Promises and Perils of Neuroenhancement and its Perspectives for Military Ethics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6107.32.02Słowa kluczowe:
Neuroenhancement, military forces, Human Performance Optimization, biotechnology, ethicsAbstrakt
Current developments in the area of neuroenhancement pose multiple ethical and societal questions. Improvements in general cognitive capacities can have important positive effects. With the use of several interventions, ranging from pharmaceutics through microsurgery to non-invasive and invasive methods, new possibilities of enhancing human abilities can be achieved. Yet, they have to be critically evaluated from the point of view of both individual and societal consequences that are involved. The aim of this paper is to address societal benefits and challenges that are related to these interventions. These new developments, especially in the specific area of their military application, pose important questions with regard to safety of their use, long-term results, coercion to use them, and issues of inequality. Often, these consequences are unforeseeable at the present moment and can greatly interfere with development of both individuals and societies. Therefore, as in both areas – civilian and military – the long-term consequences are still difficult to predict, prudency is prescribed. Consequently, any use of the methods of enhancement should be under exceptional scrutiny from the ethical as well as legal and social point of view.
Bibliografia
Bensmaia, Silman J. and Lee E. Miller. “Restoring sensorimotor function through intracortical interfaces: progress and looming challenges.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15 (2014): 313–325.
Google Scholar
Bostrom, Nick and Anders Sandberg. “Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges.” Science and Engineering Ethics 15, no. 3 (2009): 311–341.
Google Scholar
Chatelle, Camille, Srivas Chennu, Quentin Noirhomme, Damian Cruse, Adrian M. Owen and Steven Laureys. “Brain-computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness.” Brain Injury 26, no. 12 (2012): 1510–1522.
Google Scholar
Dees, Richard H. “Better Brains, Better Selves? The Ethics of Neuroenhancement” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 17, no. 4 (2008): 371–395.
Google Scholar
Deuster, Patricia A. and Francis G. O’Connor. “Human Performance Optimization: Culture Change and Paradigm Shift.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29, no. 11 (2015): 52–56.
Google Scholar
Forlini, Cynthia and Eric Racine. “Disagreements with implications: diverging discourses on the ethics of non-medical use of methylphenidate for performance enhancement.” BMC Medical Ethics 10, no. 9 (2009): 1–13.
Google Scholar
Franke, Andreas G. and Klaus Lieb. “Pharmacological neuroenhancement and brain doping: Chances and risks.” Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 53, no. 8 (2010): 853–860.
Google Scholar
Franke, Andreas G., Robert Northoff and Elisabeth Hildt. “The Case of Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Medical, Judical and Ethical Aspects from a German Perspective.” Pharmacopsychiatry 48 (2015): 256–264.
Google Scholar
Friedl, Karl E. “U.S. Army Research on Pharmacological Enhancement of Soldier Performance: Stimulants, Anabolic Hormones, and Blood Doping.” Journal of Strenght and Conditioning Research 29, no. 11 (2015): 71–76.
Google Scholar
George, Mark S., Joseph J. Taylor and E. Baron Short. “The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 26, no. 1 (2013): 13–18.
Google Scholar
Greely, Henry, Barbara Sahakian, John Harris, Ronald C. Kessler, Michael Gazzaniga, Philip Campbell and Martha J. Farah. “Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy.” Nature 456 (2008): 702–705.
Google Scholar
Groß, Dominik. “Blessing or curse? Neurocognitive enhancement by brain engineering.” Medicine Studies 1, no. 4 (2009): 379–391.
Google Scholar
Hamani, Clement, Mary Pat McAndrews, Melanie Cohn, Michael Oh, Dominik Zumsteg, Colin M. Shapiro, Richard A. Wennberg and Andres M. Lozano. “Memory Enhancement Induced by Hypothalamic/Fornix Deep Brain Stimulation.” Annals of Neurology 63, no. 1 (2008): 199–123.
Google Scholar
Kübler, Andrea and Niels P. Birbaumer. “Brain-computer interfaces and communication in paralysis: extinction of goal directed thinking in completely paralyzed patients?” Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 11 (2008): 2658–2666.
Google Scholar
Larriviere, Dan, Michael A. Williams, Matt Rizzo and Richard J. Bonnie. “Responding to requests from adult patients for neuroenhancements. Guidance of the Ethics, Law and Humanities Committee.” Neurology 73, no. 17 (2009): 1406–1412.
Google Scholar
Lin, Patrick. “More Than Human? The Ethics of Biologically Enhancing Soldiers.” The Atlantic, February 16, 2012, available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/02/more-than-human-the-ethics-of-biologically-enhancing-soldiers/253217/, accessed on: 3.10.2018.
Google Scholar
Lipsman, Nir, Rebecca Zener and Mark Bernstein. “Personal identity, enhancement and neurosurgery: a qualitative study in applied neuroethics.” Bioethics 23, no. 6 (2009): 375–383.
Google Scholar
Luria, Aleksandr R. The mind of a mnemonist: a little book about a vast memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Google Scholar
Mayberg, Helen S., Andres M. Lozano, Valerie Voon, Heather E. McNeely, David Seminowicz, Clement Hamani, Jason M. Schwalb and Sidney H. Kennedy. “Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-resistant Depression.” Neuron 45, no. 5 (2005): 651–660.
Google Scholar
Mehlman, Maxwell J. “Cognition-Enhancing Drugs.” The Milbank Quarterly 82, no. 3 (2004): 483–506.
Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, Daniel, Nir Lipsman and Mark Bernstein. “Neurosurgeons‘ perspectives on psychosurgery and neuroenhancement: a qualitative study at one center.” Journal of Neurosurgery 113 (2010): 1212–1218.
Google Scholar
Minzenberg, Michael J. and Cameron S. Carter. “Modafinil: A review of Neurochemical Actions and Effects on Cognition.” Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008): 1477–1502.
Google Scholar
Muhammed, Kinan. “Cosmetic neurology: the role of healthcare professionals,” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 17, no. 2 (2014): 239–240.
Google Scholar
Narayana, Shalini, Andrew C. Papanicolaou, Amy McGregor, Frederick A. Boop and James W. Wheless. “Clinical Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Pediatric Neurology.” Journal of Child Neurology 30, no. 9 (2015): 1111–1124.
Google Scholar
Ohler, Norman. „Nationalsozialismus in Pillenform: Der Aufstieg des Stimulanzmittels Pervitin im Dritten Reich.“ In Handbuch Drogen in sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive, edited by Robert Feustel, Henning Schmidt-Semisch and Ulrich Bröckling, 71–79. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 2018.
Google Scholar
Partridge, Bradley J., Stephanie K. Bell, Jayne C. Lucke, Sarah Yeates and Wayne D. Hall. “Smart Drugs »As Common as Coffee«: Media Hype about Neuroenhancement.” PLoS One 6, no. 11 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028416.
Google Scholar
Picht, Thomas, Sandro M. Krieg, Nico Sollmann, Judith Rösler, Birat Niraula, Tuomas Neuvonen, Petri Savolainen, Pantelis Lioumis, Jyrki P. Mäkelä, Vedran Deletis, Bernhard Meyer, Peter Vajkoczy and Florian Ringel. “A comparison of language mapping by preoperative navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct cortical stimulation during awake surgery.” Neurosurgery 72, no. 5 (2013): 808–819.
Google Scholar
Prince, Jefferson. “Catecholamine Dysfunction in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Update.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, no. 3 (2008): 39–45.
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Nicolas. “Medical Science and the Military: The Allies’ Use of Amphetamine during World War II.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 2 (2011): 205–233.
Google Scholar
Repantis, Dimitris, Peter Schlattmann, Oona Laisney and Isabella Heuser. “Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review.” Pharmacological Research 62, no. 3 (2010): 187–206.
Google Scholar
Romero-Munguía, Miguel Á. “Mnesic Imbalance of Haperthymestic Syndrome as Cause of Autism Symptoms in Shereshevskii.” In Recent Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorders edited by Michael Fitzgerald (open access volume, DOI: 10.5772/46001, 2013), accessed on: 22.09.2018.
Google Scholar
Russo, Michael, Cornelius Maher and William Campbell. “Cosmetic neurology: The controversy over enhancing movement, mentation, and mood.” Neurology 64, no. 7 (2005): 1320–1321.
Google Scholar
Shiozawa, Pedro, Felipe Fregni, Isabela M. Benseňor, Paulo A. Lotufo, Marcelo T. Berlim, Jeff Z. Daskalakis, Quirino Cordeiro and André R. Brunoni. “Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 17, no. 9 (2014): 1443–1452.
Google Scholar
Stagg, Charlotte J. and Michael A. Nitsche. “Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation.” Neuroscientist 17, no. 1 (2011): 37–53.
Google Scholar
Sun, Wei, Wei Mao, Xianghong Meng, Dequan Wang, Liang Qiao, Wei Tao, Liping Li, Xiaoying Jia, Chunyu Han, Mengmeng Fu, Xiaoyan Tong, Xun Wu and Yuping Wang. “Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy: a controlled clinical study.” Epilepsia 53, no. 10 (2012): 1782–1789.
Google Scholar
Tyler, David B. “The effect of amphetamine sulfate and some barbiturates on the fatigue produced by prolonged wakefulness.” American Journal of Physiology 150 (1947): 253–262.
Google Scholar
Vattendahl Vidal, Gabriel W., Mathew L. Rynes, Zachary Kelliher and Shikha Jain Goodwin. “Review of Brain-Machine Interfaces Used in Neural Prostetics with New Perspective on Somatosensory Feedback through Method of Signal Breakdown.” Scientifica (2016), doi:10.1155/2016/8956432.
Google Scholar
Wilens, Timothy. “Effects of Methylphenidate on the Catecholaminergic System in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, no. 3 (2008): 46–53.
Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
