The historical legacy of Norwegian mountain destinations: Current challenges and opportunities for development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.2025.03Keywords:
mountain-destination development, exogenic and endogenic factors, ownership and management, tourism evolutionAbstract
This study explores the historical legacy of mountain destinations in the southeastern region of Norway to understand the challenges they face and their opportunities for development. It identifies exogenic (external) and endogenic (internal) factors that have influenced the destinations’ development from historical accounts in order to understand the different levels of success among them. The literature study and the emerging discussion are based on locally-sourced documents in order to bridge the gap between academic literature and little known or less available sources of destination history and development. The findings are that exogenic factors such as transportation, climate change and commodifiable slopes, which may primarily affect all destinations for alpine skiing but are not sufficient to determine the variation in success between them. Endogenic drivers such as ownership, management and leadership qualities strongly explain the different levels of success in a destination’s development. This study demonstrates those with favourable exogenic conditions struggle without effective endogenic drivers. Conversely, some destinations have overcome challenges from historical development and these are largely influenced by endogenic drivers. This research contributes a historical perspective of development that uncovers a range of underlying drivers, providing a framework for understanding how exogenic and endogenic factors shape mountain destinations’ success, sustainability and capacity to innovate.
Downloads
References
Agarwal, S. (2002). Restructuring seaside tourism: The resort lifecy[c]le. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00002-0
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00002-0
Agarwal, S. (2012). Relational spatiality and resort restructuring. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 134–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.05.007
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.05.007
Aguzman, G., Manurung, A.H., Pradipto, Y.D., & Sanny, L. (2021). The effect of charismatic leadership on the sustainability of tourism destination with entrepreneurship orientation and community empowerment as a mediator. In S. Budi, M. bin Mamat, C.-H. Lien, Vaidyanathan, A. Johar, K. Anwar, N. Fauziyah & Mujiarto (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st UMGESHIC International Seminar on Health, Social Science and Humanities (UMGESHIC-ISHSSH 2020) (pp. 691–695). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.101
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.101
Barton, S. (2008). Healthy living in the Alps: The origins of winter tourism in Switzerland, 1860–1914. Manchester University Press.
Google Scholar
Bele, B., Sickel, H., & Norderhaug, A. (2017). Tourism and terroir products from mountain summer farming landscapes. Journal of Gastronomy and Tourism, 2(4), 232–244. https://doi.org/10.3727/216929717X15046207899384
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/216929717X15046207899384
Berglihn, H. (2017, March 15). Samler heis og eiendom på Geilo. Dagens Næringsliv. https://www.dn.no/reiseliv/geilo/geilo-skis-enter/slaatta-skisenter/samler-heis-og-eiendom-pa-geilo/2-1-54383
Google Scholar
Beritelli, P., Bieger, T., & Laesser, C. (2007). Destination governance: Using corporate governance theories as a foundation for effective destination management. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302385
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302385
Bichler, B.F., & Lösch, M. (2019). Collaborative governance in tourism: Empirical insights into a community-oriented destination. Sustainability, 11(23), Article 6673. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236673
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236673
Blekastad, I.B. (2001). 125 år under Skeikampen. Olav Thon Gruppen /Gausdal Høifjellshotell.
Google Scholar
Bramwell, B. (2006). Actors, networks and tourism policies. In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism management dynamics: Trends, management and tools (pp. 155–163). Routledge.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6378-6.50027-5
Bramwell, B., & Cox, V. (2009). Stage and path dependence approaches to the evolution of a national park tourism partnership. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495782
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495782
Brouder, P., Clavé, S.A., Gill, A., & Ioannides, D. (Eds.). (2016). Tourism destination evolution. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315550749
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315550749
Brusletto, M., & Medhus, K. (2023). Historien om alpinbygda Geilo. Vidda forlag Hol historielag.
Google Scholar
Bryhn, R., & Jørgensen, H.J. (2024, November 26). Hemsedal Skisenter. In Store norske leksikon. https://snl.no/Hemsedal_Skisenter
Google Scholar
Butler, R.W. (Ed.). (2006). The tourism area life cycle: Vol. 1: Applications and modifications Channel View Publications.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845410278
Chauhan, A.A., & Madden, K. (2020). Tourism development using family business entrepreneurs: A new paradigm. International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, 6(4), 508–525. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPSPM.2020.109304
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPSPM.2020.109304
Dahl, G., & B.A. (2023, April 7). Påskefjellet anno 1952. Bergens Tidende, 86–87.
Google Scholar
DigitaltMuseum. (n.d.). https://digitaltmuseum.no/
Google Scholar
Dokk, O.O., & Snerte, K. (2003). Frå skysstasjon til alpinsenter: Hemsedal som turistbygd. Hemsedal Historielag og Hemsedal Mållag.
Google Scholar
Dombu, S.V., & Jakobsen, E. (2020). Norske alpindestinasjoners vekstpotensial: En analyse av overnattingskapasiteten i Gausta, Geilo, Hafjell, Hemsedal, Hovden, Kvitfjell, Narvik, Norefjell, Oppdal, Rauland, Trysil, Voss og Vrådal (Menon-publikasjon No. 42/2020). Menon Economics. https://alpinogfjell.no/uploads/images/Norske-alpindestinasjoners-vekstpotensial-280420.pdf
Google Scholar
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, W. (2020). Tourism economics and policy. Channel View Publications.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/DWYER7314
Eiter, S., & Potthoff, K. (2007). Improving the factual knowledge of landscapes: Following up the European Landscape Convention with a comparative historical analysis of forces of landscape change in the Sjodalen and Stølsheimen mountain areas, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift / Norwegian Journal of Geography, 61(4), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950701709127
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950701709127
Elshaer, I.A., & Saad, S.K. (2022). Entrepreneurial resilience and business continuity in the tourism and hospitality industry: The role of adaptive performance and institutional orientation. Tourism Review, 77(5), 1365–1384. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2021-0171
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2021-0171
Engeset, A.B. (2020). “For better or for worse” – the role of family ownership in the resilience of rural hospitality firms. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 20(1), 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2020.1717600
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2020.1717600
Engeset, M.G., & Velvin, J. (2016). From winter destination to all-year-round tourism: How focus on service can reduce fluctuation in demand due to seasonality. In H. Richins & J.S. Hull (Eds.), Mountain tourism: Experiences, communities, environments and sustainable futures (pp. 79–87). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780644608.0079
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780644608.0079
Ericsson, B., Øian, H., Selvaag, S.K., Lerfald, M., & Breiby, M.A. (2022). Planning of second-home tourism and sustainability in various locations: Same but different? Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift / Norwegian Journal of Geography, 76(4), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2022.2092904
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2022.2092904
Flagestad, A., & Hope, C.A. (2001). Strategic success in winter sports destinations: A sustainable value creation perspective. Tourism Management, 22(5), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00010-3
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00010-3
Flognfeldt, T., Jr. (2006). Second homes, work commuting and amenity migrants in Norway’s mountain areas. In L.A.G. Moss (Ed.), The amenity migrants: Seeking and sustaining mountains and their cultures (pp. 232–244). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990842.0232
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990842.0232
Flognfeldt, T., & Tjørve, E. (2013). The shift from hotels and lodges to second-home villages in mountain-resort accommodation. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(4), 332–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.862440
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.862440
Fnugg. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://fnugg.no/
Google Scholar
Gildestad, I.M., Dannevig, H., Steiger, R., & Aall, C. (2017). Konsekvensar av klimaendringar for norske skianlegg (Vestlandsforskning-rapport No. 10/2017). Western Norway Research Institute Vestlandsforsking. https://www.vestforsk.no/sites/default/files/2017-12/vf-rapport%2010-2017%20Konsekvensar%20av%20klimaendringar%20for%20norske%20skianlegg_0.pdf
Google Scholar
Gill, A.M., & Williams, P.W. (2011). Rethinking resort growth: Understanding evolving governance strategies in Whistler, British Columbia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 629–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.558626
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.558626
Gisnås, L. (2004). Hundre år i Oppdal: Historiene, bildene, profilene. L. Gisnås.
Google Scholar
Gosse, E. (1898). Norway revisited. The North American Review, 167(504), 534–542.
Google Scholar
Granum, S. (2006). Opplandsarkivets jubileumsutstilling 2006: Turisme i Gudbrandsdalen. Innlandsarkiva avdeling Maihaugen. https://www.opam.no/nettutstillinger/jubileumsutstilling/no/turisme
Google Scholar
Gravråk, Å.K. (2019). Winge sanatorium – opptakten til vinterturismen på Skeikampen. Visit Skeikampen – hele året, 19(3), 24–25.
Google Scholar
Grøndahl, C.H. (2013). Fagerhøy – setra som vart skule, Ei historie om Fagerhøy. In E. Skurdal & G. Paulsrud (Eds.), Fronsbygdin (pp. 1–14). Fron Historielag.
Google Scholar
Grundius, J. (2015). Effekten på en orts varumärke vid uppköp av en turistanläggning [Uppsala universitet]. DiVa – Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A847676&dswid=3800
Google Scholar
Gunn, C.A., & Var, T. (2002). Tourism planning: Basics, concepts, cases (4th ed.). Routledge.
Google Scholar
Hall, C.M. (2012). Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first- and second-order to third-order change? In B. Bramwell & B. Lane (Eds.), Tourism governance: Critical perspectives on governance and sustainability (pp. 239–261). Routledge.
Google Scholar
Hall, C.M., Prayag, G., & Fang, S.(E.). (2024). Destination transitions and resilience following trigger events and transformative moments. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2024.2344605
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2024.2344605
Hanstad, D.V., & Lesjø, J.H. (2020). A positive legacy – against all odds Olympic facilities at the 1994 Olympic Winter Games. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 5, Article 008. https://doi.org/10.36950/2020ciss008
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36950/2020ciss008
Haugland, S.A., Ness, H., Grønseth, B.-O., & Aarstad, J. (2011). Development of tourism destinations: An integrated multilevel perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 268–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.008
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.008
Hjalager, A.-M., Huijbens, E.H., Björk, P., Nordin, S., Flagestad, A., & Knútsson, Ö. (2008). Innovation systems in Nordic tourism. Nordic Innovation Centre. DiVA – Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:285461/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Google Scholar
Hudson, S., & Cross, P. (2007). Winter sports destinations: Dealing with seasonality. In J. Higham (Ed.), Sport tourism destinations: Issues, opportunities and analysis (pp. 188–204). Routledge.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-5937-6.50021-3
Hudson, S., & Hudson, L. (2015). Winter sports tourism: Working in winter wonderlands.Goodfellow Publishers.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1-910158-39-5-2756
Hyvang, J. (2024, August 9). Hyttebygger i skvis – reddet av utlendinger – Byggingen av nye hytter halvert fra fjoråret. Finansavisen, 24–25.
Google Scholar
Jørstad, F.R. (1998). Historien om Finse: Om fangstfolk, jernbanebyggere, hotellgjester, friluftsfolk, filmfolk, forfattere, flora, fauna og hotellet, 1222 m.o.h. Nord 4 bokverksted.
Google Scholar
Kaltenborn, B.P., Andersen, O., & Nellemann, C. (2007). Second home development in the Norwegian mountains: Is it outgrowing the planning capability? International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590709618158
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590709618158
Kløve, U. (1999). Hotellet med de ni liv: Dr. Holms hotel 1909–1999. Hotellet.
Google Scholar
Knafou, R. (1978). Les stations intégrées de sports d’hiver des Alpes Françaises. Éditions Masson.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/spgeo.1979.1905
Komppula, R. (2016). The role of different stakeholders in destination development. Tourism Review, 71(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2015-0030
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2015-0030
Kowalczyk, A. (2009). ‘Mountain resorts’: Origins and evolution. Turyzm/Tourism, 19(1–2), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.2478/V10106-009-0004-y
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/V10106-009-0004-y
Kozak, M., Volgger, M., & Pechlaner, H. (2014). Destination lead-ership: Leadership for territorial development. Tourism Review, 69(3), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2014-0021
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2014-0021
Lauritzen, P.R. (2024, November 21). Fefor høyfjellshotell. In Store norske leksikon. https://snl.no/Fefor_h%C3%B8yfjellshotell
Google Scholar
Mangelrød, N.C. (2017, October 18). Norges største skisentre er blitt helt avhengige av utenlandske kunder. Dagens Næringsliv. https://www.dn.no/alpint/hemsedal/trysil/reiseliv/norges-storste-skisentre-er-blitt-helt-avhengige-av-utenlandske-kunder/2-1-188189
Google Scholar
Mayer, M. (2019). The role of cable-cars and ski-lifts as key innovations in the evolution of winter tourism. In U. Pröbstl-Haider, H. Richins & S. Türk (Eds.), Winter tourism: Trends and challenges (pp. 339–353). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786395207.0339
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786395207.0339
McKercher, B. (1999). A chaos approach to tourism. Tourism Management, 20(4), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00008-4
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00008-4
Møller, A. (2003). Beitostølen: Fra stølsgrend til turistmetropol. Thorsrud, Lokalhistorisk forl.
Google Scholar
Monsrud, J. (1999, August 4). Statistikk mot år 2000: 1960–1961: Bilen ble allemannseie i 1960. Statistisk sentralbyrå / Statistics Norway. https://www.ssb.no/transport-og-reiseliv/artikler-og-publikasjoner/bilen-ble-allemannseie-i-1960
Google Scholar
Mosebø, H. (2011). Dei gamle tuddalsbussane. In S. Bakkalia, T. Opsal & L. Skoje (Eds.), Hjartdal historielag årbok: No. 1 (pp. 35–52). Hjartdal historielag.
Google Scholar
Mühlinghaus, S., & Wälty, S. (2001). Endoenous development in Swiss mountain communities. Mountain Research and Development, 21(3), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0236:EDISMC]2.0.CO;2
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0236:EDISMC]2.0.CO;2
Müller, D.K., & Hall, M.C. (2018). Second home tourism: An introduction. In M.C. Hall & D.K. Müller (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of second home tourism and mobilities (pp. 3–14). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315559056
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315559056-1
Nordin, S., Volgger, M., Gill, A., & Pechlaner, H. (2019). Destination governance transitions in skiing destinations: A perspective on resortisation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.03.003
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.03.003
Norgeskart. (n.d.). Retrieved January 12, 2025, from https://www.norgeskart.no/
Google Scholar
Page, S.J. (2009). Tourism management: Managing for change (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
Google Scholar
Paulsen, N., Maldonado, D., Callan, V.J., & Ayoko, O. (2009). Charismatic leadership, change and innovation in an R&D organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 22(5), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810910983479
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810910983479
Pavlovich, K. (2014). A rhizomic approach to tourism destination evolution and transformation. Tourism Management, 41, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.004
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.004
Pforr, C., Pechlaner, H., Volgger, M., & Thompson, G. (2014). Overcoming the limits to change and adapting to future challenges: Governing the transformation of destination networks in Western Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 53(6), 760–777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514538837
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514538837
Poole, M.S., Van de Ven, A.H., Dooley, K., & Holmes, M.E. (2000). Organizational change and innovation processes: Theory and methods for research. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131987.001.0001
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131987.001.0001
Presenza, A., Abbate, T., & Micera, R. (2015). The Cittaslow movement: Opportunities and challenges for the governance of tourism destinations. Tourism Planning & Development, 12(4), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2015.1037929
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2015.1037929
Prideaux, B. (2004). The Resort Development Spectrum: The case of The Gold Coast, Australia. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 6(1), 26–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680320001722328
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680320001722328
Pröbstl-Haider, U., Richins, H., & Türk, S. (2019). Winter tourism introduction: Motivation and scope of the book. In U. Pröbstl-Haider, H. Richins & S. Türk (Eds.), Winter tourism: trends and challenges (pp. 1–5). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786395207.0001
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786395207.0001
Russell, R., & Faulkner, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship, chaos and the tourism area lifecycle. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 556–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.008
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.008
Ryan, C. (2020). Advanced introduction to tourism destination management. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Google Scholar
Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C.M., & Hall, C.M. (2019). Geographies of tourism development and planning. In J. Saarinen, C.M. Rogerson & C.M. Hall (Eds.), Tourism planning and development: Contemporary cases and emerging issues (pp. 1–11). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315083742
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315083742-1
Samios, O.K. (2020). The Nordic Peasant Vision: Codifications of nationalism in Norwegian Art in the Nineteenth Century [Thesis, Wesleyan University]. Wesleyan University Digital Collections. https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/islandora/nordic-peasant-vision-codifications-nationalism-norwegian-art-nineteenth-century
Google Scholar
Skaug, J. (2019). Vinterturismen i Musdal. In E. Gillebo, K.I. Haugen, C. Rønning & G. Hausstätter (Eds.), I gamle fotefar (pp. 18–27). Øyer og Tretten Historielag. https://www.oyerogtrettenhistorielag.no/wp-content/uploads/I-gamle-fotefar-2019-OCR.pdf
Google Scholar
Slätmo, E., & Kristensen, I. (2021). Urban–rural linkages: An inquiry into second-home tourism in the Nordics. In J. Bański (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of small towns (pp. 218–231). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003094203
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003094203-19
Svalastog, S. (1992). Tourism in a changing Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography, 46(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291959208552289
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00291959208552289
Store norske leksikon. (n.d.). https://snl.no/
Google Scholar
Støyva, S. (2009). Alpinanleggenes Landsforening 40 år: Alpinbransjen i Norge 70 år. Alpinanleggenes Landsforening.
Google Scholar
Teigland, J. (1991). Nordmenns vinterrekreasjon – struktur, utvikling og framtidsutsikter for friluftsliv, idrett og mosjon vinterstid. NINA – Norsk institutt for naturforskning. https://www.nina.no/archive/nina/pppbasepdf/oppdragsmelding/096.pdf
Google Scholar
Tjørve, E. (2022). The spatial planning of destinations and second-home developments in Norwegian mountains. SPOT. https://spot-erasmus.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/NorwayCaseStudy_SPOT_vFINAL.pdf
Google Scholar
Tjørve, E., Flognfeldt, T., & Tjørve, K.M.C. (2013). The effects of distance and belonging on second-home markets. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 15(2), 268–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.726264
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.726264
Tjørve, E., Lien, G., & Flognfeldt, T. (2018). Properties of first-time vs. repeat visitors: Lessons for marketing Norwegian ski resorts. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(1), 78–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1062472
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1062472
Tjørve, E., & Tjørve, K.M.C. (2022). Discourses regarding the sustainability and environmental considerations in physical planning of second homes in Norwegian mountain destinations: A comparison between governmental documents, research literature and the general media. European Spatial Research and Policy, 29(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.08
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.08
Tjørve, E., Tjørve, K., & Owusu, K.M.C. (2022). Barriers and challenges to sustainable physical planning for mountain des-tinations and second-home developments in the mountain region of south-eastern Norway: The reign of governments or developers? European Spatial Research and Policy, European Spatial Research and Policy, 29(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.07
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.07
Tønsberg, C. (1875). Norway: Illustrated handbook for travellers. Tønsberg.
Google Scholar
University of Inland Norway. (n.d.). Universitetsbiblioteket / The University Library: Aviser [Newspapers]. https://www.inn.no/bibliotek/soeke/aviser/
Google Scholar
Utgård, K. (2023, April 24). Mister kunder fordi heiser står: – Alle ønsker noe mer enn dette. Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen, 4–5.
Google Scholar
Valente, F., Dredge, D., & Lohmann, G. (2015). Leadership and governance in regional tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.03.005
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.03.005
Viker, N. (1997). Norefjell: Historie, natur, folkeliv, friluftsliv. Orion.
Google Scholar
Wedum, G.A. (2011). Hornsjø høyfjellshotell. In O. Stensrud & H.G. Hansen (Eds.), I gamle fotefar 2011 (pp. 19–19). Øyer og Tretten Historielag.
Google Scholar
Welling, J., & Árnason, T. (2016). External and internal challenges of glacier tourism development in Iceland. In H. Richins & J.S. Hull (Eds.), Mountain tourism: Experiences, communities, environments and sustainable futures (pp. 174–183). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780644608.0174
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780644608.0174
Whalley, W.B., & Parkinson, A.F. (2016). Visitors to ‘the northern playgrounds’: Tourists and exploratory science in north Norway. Special Publications, 417(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP417.12
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP417.12
Wilse, A.B. (1935, October 1). Gausdal sanatorium [Photo]. Norsk Folkemuseum; DigitaltMuseum. https://digitaltmuseum.no/0210114093141/prot-gausdal-sanatorium/media?slide=0
Google Scholar
Yeoman, I., & McMahon-Beattie, U. (2020). Introduction: Does the past shape the future? In I. Yeoman, & U. M.-B. Una McMahon-Beattie (Eds.), The future past of tourism: Historical perspectives and future evolutions (pp. 1–8). Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845417086-004
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845417086-004
Żemła, M. (2004). Ski resorts in Poland and Europe – selected issues and development options. Turyzm/Tourism, 14(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.14.1.04
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.14.1.04
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
