If not Bogomilism than What? The Origins of Catharism in the Light of the Sources 

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.11.03

Keywords:

Catharism, Bogomilism, Medieval dualism, Cathar doctrine, origins of Catharism

Abstract

Since the end of the twentieth Century the traditional interpretation of Catharism, assuming it’s Eastern roots and dualist character is the object of a harsh criticism, formulated by the deconstructionist scholars. The moderated version of their new interpretation assumes that dualism didn’t play an important role in Catharism, and that the Cathar “dissidence” was not influenced by the Eastern dualist heresies (especially Bogomilism), but appeared independently in the West. According to the radical version Catharism didn’t exist at all and contemporary scholars should accept a new paradigm – Middle-Ages without Catharism.
The aim of this article is to examine the source arguments, which stand behind both interpretations – on one side the arguments concerning the contacts of the Cahars with the Eastern dualists, with special attention paid to the time of their emergence and character of these relations, and on the other the arguments concerning Cathar dualist doctrines, which according to the deconstructionists were constructed arbitrarily by the Catholic polemists, basing on the ancient anti-heretical works, especially anti-Manichaean writings of St. Augustine. The article will try to find the answer to the question if the Cathar doctrines described in the Catholic sources are indeed so closely similar to the Manichaean teachings known from St. Augustine and at the same time so different from the Bogomil dualism. The analysis of the sources will show if the new interpretation is based on the arguments that are strong enough to overthrow the traditional one and if it the theory assuming lack of Bogomil influence can be considered as a serious alternative.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Accipite nobis vulpes parvulas, que demoliuntur vineas Domini, ed. B. Delmaire, “Heresis” 17, 1991, p. 10–13.
Google Scholar

Alanus de Insulis, De fide catholica contra Haereticos sui temporis, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CCX, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris 1855.
Google Scholar

Alberici Monachii Trium Fontium Chronicon, ed. P. Scheffer-Boichorst, [in:] Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, vol. XXIII, Hannoverae 1874.
Google Scholar

Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, De heresibus, [in:] The De Haeresibus of Saint Augustine, ed. L.G. Müller, Washington 1956 [= Patristic Studies, 90].
Google Scholar

Brevis Summula, ed. A. Molinier, “Annales du Midi” 22, 1910, p. 212–216.
Google Scholar

Cahiers de Bernard de Caux. Ms Doat XXII B. N. Paris, ed. J. Duvernoy, Agen–Cahors–Toulouse 1988, www.jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/bdecaux.pdf
Google Scholar

La chanson de la croisade albigeoise, vol. I, ed. E. Martin-Chabot, Paris 1931.
Google Scholar

Charte de Niquinta, antipape des heretiques surnommés d’Albigeois, ed. D. Zbiral, [in:] 1209–2009 Cathares. Une histoire à pacifier?, ed. A. Brenon, Loubatieres 2010.
Google Scholar

Cosmas the Priest, The Discours against Bogomils, [in:] Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, c. 650 – c. 1450, trans. J. Hamilton, B. Hamilton, Manchester–New York 2013.
Google Scholar

De Heresi Catharorum in Lombardia, ed. A. Dondaine, “Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum” 19, 1949, p. 306–312.
Google Scholar

Disputatio inter catholicum et paterinum hereticum, ed. I. Da Milano, “Aevum” 14, 1940, p. 281–333.
Google Scholar

Durandus de Huesca, Liber antiheresis, [in:] Die ersten Waldenser. Mit Edition des Liber Antiheresis des Durandus von Osca, vol. II, ed. K.V. Selge, Berlin 1967 [= Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte, 37].
Google Scholar

Durandus de Huesca, Liber contra manicheos, [in:] Une somme anti-cathare. Le Liber contra Manicheos de Durand de Huesca, ed. C. Thouzellier, Louvain 1964 [= Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense. Études et documents, 32].
Google Scholar

Ebrardus Bethunensis, Trias scriptorum adversus Valdensium sectam, ed. M. de La Bigne, [in:] Maxima Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum, vol. XXIV, Lugduni 1677.
Google Scholar

Eckbertus Abbas Schonaugensis, Sermones contra catharos, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CXCV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1855.
Google Scholar

Edition and Translation of Doat 25–26, [in:] Inquisitors and Heretics in Thirteenth-Century Langue-doc, ed. et trans. P. Biller, C. Bruschi, Leiden–Boston 2011 [= Studies in the History of Christian Traditions, 147].
Google Scholar

Epistola Petri tituli Sancti Chrysogoni praesbyteri cardinalis, apostolicae sedis legati, [in:] Chronica magistri Rogeri de Houedene, vol. II, ed. W. Stubbs, London 1869.
Google Scholar

Etienne de Bourbon, Anecdotes historiques, légendes et apologues, ed. A. Lecoy de La Marche, Paris 1877.
Google Scholar

Euthymius Zigabenus, Panoplia dogmatica, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXXX, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris 1886.
Google Scholar

Evervinus Steinfeldensis, Epistola CDXXXII, ad. S. Bernardum, De haereticis sui temporis, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CLXXXII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1879.
Google Scholar

Ex Annalibus S. Medardi Suessionensibus, ed. G. Waitz, [in:] Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, vol. XXVI, Hannoverae 1882.
Google Scholar

Ex Philippi Mousket Historia Regum Francorum, ed. A. Tobier, [in:] Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, vol. XXVI, Hannoverae 1882.
Google Scholar

Guillelmus de Nangiaco, Chronicon, ed. M. Bouquet, [in:] Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, vol. XX, Paris 1840.
Google Scholar

Interrogatio Iohannis, [in:] Le livre secret des cathares. Interrogatio Iohannis. Edition critique, traduction commentaire, ed. et trans. E. Bozoky, Paris 2009.
Google Scholar

Jacobus de Capellis, Disputationes nonnulae adversus haereticos, ed. D. Bazzocchi, [in:] L’eresia catara. Appendice, Bologna 1920.
Google Scholar

Jan Egzarcha, Heksameron (fragmenty), ed. et trans. M. Skowronek, [in:] Średniowieczne herezje dualistyczne na Bałkanach, ed. G. Minczew, M. Skowronek, J.M. Wolski, Łódź 2015 [= Series Ceranea, 1].
Google Scholar

Manifestatio haeresis albigensium et lugdunensium, ed. A. Cazenave, [in:] Die Mächte des Guten und Bösen. Vorstellungen im XII. u. XIII. Jahrhundert über ihr Wirken in der Heilsgeschichte, ed. A. Zimmermann, Berlin 1977 [= Miscellanea Mediaevalia, 11].
Google Scholar

Matthaeus Parisiensis, Chronica Maiora, ed. F. Liebermann, [in:] Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, vol. XXVIII, Hannoverae 1888.
Google Scholar

Moneta de Cremona, Adversus Catharos et Valdenses libri quinque, ed. T.A. Ricchini, Roma 1743.
Google Scholar

Petrus Siculus, Historia utilis et refutatio atque eversio haeresos Manichaeorum qui et Pauliciani dicuntur, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CIV, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris 1860.
Google Scholar

Petrus Siculus, Sermones adversus Manichaeos, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CIV, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris 1860.
Google Scholar

Petrus Vallium Sarnaii monachus, Hystoria Albigensis, vol. I, ed. P. Guebin, E. Lyon, Paris 1926.
Google Scholar

Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum, ed. J. Stevenson, [in:] Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, vol. LXVI, London 1875.
Google Scholar

Le registre d’inquisition de Jacques Fournier, évêque de Pamiers (1318–1325), vol. I–III, ed. J. Duvernoy, Toulouse 1965.
Google Scholar

Roberti Autissiodorensis Chronicon, ed. O. Holder-Egger, [in:] Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, vol. XXVI, Hannoverae 1882.
Google Scholar

S. Petrus Martyr, Summa contra haereticos, ed. T. Kaepelli, “Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum” 17, 1947, p. 320–335.
Google Scholar

Salvo Burci, Liber supra stella, ed. I. Da Milano, “Aevum” 19, 1945, p. 288–292.
Google Scholar

Summa Fratris Raineri de ordine fratrum praedicatorum, de Catharis et Pauperibus de Lugduno, [in:] Un Traité Neo-Manicheen du 13 siècle, Le Liber de duobus principiis suivi d’un fragment de Rituel Cathare, ed. A. Dondaine, Roma 1939.
Google Scholar

Tractatus de Hereticis, ed. A. Dondaine, “Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum” 20, 1950, p. 308–324.
Google Scholar

Tractatus manicheorum, [in:] Un traité cathare inédit du début du XIIIe siècle d’après le Liber contra Manicheos de Durand de Huesca, ed. C. Thouzellier, Louvain 1961.
Google Scholar

Vita Haereticorum quam fecit Bonacursus, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, vol. CCIV, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1855.
Google Scholar

Acerbi A., La Visione di Isaia nelle vicende dottrinali del catarismo lombardo e provenzale, “Cristianesimo nella Storia” 1, 1980, p. 75–122.
Google Scholar

Arnold J., The Cathar Middle Ages as a Methodological and Historiographical Problem, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016 [= Heresy and Inquisition in the Middle Ages], p. 53–78.
Google Scholar

Besse G., Histoire de ducs, marquis et comtes de Narbonne, Paris 1660.
Google Scholar

Biget J.L., Les bons hommes sont-ils les fils des bogomiles? Examen critique d’une idée reçue, “Slavica Occitania” 16, 2003, p. 133–188.
Google Scholar

Biget J.L., Un faux du XIIIe siècle? Examen d’une hypothèse, [in:] L’Histoire du catharisme en discussion. Le «concile» de Saint-Félix (1167), ed. M. Zerner, Nice 2001 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 3], p. 105–133, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00008
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00008

Biget J.L., Le Midi hérétique: construction d’une image (vers 1140–1209), “Religions et histoire” 46, 2012, p. 40–45.
Google Scholar

Biget J.L., Réflexions sur «l’hérésie» dans le Midi de la France au Moyen Âge, “Heresis” 36–37, 2001, p. 29–74, 294–295.
Google Scholar

Biller P., Goodbye to Catharism?, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016 [= Heresy and Inquisition in the Middle Ages], p. 274–312.
Google Scholar

Borst A., Die Katharer, Stuttgart 1953.
Google Scholar

Bozoky E., Le livre secret des cathares. Interrogatio Iohannis. Edition critique, traduction commentaire, Paris 2009.
Google Scholar

Brenon A., Les Cathares: Bons chretiens et heretiques, “Heresis” 13–14, 1990, p. 115–155.
Google Scholar

Brenon A., Les hérésies de l’an mil: Nouvelles perspectives sur les origines du catharisme, “Heresis” 24, 1995, p. 21–36.
Google Scholar

Brunn U., Cathari, catharistae et cataphrygae. Ancetres des cathares du XII siècle, “Heresis” 36–37, 2002, p. 183–200.
Google Scholar

Brunn U., Des contestataires aux “Cathares”. Discours de réforme et propagande antihérétique dans les pays du Rhin et de la Meuse avant l’Inquisition, Paris 2006.
Google Scholar

Callahan D., Ademar of Chabannes and the Bogomils, [in:] Heresy and the Persecuting Society in the Middle-Ages. Essays on the Work of R.I. Moore, ed. M. Frasetto, Leiden–Boston 2006 [= Studies in the History of Christian Traditions, 129], p. 31–41.
Google Scholar

Chiu H., Alan of Lille’s Academic Concept of the Manichee, “Journal of Religious History” 35, 2011, p. 492–506, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2011.01138.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2011.01138.x

Dalarun J., Dufour A., Grondeux A., Muzerelle D., Zinelli F., La ‘charte de Niquinta’. Analyse formelle, [in:] L’Histoire du catharisme en discussion. Le «concile» de Saint-Félix (1167), ed. M. Zerner, Nice 2001 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 3], p. 135–201, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00009

Dondaine A., La hiérarchie cathare en Italie II, “Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum” 20, 1950, p. 234–324.
Google Scholar

Dondaine A., L’origine de l’hérésie médiévale. A propos d’un livre recent, “Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia” 6, 1952, p. 49–78.
Google Scholar

Drakopoulos T., L’unité de Bogomilo-Catharisme d’après quatre textes latins analysés à la lumière des sources byzantines, Geneve 2010, https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:12233
Google Scholar

Duvernoy J., Le catharisme. La religion des cathares, Toulouse 1976.
Google Scholar

Feuchter J., The ‘heretici’ of Languedoc: Local Holy Men and Women or Organized Religious Group? New Evidence from Inquisitorial, Notarial and Historiographical Sources, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016 [= Heresy and Inquisition in the Middle Ages], p. 112–130.
Google Scholar

Hamilton B., Bogomil Influences on Western Heresy, [in:] Heresy and the Persecuting Society in the Middle-Ages. Essays on the Work of R.I. Moore, ed. M. Frasetto, Leiden–Boston 2006 [= Studies in the History of Christian Traditions, 129], p. 93–114.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047409489_009

Hamilton B., The Cathars and the Seven Churches of Asia, [in:] Crusaders, Cathars and the Holy Places, ed. B. Hamilton, Aldershot 1999.
Google Scholar

Hamilton B., The Origins of the Dualist Church of Drugunthia, “Eastern Churches Review” 6, 1974, p. 115–124.
Google Scholar

Heresy and Inquisition in France, 1200–1300, ed. et trans. J.H. Arnold, P. Biller, Manchester 2016.
Google Scholar

L’Histoire du catharisme en discussion. Le «concile» de Saint-Félix (1167), ed. M. Zerner, Nice 2001 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 3].
Google Scholar

Inventer l’hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’Inquisition, ed. M. Zerner, Nice 1998 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 2].
Google Scholar

Jiménez-Sanchez P., À propos de la controverse sur la nature doctrinale du Nihil cathare, [in:] Les Cathares devant l’histoire. Mélanges offerts à Jean Duvernoy, ed. M. Aurell, Cahors 2005, p. 311–322.
Google Scholar

Jiménez-Sanchez P., Catharisme ou catharismes? Variations spatiales et temporelles dans l’organisation et dans l’encadrement des communautés dites «cathares», “Heresis” 39, 2003, p. 35–61, 186–187.
Google Scholar

Jiménez-Sanchez P., Le catharisme: une origine orientale à deux tendances?, “Slavica Occitania” 16, 2003, p. 207–227.
Google Scholar

Jiménez-Sanchez P., Les catharismes. Modèles dissidents du christianisme médiéval (XIIe–XIIIe siècles), Rennes 2008, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.3688
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.3688

Jiménez-Sanchez P., De la participation des cathares rhénans (1163) à la notion d’hérésie générale, “Heresis” 36–37, 2002, p. 201–218, 305–306.
Google Scholar

Jiménez-Sanchez P., La vision médiévale du catharisme chez les historiens des années 1950. Un néo-manichéisme, [in:] Catharisme. L’édifice imaginaire. Actes du 7e colloque du Centre d’études cathares / René Nelli, Carcassonne, 29 août – 2 septembre 1994, ed. J. Berlioz, J.-C. Hélas, Carcassone 1998, p. 65–96.
Google Scholar

Lambert M., The Cathars, Oxford 1998.
Google Scholar

Manselli R., L’eresia del male, Napoli 1964.
Google Scholar

Manselli R., Evangelisme et mythe dans la foi cathare, “Heresis” 5, 1985, p. 5–17.
Google Scholar

Morghen R., Medioevo cristiano, Bari 1951.
Google Scholar

Morghen R., Problèmes sur l’origine de l’hérésie au moyen âge, “Revue historique” 236, 1966, p. 1–16.
Google Scholar

Pegg M.G., The Paradigm of Catharism; or, the Historians’ Illusions, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016 [= Heresy and Inquisition in the Middle Ages], p. 21–52.
Google Scholar

Roquebert M., Le déconstructionnisme et les études cathares, [in:] Les Cathares devant l’histoire. Mélanges offerts à Jean Duvernoy, ed. M. Aurell, Cahors 2005, p. 105–133.
Google Scholar

Schmidt C., Histoire et doctrine de la secte des Cathares ou Albigeois, vol. I–II, Geneve 1849.
Google Scholar

Stoyanov Y., Pseudepigraphic and Parabiblical Narratives in Medieval Eastern Christian Dualism, and their Implications for the Study of Catharism, [in:] Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis, York 2016 [= Heresy and Inquisition in the Middle Ages], p. 151–176.
Google Scholar

Taylor C., Evidence for Dualism in Inquisitorial Registers of the 1240s: a Contribution to a Debate, “History. The Journal of the Historical Association” 98, 2013, p. 319–345, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12011
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.12011

Taylor C., The Letter of Heribert of Perigord as a Source for Dualist Heresy in the Society of Early Eleventh-century Aquitaine, “Journal of Medieval History” 26, 2000, p. 313–349, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00013-0
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(00)00013-0

Théry J., L’hérésie des bons hommes. Comment nommer la dissidence religieuse non vaudoise ni béguine en Languedoc (XIIe – début XIVe siècle)?, “Heresis” 36–37, 2002, p. 297–298.
Google Scholar

Thouzellier C., Controverses vaudoises-cathares à la fin du XIIe siècle, “Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen-âge” 27, 1960, p. 137–227.
Google Scholar

Thouzellier C., Hérésie et croisade au XIIe siècle, “Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique” 49, 1954, p. 855–872.
Google Scholar

Werner E., L’evangelie de Jean et le dualisme medieval, “Heresis” 12, 1989, p. 13–26.
Google Scholar

Zbiral D., La Charte de Niquinta et le rassemblement de Saint-Félix: État de la question, [in:] 1209–2009 Cathares. Une histoire à pacifier?, ed. A. Brenon, Loubatieres 2010, p. 31–44.
Google Scholar

Zbiral D., Pokřtěni ohněm. Katarské křesťanství ve světle dobových pramenů (12.–14. století), Praha 2019.
Google Scholar

Zerner M., La charte de Niquinta, l’hérésie et l’érudition des années 1650–1660, [in:] L’Histoire du catharisme en discussion. Le «concile» de Saint-Félix (1167), ed. M. Zerner, Nice 2001 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 3], p. 203–248, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00010
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00010

Zerner M., Compte rendu des interventions de M. Zerner, J.-L. Biget et J. Chiffoleau, [in:] L’Histoire du catharisme en discussion. Le «concile» de Saint-Félix (1167), ed. M. Zerner, Nice 2001 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 3], p. 37–56, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00006
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00006

Zerner M., Du court moment où on appela les hérétiques des «Bougres». Et quelques déductions, “Cahiers de civilisation médiévale” 32, 1989, p. 305–324, https://doi.org/10.3406/ccmed.1989.2447
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ccmed.1989.2447

Zerner M., Introduction, [in:] Inventer l’hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’Inquisition, ed. M. Zerner, Nice 1998 [= Collection d’études médiévales de Nice, 2], p. 7–13, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00062
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CEM-EB.4.00062

Zlatar Z., What’s in a Name? A Critical Examination of Published and Website Sources on the Dualism of the Cathars in Languedoc, “Journal of Religious History” 35, 2011, p. 546–576, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2011.01142.x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2011.01142.x

Downloads

Published

2021-12-30

How to Cite

Czarnecki, P. (2021). If not Bogomilism than What? The Origins of Catharism in the Light of the Sources . Studia Ceranea, 11, 51–73. https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.11.03

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.