Differentiation of root canal morphology – a review of the literature

Authors

  • Agata Przesmycka Department of Anthropology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
  • Jacek Tomczyk Department of Biological Anthropology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1515/anre-2016-0018

Keywords:

root canal, tooth morphology, classifications, C-shape

Abstract

The morphological diversity of the inner anatomy of root canals in human permanent teeth is an issue mainly described in endodontics research. In recent years, it is a relatively new point in anthropological studies because it varies by sex, geographic and ethnic circumstances. An unusual number of root canals or their specific systems can differentiate populations around the world. The multiplicity of available methods for detecting root canal systems helps to better understand their complexity; however, most cannot be applied to anthropology due to limitations that occur in the bioarcheological material. Thorough knowledge of the heterogeneity and internal anatomy of the root canals supplies numerous classification systems proposed and improved over the years by many authors. A limited number of studies in the anthropological literature and future research will shed light onto the internal tooth morphology in historical populations. The aim of this paper is to describe various classification systems of root canals applied in endodontics. However, due to the often poor state of preservation and damage of archaeological derived remains, it seems that the best method is the approach that is the simplest and least complicated.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abu-Amero KK, González AM, Larruga JM, Bosley TM, Cabrera VM. 2007. Eurasian and African mitochondrial DNA influences in the Saudi Arabian population. BMC Evol Biol 7:32.
View in Google Scholar

Ahmed HA, Abu-bakr NH, Yahia NA, Ibrahim YE. 2007. Root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular molars in a Sudanese population. Int Endod J 40:766-771.
View in Google Scholar

Al-Fouzan KS. 2002. C-shaped root canals in mandibular second molars in a Saudi Arabian population. Int Endod J 35:499-504.
View in Google Scholar

Al-Nazhan S. 1999. Incidence of four canals in root-canal treated mandibular first molars in a Saudi Arabian subpopulation. Int Endod J 32:49-52.
View in Google Scholar

Al-Saud H, Walkil SM, Mayer BF, Falchi M, Dzimiri N. 2015. The genetic structure of the Saudi Arabian population. Available at: www.racehist.blogspot.com
View in Google Scholar

Al-Qudah AA, Awawdeh LA. 2009. Root and canal morphology of mandibular first and second molar teeth in a Jordanian population. Int Endod J 42:775-784.
View in Google Scholar

Amardeep NS, Raghu S, Natanasabapathy V. 2014. Root canal morphology of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines in Indian population using cone beam computed tomography. Anat Res Int. doi. 10.1155/ 2014/731859.
View in Google Scholar

Arslan H, Capar ID, Ertas ET, Ertas H, Ackay M. 2015. A cone-beam computed tomographic study of root canal systems in mandibular premolars in a Turkish population: Theoretical model for determining orifice shape. Eur J Dent 9:11-19.
View in Google Scholar

Awawdeh L, Abdullah H, Al-Qudah A. 2008. Root form and canal morphology of Jordanian maxillary first premolars. J Endod 34:956-961.
View in Google Scholar

Baisden MK, Kulid JC, Weller RN. 1992. Root canal configuration of the mandibular first premolar. J Endod 18:505-508.
View in Google Scholar

Bellizzi R, Hartwell G. 1985. Radiographic evaluation of root canal anatomy of in vivo endodontically treated maxillary premolars. J Endod 11:37-39.
View in Google Scholar

Benyó B. 2012. Identification of dental root canals and their medial line from micro-CT and cone-beam CT records. Biomed Eng Online 11:81.
View in Google Scholar

Carrotte P. 2004. Endodontics: Part 4. Morphology of the root canal system. Br Dent J 197:379-383.
View in Google Scholar

Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A. 1994. The history and geography of human genes 1st edn. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
View in Google Scholar

Ceperuelo D, Lozano M, Duran-Sindreu F, Mercade M. 2014. Root canal morphology of Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age human populations of El Mirador Cave (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Anat Rec 297:2342-2348.
View in Google Scholar

Chirani RA, Jacq JJ, Chevalier V., Calas P. 2007. Microtomography: a method to assess root canal geometry and changes after endodontic preparation. Eur Cell Mater 13.
View in Google Scholar

Cleghorn BM, Boorberg NB, Christie WH. 2012. Primary human teeth and their root canal systems. Endod Topics 23:6-33.
View in Google Scholar

Cleghorn BM, Christie WH, Dong CC. 2006. Root and root canal morphology of the human permanent maxillary first molar:a literature review. J Endod 32:813-821.
View in Google Scholar

Cooke HG, Cox FL. 1979. C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars. J Am Dent Assoc 99:836-839.
View in Google Scholar

Dahlberg A. 1965. Geographic distribution and origin of dentitions. Int Dent J 15:348-355.
View in Google Scholar

Daokar SG, Kalekar (Yadao) AS, Ghunawat DB, Kakde DD. 2015. All the mandibular incisors with double canals in a single patient: a rare case. J Int Oral Health 7(2):1-4.
View in Google Scholar

Donnison FSV. 1970. Burma. London, UK:Ernest Benn Limited 32-34.
View in Google Scholar

Fan B, Cheung GSP, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Bian Z. 2004a. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part I – Anatomical Features. J Endod 30:899-903.
View in Google Scholar

Fan B, Cheung GSP, Fan M, Gutmann JL, Bian Z. 2004b. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part II – Radiographic Features. J Endod 30:904-908.
View in Google Scholar

Fan W, Fan B, Gutmann JL, Cheung GSP. 2007. Identification of C-shaped canal in mandibular second molars. Part I: Radiographic and anatomical features revealed by intraradicular contrast medium. J Endod 33:806-810.
View in Google Scholar

Fan B, Gao Y, Fan W, Gutmann JL. 2008a. Identification of a C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part II – The Effect of bone image superimposition and intraradicular contrast medium on radiograph interpretation. J Endod 34:160-165.
View in Google Scholar

Fan W, Fan B, Gutman JL, Fan M. 2008b. Identification of a C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part III – Anatomic features revealed by digital subtraction radiography. J Endod 34:1187-1 190
View in Google Scholar

Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R. 2014. C-shaped root canal configuration: A review of literature. J Conserv Dent 17(4):312-3 19.
View in Google Scholar

Gao Y, Fan B, Cheung GSP, Gutmann JL, Fan M. 2006. C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars. Part IV: 3-D Morphological analysis and transverse measurement. J Endod 32:1062-1065.
View in Google Scholar

Gopikrishna V. 2010. Root canal morphology and access preparation. In: Kohli A, editor. Textbook of Endodontics. India: Elsevier. p. 125.
View in Google Scholar

Gorostiza A, Acunha-Alonzo V, Regalado-Liu L, Tirado S, Granados J, Sámano D, Rangel-Villalobos H, González-Martin A. 2012. Reconstructing the History of Mesoamerican Populations through the Study of the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region. PLoS ONE 7: e44666.
View in Google Scholar

Gulabivala K, Aung TH, Alavi A., Ng Y-L. 2001. Root and canal morphology of Burmese mandibular molars. Int Endod J 34:359-370.
View in Google Scholar

Gulabivala K, Opasanon A, Ng YL, Alavi A. 2002. Root and canal morphology of Thai mandibular molars. Int Endod J 35:56-62.
View in Google Scholar

Gulabivala K, Ng YL. 2014. Tooth organogenesis, morphology and physiology. In: Gulabivala K, Ng YL, editors. Endodontics. Available at: www.pocketdentistry.com
View in Google Scholar

Haddad GY, Nehme WB, Ounsi HF. 1999. Diagnosis, classification, and frequency of C-Shaped canals in mandibular second molars in the Lebanese population. J Endod 25:268-271.
View in Google Scholar

Harvati K, Panagopoulou E, Karkanas P. 2003. First Neanderthal remains from Greece:the evidence from Lakonis. J Hum Evol 45:465-473.
View in Google Scholar

Hess W, Dolamore WH, Zürcher E. 1925. Anatomy of root canals of the teeth of the permanent dentition. New York: William Wood & Co.
View in Google Scholar

Jafarzadeh H, Wu Y. 2007. The C-shaped root canal configuration: a review. J Endod 33:517-523.
View in Google Scholar

JimSEA. 2006. Bones tell story of Thai origin. Bangkok Post. Available at: www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/1732491/posts
View in Google Scholar

Kirilova J, Topalova-Pirinska S. 2014. C-shaped configuration of the root canal system-problems and solutions. J of IMAB 20:504-509.
View in Google Scholar

Kottoor J, Albuquerque D, Velmurugan N, Kuruvilla J. 2013. Root anatomy and root canal configuration of human permanent mandibular premolars: a systematic review. Anat Res Int. doi. 10.1155/ 2013/254250.
View in Google Scholar

Loh HS. 1998. Root morphology of the maxillary first premolar in Singaporeans. Aust Dent J 43(6):399-402.
View in Google Scholar

Manning SA. 1990. Root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars. Part II. C-shaped canals. Int Endod J 23:40-45.
View in Google Scholar

Melton DC, Krell KV, Fuller MW. 1991. Anatomical and histological features of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars. J Endod 17:384-388.
View in Google Scholar

Michetti J, Maret D, Mallet JP, Diemer E. 2010. Validation of cone beam computed tomography as a tool to explore root canal anatomy. J Endod 36:1187-1190.
View in Google Scholar

Pécora JD, Saquy PC, Sousa Neto MD, Woelfel JB. 1991. Root form and canal anatomy of maxillary first premolars. Braz Dent J 2:87-94.
View in Google Scholar

Pedersen PO. 1949. The East Greenland Eskimo dentition, numerical variations and anatomy. Copenhagen: CA Reitzels Forlag 129:158-161.
View in Google Scholar

Peiris R. 2007. Root and canal morphology of human permanent teeth in a Sri Lankan and Japanese population. Anthropol Sci 116(2):123-133.
View in Google Scholar

Plotino G, Tocci L, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Messineo D, Ciotti M, et al. 2013. Symmetry of root and root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular molars in a white population: a cone-beam computed tomography study in vivo. J Endod 39(12):1545-1548.
View in Google Scholar

Prado-Simón L, Martinón-Torres M, Baca P, Olejniczak AJ, Gómez-Robles A, Lapresa M, et al. 2012. Three-dimensional eval uation of root canal morphology in lower second premolars of early and middle pleistocene human populations from atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Am J Phys Anthropol 147:452-461.
View in Google Scholar

Ramírez-Salomón M, Vega-Lizama E, Tiesler V, Alvarado-Cárdenas G, López-Villanueva M, Sierra-Sosa T, et al. 2014. The C-shaped canal molar: an endodontic-archaeological study of the relationship between Mayan pre-Hispanic and contemporary population of Yucatán. Int Endod J 47:1084-1089.
View in Google Scholar

Rosas A, Martinez-Maza C, Bastir M, Garcia-Tabernero A, Lalueza-Fox C, Huguet R, et al. 2006. Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a Late Neanderthal sample from El Sidrón, Asturias, Spain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 19266-19271.
View in Google Scholar

Seo MS, Park DS. 2004. C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: clinical observation and in vitro analysis. Int Endod J 37:139-144.
View in Google Scholar

Sert S, Bayirli GS. 2004. Evaluation of the root canal configurations of the mandibular and maxillary permanent teeth by gender in the Turkish population. J Endod 30:391-398.
View in Google Scholar

Sert S, Şahinkesen G, Topçu FT, Eroğlu SE, Oktay EA. 2011. Root canal configurations of third molar teeth. A comparison with first and second molars in the Turkish population. Aust Endod J 37:109-117.
View in Google Scholar

Sikri VK, Sikri P. 1994. Mandibular premolars: aberrations in pulp space morphology. Indian J Dent Res 5:9-14.
View in Google Scholar

Skidmore AE, Bjorndal AM. 1971. Root canal morphology of the human mandibular first molar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 32:778-784.
View in Google Scholar

Summerer M, Horst J, Erhart G, Weiβensteiner H, Schönherr S, Pacher D, et al. 2014. Large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis in Southeast Asia reveals evolutionary effects of cultural isolation in the multi-ethnic population of Myanmar. BMC Evol Biol 14:17.
View in Google Scholar

Torres A, Jacobs R, Lembrechts P, Brizuela C, Cabrera C, Concha G, et al. 2015. Characterization of mandibular molar root and canal morphology using cone beam computed tomography and its variability in Belgian and Chilean population samples. Imaging Sci Dent 45:95-101.
View in Google Scholar

Turner CG II. 1990. Major features of Sundadonty and Sinodonty, including suggestions about East Asians microevolution, population history, and late Pleistocene relationship with Australian Aboriginals. Am J Phys Anthropol 82:295-317.
View in Google Scholar

Valencia de Pablo O, Estevez R, Péix-Sánchez M, Heilborn C, Cohenca C. 2010. Root anatomy and canal configuration of the permanent mandibular first molar: a systematic review. J Endod 36:19 19-1931.
View in Google Scholar

Vertucci FJ. 1974. Root canal anatomy of the mandibular anterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 89:369-371.
View in Google Scholar

Vertucci FJ. 1984. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Sur Oral Med Oral Pathol 58:589-599.
View in Google Scholar

Vertucci FJ. 2005. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics 10:3-29.
View in Google Scholar

Walker RT, Queckenbush LE. 1985. Three-rooted lower first permanent molars in Hong-Kong Chinese. Br Dent J 159:298-299.
View in Google Scholar

Walker RT. 1988a. Root form and canal anatomy of mandibular first molars in a Southern Chinese population. Endod Dent Traumatol 4:19-21.
View in Google Scholar

Walker RT. 1988b. Root form and canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Southern Chinese population. J Endod 14:325-329.
View in Google Scholar

White TD, Folkens PA. 2005. The human bone manual. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Academic Press.
View in Google Scholar

Wright T. 2007. The molecular control of and clinical variations in root formation. Cells Tissues Organs 186:86-93.
View in Google Scholar

Yang ZP, Yang SF, Lin YC, Shay JC, Chi CY. 1988. C-shaped root canals in mandibular second molars in a Chinese population. Dent Traumatol 4:160-163.
View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2016-09-30

How to Cite

Przesmycka, A., & Tomczyk, J. (2016). Differentiation of root canal morphology – a review of the literature. Anthropological Review, 79(3), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1515/anre-2016-0018

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >> 

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.