed. A.Yu. Vinogradova, Moskva 2014.
Google Scholar
Michael Psellos, Encomium in Metaphrastem Dominum Symeonem, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXIV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1864, col. 183–200.
Google Scholar
Mikhail Psell, Pokhval’noe slovo Simeonu Metafrastu, [in:] Voronezhskie eparkhial’nye vedomosti, Voronezh 1869.
Google Scholar
Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople, Short History / Nicephori Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Breviarium historicum, ed. C. Mango, Washington DC 1990 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 13; Dumbarton Oaks Texts, 10].
Google Scholar
Photius, Epistolai, ed. J. N. Baletta, New York 1978.
Google Scholar
Photius, Homilies, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1857, col. 563–573.
Google Scholar
Pseudo-Symeon, Chronographia, ed. I. Bekker, Bonn 1838 [= Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae].
Google Scholar
Pseudo-Symeonis, Chronographia, [in:] Fontes graeci historiae bulgaricae, vol. V, Sofija 1964, p. 169–182.
Google Scholar
Pseudo-Symeonis, Chronographia, praef., trans. et comm. G. Cankova-Petkova, Serdicae 1964.
Google Scholar
Symeonis Magistri et Logothetae Chronicon, rec. S. Wahlgren, Berolini 2006 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 44.1].
Google Scholar
Theophanes, Chronographia, rec. C. de Boor, Lipsiae 1883.
Google Scholar
Theophanes Continuatus, Chronographia, ed. I. Bekker, Bonn 1838 [= Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae].
Google Scholar
Theophylactus Bulgarus, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXXVI, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1864.
Google Scholar
Vita Ignatii, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1864.
Google Scholar
Ahrweiler H., L’idéologie politique de l’Empire byzantine, Paris 1975.
Google Scholar
Alimov D. E., Etnogenez khorvatov formirovanie khorvatskoy etnopoliticheskoy obshchnosti v VII–IX vv, Sankt-Peterburg 2016.
Google Scholar
Andreev Y., Lazarov I., Pavlov Pl., Koy koy e v Srednovekovna Băgarija, Sofija 1999.
Google Scholar
Angelov A. B., Conversion and Empire: Byzantine Missionaries, Foreign Rulers, and Christian Narratives (ca. 300–900) (PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 2011), https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/89651 [31 V 2023].
Google Scholar
Angelov P., Srednovekovna Bălgarija i neynite săsedi, Sofija 2017.
Google Scholar
Blagojević M., Nemanjići i Lazarevići i srpska srednjovekovna državnost, Beograd 2004.
Google Scholar
Bozhilov I., Gyuzelev V., Istorija na Srednovekovna Bălgarija VII–XIV v., vol. I, Plovdiv 1999.
Google Scholar
Cankova-Petkova G., Contribution au sujet de la conversion des Bulgares au christianisme, “Byzantinobulgarica” 4, 1973, p. 21–40.
Google Scholar
Cheshmedziev D., Knyaz Boris-Michael I: the Bulgarians’ Conversion to Christianity, “Bulgarian Historical Review” 33.1–2, 2005, p. 6–18.
Google Scholar
Ćirković S., Srbi u srednjem veku, Beograd 1998.
Google Scholar
Curta F., Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge 2006 [= Cambridge Medieval Textbooks], https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815638
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815638
Daskalov R., Historical Master Narratives and the Master Narrative of the Bulgarian Middle Ages, “Studia Ceranea” 10, 2020, p. 259–280, https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.10.12
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.10.12
Drinov M., Pogled vărhu proizhozhdenieto na bălgarskija narod i nachaloto na bălgarskata istorija, [in:] Săchinenija na M. S. Drinova, vol. I, Sofija 1909.
Google Scholar
Dujčev I., Légendes byzantines sur la conversion des Bulgares, “Sborník prací filosofsické fakulty brněnské university” 10, 1961, p. 7–17.
Google Scholar
Dvornik F., The Slavs. Their Early History and Civilization, Boston 1956.
Google Scholar
Eggers M., Bowlus Ch.R., 863/864 – eine ‘internationale Konfrontation in Südosteuropa’, “Südost-Forschungen” 59–60, 2000–2001, p. 14–33.
Google Scholar
Gil’ferding A. F., 1. Istoriya serbov i bolgar. 2. Kirill i Mefodiy. 3. Obzor cheshskoy istorii, vol. I, Sankt-Peterburg 1868.
Google Scholar
Golubinskiy E., Kratkiy ocherk istorii pravoslavnykh tserkvey Bolgarskoy, Serbskoy i Rumynskoy ili Moldo-Valashskoy, Moskva 1871.
Google Scholar
Gregory T. E., A History of Byzantium, Maldon–Oxford–Carlton 2005.
Google Scholar
Gyuzelev V., Knyaz Boris Părvi, Sofija 1969.
Google Scholar
Haldon J. F., Byzantium at War, AD 600–1453, Oxford 2003, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203494622
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203494622
Harris J., The Lost World of Byzantium, New Haven 2016, https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300178579.001.0001
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300178579.001.0001
Hupchick D. P., The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony. Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Palgrave 2017.
Google Scholar
Irechek K. I., Istoriya bolgar, Odessa 1878.
Google Scholar
Ivanov S., Religious Missions, [in:] The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492, ed. J. Shepard, Cambridge 2008, p. 305–332, https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521832311.014
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521832311.014
Ivanov S., Vizantiyskoe missionerstvo: mozhno li sdelat’ iz – «varvara» khristianina?, Moskva 2003.
Google Scholar
Jenkins R.J.H., Studies on Byzantine History of the 9th and 10th Centuries, London 1970.
Google Scholar
Jenkins R.J.H., Mango C., The Date and Significance of the Tenth Homily of Photius, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 9–10, 1955–1956, p. 123–140, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291094
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1291094
Kazhdan A. P., Khronika Simeona Logofeta, “Византийский временник” / “Vizantiyskiy Vremennik” 15 (40), 1959, p. 125–143.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/phbl.19590150309
Kazhdan A. P., Litavrin G. G., Ocherki istorii Vizantii i yuzhnykh slavyan, Moskva 1958.
Google Scholar
Klaić N., Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, Zagreb 1975.
Google Scholar
Leshka M. Y., Boris I-Mikhail, vladetelyat na Bălgariya v tvorchestvoto na Teofilakt, arkhiepiskop Okhridski, [in:] Bălgarsko srednovekovie. Obshchestvo, vlast, istorija. Sbornik v chest na prof. d-r Miliana Kaymakamova, ed. G. N. Nikolov, Sofija 2013, p. 229–238.
Google Scholar
Litavrin G. G., Vvedenie khristianstva v Bolgarii (IX – nach. X), [in:] Prinyatie khristianstva narodami Tsentral’noy i Yugo-Vostochnoy Evropy i kreshchenie Rusi, Moskva 1988.
Google Scholar
Maksimović Lj., O vremenu pohoda bugarskogo kneza Borisa na Srbiju, “Зборник Филозофског факултета (Београд)” / “Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta (Beograd)” 14.1, 1979, p. 69–76.
Google Scholar
Markopoulos A., Sur Les Deux Versions De La Chronographie De Symeon Logothete, “Byzantinische Zeitschrift” 76.2, 1983, p. 279–284, https://doi.org/10.1515/byzs.1983.76.2.279
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/byzs.1983.76.2.279
Obolensky D., The Byzantine Commonwealth. Eastern Europe, 500–1453, London 1971.
Google Scholar
Olson L., The Conversion of the Visigoths and Bulgarians Compared, [in:] Religious Change, Conversion and Culture, Sydney 1996, p. 22–33.
Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky G., Geschichte des Byzantinischen Staates, München 1963.
Google Scholar
Palauzov Sp., Vek bolgarskogo tsarya Simeona, Sankt-Peterburg 1852.
Google Scholar
Pavlov Pl., Sărbite v politikata na knyaz Boris Mikhail i tsar Simeon Veliki, [in:] Pl. Pavlov, Bălgarskoto Srednovekovie. Poznato i nepoznato, Veliko Tărnovo 2008, p. 51–65.
Google Scholar
Petrov P., La politique étrangère de la Bulgarie au milieu du IX siècle et la conversion des Bulgares, “Byzantinobulgarica” 2, 1966, p. 41–52.
Google Scholar
Rosseykin F. M., Pervoe pravlenie Fotiya, patriarkha Konstantinopol’skogo, Sergiev Posad 1915.
Google Scholar
Runciman S., A History of the First Bulgarian Empire, London 1930.
Google Scholar
Runciman S., Byzantium and the Slavs, [in:] Byzantium. An Introduction to East Roman Civilization, ed. N. H. Baynes, H.St.L. B. Moss, Oxford 1948, p. 338–368.
Google Scholar
Shafarik P. I., Slavyanskiye drevnosti, vol. II, Moskva 1847.
Google Scholar
Simeonova L., Diplomacy of the Letter and the Cross. Photios, Bulgaria and the Papacy 860s–880s, Amsterdam 1998.
Google Scholar
Šišić F., Povijest Hrvata. Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda 600–1526, Zagreb 1916 (Split 2004).
Google Scholar
Sokolov M., Iz drevney istorii bolgar, Sankt-Peterburg 1879.
Google Scholar
Stanković V., A Ninth Century Turnaround in Southeast Europe: Christianization of Bulgaria and Constantinople’s Embracing of the Slavs, [in:] Laudator temporis acti. Studia in Memoriam Ioannis A. Božilov, ed. I. Biliarsk, Sofia 2018, p. 253–259.
Google Scholar
Tougher S., After Iconoclasm (850–886), [in:] The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492, ed. J. Shepard, Cambridge 2008, p. 292–304, https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521832311.013
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521832311.013
Treadgold W., The Middle Byzantine Historians, New York 2013, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137280862
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137280862
Trifonov Y., Tsar Boris-Mikhail. Vreme, tsaruvane i velichie, Sofija 1927.
Google Scholar
Trifonov Y., Tsaruvaneto na Borisa-Mikhayla, Sofija 1907.
Google Scholar
Tsukhlev D., Istoriya na bălgarskata tsărkva, vol. I, Sofija 1911.
Google Scholar
Vachkova V., Danube Bulgaria and Khazaria as Parts of the Byzantine Oikoumene, [in:] The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, ed. F. Curta, R. Kovalev, Leiden–Boston 2008 [= East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, 2], p. 339–362, https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163898.i-492.84
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163898.i-492.84
Vasilik V. V., Desyataya gomiliya patriarkha Fotiya, “Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana” 1–2, 2009, p. 185–194.
Google Scholar
Vasilyev A., Vizantiya i araby. Politicheskie otnosheniya Vizantii i arabov za vremya Amoriyskoy dinastii, Sankt-Peterburg 1900.
Google Scholar
Venelin Y. I., Kriticheskie issledovaniya ob istorii Bolgar. S prikhoda Bolgar na Frakiyskiy poluostrov do 968 goda, ili pokoreniya Bolgarii Velikim Knyazem Russkim Svyatoslavom, Moskva 1849.
Google Scholar
Vlasto A. P., The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom. An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs, Cambridge 1970, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583759
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583759
Wahlgren St., Symeon the Logothete and Theophanes Continuatus, “Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik” 69, 2019, p. 323–334, https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb69s323
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb69s323
Wasilewski Т., Bizancjum i Słowianie w IX wieku. Studia z dziejów stosunków politycznych i kulturalnych, Warszawa 1972.
Google Scholar
Ziemann D., The Rebellion of the Nobles against the Baptism of Khan Boris (865–866), [in:] Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium, vol. II, Berlin–New York 2007 [= Millennium-Studien, 5.2], p. 613–624, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110218831.3.613
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110218831.3.613
Ziemann D., Von Wandervolk zur Großmacht. Die Entstehung Bulgariens im frühen Mittelalter (7.–9. Jh.), Cologne–Weimar–Vienna 2007 [= Kölner Historische Abhandlungen, 43].
Google Scholar
Živković T., Sloveni i Romeji. Slavizacija na prostoru Srbije od VII do XI veka, Beograd 2000.
Google Scholar
Zlatarski V. N., Istorija na Bălgarskata derzhava prez srednite vekove, vol. I, pars 2, Sofija 1927 (2007).
Google Scholar
Zlatarski V. N., Izvestija za bălgarite v khronikata na Simeon Metafrast i Logotet, [in:] Izbrani proizvedeniya, vol. I, ed. P. Petrov, Sofija 1972.
Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.