Time as a Dimension of Byzantine Identity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.09.26

Keywords:

aïdiotes, aion, chronos, eschatology, heterotes, identity, kairos, otherness, Romaioi, tautotes, temporality, time

Abstract

The notion of identity (tautotes) was discussed, often in contrast to its opposite “otherness” (heterotes), not only during Classical Antiquity but also by Christian and Byzantine authors since Late Antiquity. Fundamental manifestations of every dimension of Byzantine identity – and in particular of collective identity – are language (including culture), religious (and political) commitment, space and time; these phenomena are deeply rooted in human consciousness. This paper deals with the relation between identity and time (temporality). This relation is analysed on the basis of key terms like aion, kairos and chronos and the relations among them; the individualization of temporality becomes manifest in combinations of the mentioned terms with adjectives like emos or hemeteros. Not surprisingly, Byzantine authors – referring to passages in the Old and the New Testament – dealt mainly with eschatological (cosmic) time in relation to individual and collective identity, whereas the interest in the historical dimension of time was limited to authors of a small educated class.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aeschylus, Septem contra Thebas, [in:] Aeschyli Septem Quae Supersunt Tragoedias, ed. D.L. Page, Oxford 1972, p. 45–87.
Google Scholar

Athanasius, Apologia de fuga sua, [in:] Athanase d’Alexandrie. Apologie a l’empereur Constance.
Google Scholar

Apologie pour sa fuite, ed. J.-M. Szymusiak, Paris 1958 [= Sources chretiennes, 56], p. 133–167.
Google Scholar

Athanasius, Disputatio contra Arium, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. XXVIII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1857, col. 440–501.
Google Scholar

Basilius Caesariensis, Regulae morales, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. XXXI, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1857, col. 692–869.
Google Scholar

Catena in epistulam Jacobi, [in:] Catenae Graecorum patrum in Novum Testamentum, vol. VIII, ed. J.A. Cramer, Oxford 1840, p. 1–40.
Google Scholar

Catena in Ioannem, [in:] Catenae Graecorum patrum in Novum Testamentum, vol. II, ed. J.A. Cramer, Oxford 1841, p. 177–413.
Google Scholar

Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromata, [in:] Clemens Alexandrinus, vol. II–III, ed. L. Fruchtel, O. Stahlin, U. Treu, Berlin 1960–1970 [= Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten [drei] Jahrhunderte, 52].
Google Scholar

Cyrillus Alexandrinus, Commentarii in Joannem, [in:] Sancti patris nostri Cyrilli archiepiscopi Alexandrini in D. Joannis evangelium, vol. I–III, ed. P.E. Pusey, Oxford 1872.
Google Scholar

Damascius, In Parmenidem, [in:] Damascii successoris dubitationes et solutiones, vol. II, ed. C.E. Ruelle, Paris 1899.
Google Scholar

Doctrina patrum de incarnatione verbi, ed. F. Diekamp, Munster 1907.
Google Scholar

Ephraem Syrus, Precationes, [in:] Ὁσίου Ἐφραίμ τοῦ Σύρου ἔργα, vol. VI, ed. K.G. Phrantzoles, Thessalonica 1995.
Google Scholar

Gennadius Scholarius, Apologia de silentio ad Theodorum Branam, [in:] Oeuvres completes de Georges (Gennadios) Scholarios, vol. IV, ed. M. Jugie, L. Petit, X.A. Siderides, Paris 1935, p. 264–274.
Google Scholar

Gennadius Scholarius, Epitome primae partis Summae theologice Thomae Aquinae, [in:] Oeuvres completes de Georges (Gennadios) Scholarios, vol. V, ed. M. Jugie, L. Petit, X.A. Siderides, Paris 1931, p. 1–338.
Google Scholar

Gennadius Scholarius, Quaestiones theologicae de praedestinatione divina et de anima, [in:] Oeuvres completes de Georges (Gennadios) Scholarios, vol. I, ed. M. Jugie, L. Petit, X.A. Siderides, Paris 1928, p. 390–539.
Google Scholar

Georgius Choiroboscus, Epimerismi in Psalmos, vol. III, ed. T. Gaisford, Oxford 1842, p. 1–192.
Google Scholar

Georgius Choiroboscus, Prolegomena et scholia in Theodosii Alexandrini canones de flexion verborum, [in:] Grammatici Graeci, vol. IV.2, ed. A. Hilgard, Leipzig 1894.
Google Scholar

Georgius Chortatzes, Ἐρωφίλη, ed. S. Alexiou, M. Aposkiti, Athens 1988.
Google Scholar

Georgius Monachus, Chronicon breve, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CX, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1863, col. 41–1260.
Google Scholar

Gregorius Agrigentinus, Commentarius in Ecclesiasten, [in:] Pseudo-Gregorii Agrigentini seu Pseudo-Gregorii Nysseni commentarius in Ecclesiasten, ed. G.H. Ettlinger, J. Noret, Turnhout 2007 [= Corpus christianorum, Series graeca, 56].
Google Scholar

Gregorius Nyssenus, In sanctum Pascha, [in:] Gregorii Nysseni opera, vol. IX.1, ed. E. Gebhardt, Leiden 1967, p. 245–270.
Google Scholar

Gregorius Palamas, Orationes contra Acindynum, [in:] Γρηγορίου τοῦ Παλαμᾶ συγγράμματα, vol. III, ed. L. Kontogiannes, B. Phanourgakes, Thessalonica 1970, p. 39–506.
Google Scholar

Historia Alexandri Magni, [in:] Ps.-Kallisthenes. Zwei mittelgriechische Prosa-Fassungen des Alexanderromans, vol. I–II, ed. V.L. Konstantinopulos, A.C. Lolos, Meisenheim am Glan 1983 [= Beitrage zur klassischen Philologie, 141].
Google Scholar

Historia imperatorum, ed. F. Iadevaia, Messina 2000.
Google Scholar

Ioannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam ad Hebraeos, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. LXIII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1862, col. 9–236.
Google Scholar

Ioannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam ad Romanos, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. LX, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1862, col. 391–682.
Google Scholar

Ioannes Chrysostomus, In epistulam I ad Thessalonicenses, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. LXII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1862, col. 391–468.
Google Scholar

Ioannes Chrysostomus, In Ioannem, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. LIX, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1862, col. 23–482.
Google Scholar

Ioannes Cyparissiotes, Expositio materiaria, [in:] Ἰωάννου τοῦ Κυπαρισσιώτου τῶν Θεολογικῶν Ῥήσεων Στοιχειώδης Ἔκθεσις, ed. B.L. Dentakes, Athens 1982 [= Ἡσυχαστικαὶ καὶ Φιλοσοφικαὶ Μελέται, 5].
Google Scholar

Ioannes Damascenus, Expositio fidei, [in:] Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, vol. II, ed. P.B. Kotter Berlin 1973 [= Patristische Texte und Studien, 12].
Google Scholar

Ioannes Damascenus, Fragmenta philosophica, [in:] Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, vol. I, ed. P.B. Kotter, Berlin 1969 [= Patristische Texte und Studien, 7], p. 151–173.
Google Scholar

Ioannes Italus, Quaestiones quodlibetales (Ἀπορίαι καὶ λύσεις), ed. P.-P. Joannou, Ettal 1956 [= Studia Patristica et Byzantina, 4].
Google Scholar

Ioannes Philoponus, De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum, ed. H. Rabe, Leipzig 1899.
Google Scholar

Isidorus Pelusiota, Epistulae de interpretatione divinae scripturae, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. LXXVIII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1864, col. 177–1048.
Google Scholar

Manuel Philes, Carmina, vol. I–II, ed. E. Miller, Paris 1855–1857.
Google Scholar

Marinus Tzanes Mpouniales, Ὁ Κρητικὸς Πόλεμος, ed. S. Alexiou, M. Aposkiti, Athens 1995.
Google Scholar

Maximus Homologetes, Relatio motionis, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. XC, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1865, col. 109–130.
Google Scholar

Michael Psellus, Opuscula philosophica minora, vol. II, Opuscula psychologica, theologica, daemonologica, ed. D.J. O’Meara, Leipzig 1989.
Google Scholar

Michael Psellus, Theologica, vol. I, ed. P. Gautier, Leipzig 1989; vol. II, ed. J.M. Duffy, L.G. Westerink, Munich–Leipzig 2002.
Google Scholar

Michael Syncellus, Le traite de la construction de la phrase de Michel le Syncelle de Jerusalem, ed. D. Donnet, Brussels 1982 [= Etudes de philologie, d’archeologie et d’histoire anciennes, 22], p. 157–419.
Google Scholar

Nicephorus Blemmydes, Epitome logica, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXLII, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1863, col. 675–1004.
Google Scholar

Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus, Historia ecclesiastica, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. CXLV, col. 560–1332; vol. CXLVI, col. 9–1273; vol. CXLVII, col. 9–448, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1865.
Google Scholar

Nilus Ancyrenus, Epistulae, [in:] Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, vol. LXXIX, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1865, col. 82–582.
Google Scholar

Nonnus, Paraphrasis sancti evangelii Ioannei, ed. A. Scheindler, Leipzig 1881.
Google Scholar

Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita, De divinis nominibus, ed. B.R. Suchla, Berlin 1990 [= Patristische Texte und Studien, 33].
Google Scholar

Pseudo-Galenus, De humoribus, [in:] Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vol. XIX, ed. C.G. Kuhn, Leipzig 1830, p. 485–496.
Google Scholar

Pseudo-Ioannes Zonaras, Lexikon, ed. J.A.H. Tittmann, Leipzig 1808.
Google Scholar

Scholia Graeca in Aeschylum quae exstant omnia, ed. O.L. Smith, Leipzig 1976–1982.
Google Scholar

Socrate de Constantinople, Histoire ecclesiastique, vol. I–IV, ed. P. Maraval, P. Perichon, Paris 2004–2007.
Google Scholar

Theodorus Cyzicenus, Epistulae, [in:] Ἐπιστολαὶ ἐκ τοῦ Βιενναίου κώδικος phil. gr. 342, ed. S.P. Lampros, “Nέος Ἑλληνομνήμων” / “Neos Ellēvomnēmōv” 19, 1925, p. 269–296; 20, 1926, p. 144–157.
Google Scholar

Theodorus Prodromus, Carmina historica, [in:] Theodoros Prodromos, Historische Gedichte, ed. W. Horandner, Vienna 1974 [= Wiener byzantinistische Studien, 11].
Google Scholar

Theodorus Studites, Parva catechesis, ed. E. Auvray, Paris 1891.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis I., Ο χρόνος στον Νίκωνα τον Μετανοεῖτε: ἤγγικε γὰρ…, [in:] Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου “Όψεις του Βυζαντινού Χρόνου”, ed. E.G. Sarante, A. Dellaporta, T. Kollyropoulou, Athens 2018, p. 196–218.
Google Scholar

Bakhtin M., Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel, [in:] The Dialogic Imagination, Austin 1981, p. 84–85.
Google Scholar

Byzantium. Identity, Image, Influence. XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Major Papers, ed. F. Fledelius, Copenhagen 1996.
Google Scholar

Christians Shaping Identity from the Roman Empire to Byzantium. Studies Inspired by Pauline Allen, ed. G. Dunn, W. Mayer, Leiden 2015 [= Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, 132].
Google Scholar

Dagron G., L’oecumenicite politique: droit sur l’espace, droit sur le temps, [in:] Το Βυζάντιο ως Οικουμένη, ed. E. Chrysos, Athens 2005 [= Institute for Byzantine Research, International Symposia, 16], p. 47–57.
Google Scholar

From Hellenism to Islam. Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East, ed. H.M. Cotton, C. Hoyland, J.C. Price, D.J. Wasserstein, Cambridge 2009.
Google Scholar

Geary P.J., The Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton 2002.
Google Scholar

Grumel V., La Chronologie, Paris 1958 [= Traite d’etudes byzantines, 1].
Google Scholar

Gumbrecht H.U., Zeitbegriffe in den Geisteswissenschaften heute, [in:] Akademie im Dialog, X, Vienna 2017, p. 5–13.
Google Scholar

Hobsbawm E., The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge 1997.
Google Scholar

Integration und Herrschaft. Ethnische Identitaten und soziale Organisation im Fruhmittelalter, ed. W. Pohl, M. Diesenberger, Wien 2002 [= Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, 3].
Google Scholar

Koder J., “Ῥωμαϊστί”. Παρατηρήσεις για τη γλωσσική romanitas των Βυζαντινών, [in:] Έλλην, Ρωμηός, Γραικός· Συλλογικοί προσδιορισμοί και ταυτότητες, ed. O. Katsiardi-Hering, A. Papadia Lala, K. Nikolaou, V. Karamanolakis, Athens 2018, p. 73–84.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Anmerkungen zum Awaren-Sgraffito von Sirmium, comm. R. Wedenig, [in:] Lebenswelten zwischen Archaologie und Geschichte. Festschrift fur Falko Daim zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, ed. J. Drauschke et al., Mainz 2018 [= Monographien des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 150], p. 733–740.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Byzantion wird Konstantinupolis: Anmerkungen zu Ortswahl und Namen, [in:] Constantinople reelle et imaginaire autour de l’oeuvre de Gilbert Dagron, ed. C. Morrisson, J.-P. Sodini (= “Travaux et memoires du Centre de recherches d’histoire et civilisation byzantines” 22, 1), Paris 2018, p. 21–33.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Byzantium as Seen by Itself – Images and Mechanisms at Work, [in:] Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Byzantine Studies Sofia, 22–27 August 2011, I. Plenary Papers, Sofia 2011, p. 69–81.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Byzanz, die Griechen und die Romaiosyne – eine “Ethnogenese” der “Romer”?, [in:] Typen der Ethnogenese unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Bayern, vol. I, ed. H. Wolfram, W. Pohl, Vienna 1990 [= Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Classe, 201], p. 103–111.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Byzanz – romische Identitat, christliche Ideologie und europaische Ausstrahlung, [in:] Katalog zur Ausstellung “Das Goldene Byzanz und der Orient”, ed. F. Daim, D. Heher, Schallaburg 2012, p. 27–41.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Die Hellenis als Mitte der Okumene: Theodoros Laskaris uber den Ursprung von Philosophie, Weisheit und Wissenschaft, [in:] Myriobiblos. Essays on Byzantine Literature and Culture, ed. T. Antonopoulou, S. Kotzabassi, M. Loukaki, Berlin–New York 2015 [= Byzantinisches Archiv, 29], p. 195–210.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Griechische Identitaten im Mittelalter. Aspekte einer Entwicklung, [in:] Byzantium State and Society. In Memory of Nikos Oikonomides, ed. A. Avramea, A. Laiou, E. Chrysos, Athens 2003, p. 297–319.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Remarks on the Linguistic Romanness in Byzantium, [in:] Transformations of Romanness, ed. W. Pohl, C. Gantner, C. Grifoni, M. Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Berlin–Boston 2018 [= Millenium Studies, 71], p. 111–121.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Space and Identity – Byzantine Conceptions of Geographic Belonging, Opening lecture, [in:] From the Human Body to the Universe. Spatialities of Byzantine Culture, Symposium Uppsala University, 18–21 May 2017 (in print).
Google Scholar

Koder J., Sprache als Identitatsmerkmal bei den Byzantinern. Auf –isti endende sprachenbezogene Adverbien in den griechischen Quellen, “Anzeiger der philosophisch-historischen Klasse” 147, 2, 2012, p. 5–37.
Google Scholar

Konstantakopoulou A., Λαοί, φυλαί, γλώσσαι. Διακρίσεις στα Βαλκάνια τον ύστερο Μεσαίω- να, [in:] Toleration and Repression in the Middle Ages. In Memory of Leons Mavrommatis, ed. K. Nikolaou, Athens 2002, p. 327–355.
Google Scholar

Lampe G.H.W., A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford 1961.
Google Scholar

Liddell H.G., Scott R., Jones H.S., McKenzie R., A Greek-English Lexicon, 3Oxford 1968.
Google Scholar

Magdalino P., The End of Time in Byzantium, [in:] Endzeiten. Eschatologie in den monotheistischen Weltreligionen, ed. W. Brandes, F. Schmieder, Berlin 2008, p. 119–133.
Google Scholar

Merantzas C.D., ΑΝΑ-ΧΩΡΑ(-Η)ΣΗ: μορφές ετερότητας στον βυζαντινό πολιτισμό, Athens 2014.
Google Scholar

Odorico P., Le temps de l’Empire, [in:] Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου “Όψεις του Βυζαντινού Χρόνου”, 29–30 Μαΐου 2015, ed. E.G. Sarante, A. Dellaporta, T. Kollyropoulou, Athens 2018, p. 30–41.
Google Scholar

Podskalsky G., Representation du temps dans l’eschatologie imperiale byzantine, [in:] Le temps chretien de la fin de l’Antiquite au Moyen Age – IIIe–XIIIe siecle (Colloque int. du CNRS 604), ed. J.-M. Leroux, Paris 1984, p. 439–450.
Google Scholar

Podskalsky G., Ruhestand oder Vollendung? Zur Symbolik des achten Tages in der griechisch-byzantinischen Theologie, [in:] Fest und Alltag in Byzanz, ed. G. Prinzing, Munich 1990, p. 157–166, 216–219.
Google Scholar

Riedel M.L.D., Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity. Writings of an Unexpected Emperor, Cambridge 2018.
Google Scholar

Schreiner P., Bilinguismus, Bilateralitat und Digraphie in Byzanz, [in:] Historische Mehrsprachigkeit, ed. D. Boschung, C.M. Riehl, Aachen 2011 [= Zentrum fur Sprachenvielfalt und Mehrsprachigkeit, Studien, 4], p. 125–141.
Google Scholar

Schreiner P., Ethnische Invektiven in der spatbyzantinischen Handlerwelt. Zum anonymen Poem im Marc. gr. XI, 6 aus dem dritten oder vierten Jahrzehnt des 14. Jahrhunderts, “Зборник Радо- ва Византолошког Института” / “Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta” 50, 1/2, 2013 (= Melanges Ljubomir Maksimović, ed. B. Krsmanović, S. Pirivatrić, vol. II), p. 763–778.
Google Scholar

Scott R., Justinian’s New Age and the Second Coming, [in:] R. Scott, Byzantine Chronicles and the Sixth Century, Ashgate 2012, XIX, p. 1–22.
Google Scholar

Scott R., The Treatment of Ecumenical Councils in Byzantine Chronicles, [in:] Christians Shaping Identity from the Roman Empire to Byzantium. Studies Inspired by Pauline Allen, ed. G. Dunn, W. Mayer, Leiden 2015 [= Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, 132], p. 364–384.
Google Scholar

Sharf A., The Eighth Day of the Week, [in:] Kathegetria. Essays Presented to Joan Hussey for her 80th Birthday, ed. J. Chrysostomides, Camberley 1988, p. 27–50.
Google Scholar

Sim D.C., Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Identity in the Gospel of Matthew, [in:] Christians Shaping Identity from the Roman Empire to Byzantium. Studies Inspired by Pauline Allen, ed. G. Dunn, W. Mayer, Leiden 2015 [= Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, 132], p. 25–47.
Google Scholar

Trapp E. et al., Lexikon zur byzantinischen Literatur, vol. I–II, Vienna 2001–2017.
Google Scholar

Yeats W.B., A Vision, London 1937.
Google Scholar

Zervas T.G., The Making of a Modern Greek Identity. Education, Nationalism, and the Teaching of a Greek National Past, [New York] 2012 [= East European Monographs, 790].
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2019-12-30

How to Cite

Koder, J. (2019). Time as a Dimension of Byzantine Identity. Studia Ceranea, 9, 523–542. https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.09.26

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.