The Normativity of Habermas’s Public Sphere from the Vantage Point of Its Evolution

Autor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6107.34.04

Słowa kluczowe:

Habermas, public sphere, normativity, civic society, modernity, practical interests

Abstrakt

The paper argues that the original normativity that provides the basis for Habermas’s model of the public sphere remains untouched at its core, despite having undergone some corrective alterations since the time of its first unveiling in the 1960s. This normative core is derived from two individual claims, historically articulated in the eighteenth-century’s “golden age” of reason and liberty as both sacred and self-evident: (1) the individual right to an unrestrained disposal of one’s private property; and (2) the individual right to formulate one’s opinion in the course of public debate. Habermas perceives the public sphere anchored to these two fundamental freedoms/rights as an arena of interactive opinion exchange with the capacity to solidly and reliably generate sound reason and public rationality. Despite its historical and cultural attachments to the bourgeois culture as its classical setting, Habermas’s model of the public sphere, due to its universal normativity, maintains its unique character, even if it has been thoroughly reformulated by social theories that run contrary to his original vision of the lifeworld, organized and ruled by autonomous rational individuals.     

Bibliografia

Adorno, Theodor W. Meinungsforschung und Öffentlichkeit (1964), Gesammelte Schrifen, Bd. 8: Soziologische Schrifen I, R. Tiedemann, unter Mitwirkung von G. Adorno, S. Buck-Morss, K. Schultz (eds.), Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt/M [1972] 1990, 532–537.

Alexy, Robert. A Theory of Constitutional Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1986] 2010.

Allen, Amy. The Public Sphere: Ideology and/or Ideal?, „Political Theory”, Vol. 40, no. 6 (2012): 822–829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591712457664

Arendt, Hannah. The Human Condition. Introduction by Margaret Canovan. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press [1958] 1998.

Baker, Keith Michael. “Defining the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century France.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 181–211. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, [1992] 1996.

Benhabib, Seyla. “Models of Public Space.” In: Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 73–98. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, [1992] 1996.

Burawoy, Michael. “For Public Sociology. Presidential Address.” American Sociological Review 70 (2005): 4–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000102

Calhoun, Craig. “The Public Sphere in the Field of Power”, Social Science History, 34, no. 3 (Fall 2010): 301–335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/01455532-2010-003

Calhoun, Craig. The Roots of Radicalism. Tradition, the Public Sphere, and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Movements. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226090870.001.0001

Christman, John. “Autonomy, History, and the Subject of Justice.” Social Theory and Practice 33, no. 1 (2007): 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract200733133

Czyżewski, Marek. Öffentliche Kommunikation und Rechtsextremismus. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2005.

Dewey, John, The Public and Its Problems, in The Later Works, 1925–1953, Vol. 2: 1925–1927, edited by J. A. Boydston, B. W. Walsh, Introduction, J. Gouinlock. Carbondale & Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, [1927] 1988.

Dworkin, Gerald. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625206

Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah. “Multiple Modernities.” Deadalus 129, no. 1 (2000): 1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298000290031201

Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah. “Public Spheres and Civil Society in Selected Pre-Modern Societies: Some Comparative Observations.” Comparative Sociology 5, no. 1 (2006): 1–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156913306776915560

Eley, Geoff. “Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 289–339. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, [1992] 1996.

Fleming, Marie. “Women and the ‘Public Use of Reason’.” Social Theory and Practice 19, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 27–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract19931911

Fraser, Nancy. “Rethinking the Public Sphere.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 109–142. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, [1992] 1996.

Goodman, Dena. Public Sphere and Private Life: Toward a Synthesis of Current Historiographical Approaches to the Old Regime, History and Teory, Vol. 31, no. 1, (Feb 1992): 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2505605

Habermas Jürgen. Die Einbeziehung des Anderen. Studien zur politischen Theorie. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1996.

Habermas Jürgen. “Erkenntnis und Interesse.” In Technik und Wissenschaft als “Ideologie,” 146–168. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, [1965] 1968.

Habermas Jürgen. Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechtes und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1992.

Habermas Jürgen. “Hannah Arendts Begriff der Macht (1976).” In Philosophich-politische Profile. Erweiterte Ausgabe, 223–248. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1984.

Habermas Jürgen. “Können komplexe Gesellschaften eine vernünftige Identität ausbilden?” In Zur Rekonstruktion des historischen Materialismus, 92–126. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1976.

Habermas Jürgen. Legitimationsprobleme im Spätkapitalismus. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, [1973] 2015.

Habermas Jürgen. “Öffentlichkeit.” In Staat und Politik. Das Fisher Lexikon, edited by E. Fraenkel and K. D. Bracher, 220–226. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, [1957] 1976.

Habermas Jürgen. “The Public Sphere. An Encyclopedia Article” (1964), transl. Sara Lennox and Frank Lennox, New German Critique, no. 3 (Autumn 1974): 49–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/487737

Habermas Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated by Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press [1962] 1991.

Habermas Jürgen. Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Neuwied: Luchterhand, [1962] 1990.

Habermas, Jürgen, Christoph Oehler, Ludwig von Friedeburg, and Friedrich Weltz. Student und Politik. Eine soziologische Untersuchung zum politischen Bewußtsein Frankfurter Studenten. Neuwied: Luchterhand Verlag, [1961] 1969.

Häberle, Peter. “Öffentlichkeit und Verfassung: Bemerkungen zur 3. Aufl. Von Jürgen Habermas, Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit (1968)”, Zeitschrift für Politik, Neue Folge, Vol. 16, no. 2 (1969): 273–287.

Heidegger, Martin, Sein und Zeit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, [1926] 1967.

Held, David. Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341272

Hohendahl, Peter Uwe. The Institution of Criticism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.

Honneth, Axel. Das Recht der Freiheit. Grundriß einer demokratischen Sittlichkeit. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2015.

Hułas, Maciej. Decydować samemu. Sfera publiczna jako “locus” autonomii według Jürgena Habermasa. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2019.

Jäger, Wolfgang. Öffentlichkeit und Parlamentarismus. Eine Kritik an Jürgen Habermas. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1973.

Kaniowski, Andrzej Maciej. Filozofia społeczna Jürgena Habermasa. W poszukiwaniu jedności teorii i praktyki. Warszawa: Kolegium Ortyckie, 1990.

Koselleck, Reinhart. Kritik und Krise. Eine Studie zur Pathogenese der bürgerlichen Welt. Freiburg/München: Suhrkamp [1959] 1973.

Landes, Joan. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.

Lippmann, Walter. The Phantom Public. The Sequel to „Public Opinion”. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930.

Lippmann, Walter. Public Opinion. With a New Introduction by Michael Curtis. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, [1922] 1998.

Luhmann, Niklas. “Öffentliche Meinung.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 11, no. 1 (1970): 2–28.

May, Stefan. “Zivilgesellschaft als Demokratietheorie – Überlegungen zu einer aktuellen Debatte.” Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (KritV) 80, no. 3 (1997): 306–323.

Negt, Oskar, Kluge Alexander. Public Sphere and Experience. Toward an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere, foreward by M Hansen, transl. P. Labanyi, J. O. Daniel, A. Oksiloff. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, [1972] 1993.

Ronneberger, Franz. “Organisierte Interessen und öffentliche Meinungsbildung“, Soziale Welt, 15. Jahrg., H. 1 (1964): 36–49.

Schmidt, Gunnar. “Zivile Gesellschaft und öffentlicher Raum.” Leviathan 23, no. 4 (1995): 562–579.

Schmitt, Carl. Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus. Berlin: Duncker und Humbolt, [1923] 1961.

Sennett, Richard. The Public Realm. “Quandt.” Available at: https://www.richardsennett.com/site/senn/templates/general2.aspx?pageid=16&cc=gb (21.08.2019)

Somers, Margaret R. “What’s Political or Cultural about Political Culture and the Public Sphere? Toward an Historical Sociology of Concept Formation.” Sociological Theory 13, no. 2 (1995): 113–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/202157

Steffek, Jens. “Zähmt zivilgesellschaftliche Partizipation die internationale Politik? Vom exekutivem zum partizipativem Multilateralismus.” Leviathan 36, no. 1 (2008): 105–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11578-008-0007-0

“Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit” von Jürgen Habermas. Michael Haller im Gespräch mit Hans Ulrich Probst. Radio SRF 2 Kultur. 14. März 2012.

Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Cultures in Conflict? Who we are? Who are the Others?” Journal of the Interdisciplinary Crossroads 1, no. 3 (2004): 505–521.

Walzer, Michael. Zivile Gesellschaft und amerikanische Demokratie, mit einer Einleitung von O. Kallscheuer. Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1992.

Wheeler, Brett R. “Democratic Pluralism or Pluralist Democracy: Jürgen Habermas’ss Theory of Constitutional Morality and its Institutions.” German Politics and Society 13, no. 3 (1995): 66–80.

Zinecker, Heidrun. “Zivilgesellschaft in Entwicklungsländer – konzeptionelle Überlegungen.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46, no. 4 (2005): 527–551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11615-005-0301-2

Opublikowane

2019-12-30

Jak cytować

Hułas, Maciej. 2019. “The Normativity of Habermas’s Public Sphere from the Vantage Point of Its Evolution”. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica-Aesthetica-Practica, no. 34 (December): 47-65. https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6107.34.04.