The Byzantine-Poetic Path of the Works of St. Maximus the Greek (Mikhail Trivolis, *Arta, ca. 1470 – St. Maximus the Greek, †Moscow, 1556)

Authors

  • Neža Zajc Research Fellow, Institute of Cultural History, Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.08.15

Keywords:

St. Maximus the Greek, the Holy Mount Athos, Manuscripts, Byzantine Hymnography, Orthodox Theology

Abstract

Maximus the Greek has been frequently misunderstood because of his individual use of the Slavic language. Born as Mikhail Trivolis in the Greek town of Arta, he received his humanist education in North Italy, particularly in Florence and Venice, where he was engaged in the process of the first editions of printed books and where he would constantly deal with manuscript samples. His original, authorial work, as preserved in his manuscripts, reflects his awareness of firm Orthodox theology and at the same time a special attention to grammatical rules. The paper shows how his use of the (Slavic) language was at all times intentional and at the same time profoundly influenced by the metrical rules of liturgical emphasis. Through such attitude, Maximus the Greek managed to create his own, deeply personal language and to express the complexity of Byzantine patristic, hagiographic and iconographic issues. Finally, he successfully established his Orthodox theological system, significantly marked with the poetic effect that strongly inspired his theological works.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Florence, Biblioteca Laurenziana, San Marco 32.
Google Scholar

The Holy Mount Athos, The Holy Monastery of Vatopaidi, Cod. 1016.
Google Scholar

The Holy Mount Athos, The Holy Monastery of Vatopaidi, Cod. 1134.
Google Scholar

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Id. 2002.
Google Scholar

Moscow, Russian State Library, РГБ, 113.488.
Google Scholar

Moscow, Russian State Library, РГБ, 113.544.
Google Scholar

Moscow, Russian State Library, РГБ, 173.I.42.
Google Scholar

Moscow, Russian State Library, РГБ, 247.302.
Google Scholar

Moscow, Russian State Library, РГБ, 256.264.
Google Scholar

Moscow, Russian State Library, РГБ, 304.I.267.
Google Scholar

Moscow, State Historical Museum, ГИМ, Муз. 3475.
Google Scholar

Moscow, State Historical Museum, ГИМ, Син. 791.
Google Scholar

Moscow, State Historical Museum, ГИМ, Увар. 15/85.
Google Scholar

Moscow, State Historical Museum, ГИМ, Хлуд. 34.
Google Scholar

Moscow, State Historical Museum, ГИМ, Щук. 4.
Google Scholar

Paris, Bibliotheque nationale (BN), Gr. 1994.
Google Scholar

Paris, Bibliotheque nationale (BN), Slav. 123.
Google Scholar

Sankt Petersburg, Russian National Library, РНБ, Соф. 1498.
Google Scholar

Sankt Petersburg, Russian National Library, РНБ, Соф. 78.
Google Scholar

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb.gr. 100.
Google Scholar

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg.gr. 83.
Google Scholar

Apanta Agiou Maximou Graikou, vol. IV, Logoi, Agion Oros 2017.
Google Scholar

Herberstein S., The Gratae Posteritati (Edition Stored in Ptuj, 1560), Ljubljana 2017.
Google Scholar

Humanist Educational Treatises, trans. C.W. Kallendorf, Cambridge Massachusetts–London 2008 [= The I Tatti Renaissance Library].
Google Scholar

Hymns of the Eastern Church, trans. et ed. J.M. Neale, 2London 1863.
Google Scholar

Kretski Andrej, Véliki kánon, Ljubljana 2013.
Google Scholar

Maximus the Confessor, The Life of the Virgin, trans. et ed. S.J. Shoemaker, New Haven–London 2012.
Google Scholar

Menologii anonymi Byzantini saeculi X quae supersunt. Fasciculos duos sumptibus Caesareae Academiae Scientiarum e Codice Mosquensi 376 Vlad, ed. V.V. Latyšev, Leipzig 1970 [= Subsidia Byzantina lucis ope iterata, 12].
Google Scholar

Prepodobnyj Maksim Grek, Sočinenija, vol. I–II, Moskva 2008–2014.
Google Scholar

Sudnye spiski Maksima Greka i Isaka Sobaki, ed. N.N. Pokrovskij, Moskva 1971.
Google Scholar

Velikij pokajannyj kanon. Tvorenie svjatogo Andreja Kritskogo. S pribavleniem Žitija prepodobnoj Marii Egipetskoj, Moskva 2013.
Google Scholar

Afanas’eva Т.I., Šarichina М.G., Upotreblenie perfekta 2-go lica ed. čisla vmesto aorista: k voprosu o vremeni stanovlenija grammatičeskoj normy, “Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики” / “Drevnjaja Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki” 67, 2017, p. 102–109.
Google Scholar

Belokurov S., O biblioteke moskovskich gosudarej v XVI stoletii, Moskva 1899.
Google Scholar

Bornert R., Les commentaires byzantins de la divine liturgie. Du VIIe au XVe siècle, Paris 1966 [= Archives de l’Orient chrétien, 9].
Google Scholar

Brightman F.E., Introduction, [in:] Liturgies Eastern and Western, ed. F.E. Brightman, Oxford 1896, p. XVII–CI.
Google Scholar

Chevalier U., Poésie liturgique du Moyen Âge, Paris–Lyon 1893.
Google Scholar

Čiževskij D., History of Russian Literature. From the Eleventh Century to the End of the Baroque, S-Gravenhage 1960.
Google Scholar

Denissoff E., Maxime le Grec et l’Occident, Paris–Louvain 1943.
Google Scholar

Fonkič B.L., Novyj avtograf Maksima Greka, [in:] B.L. Fonkič, Grečeskie rukopisi i dokumenty v Rossii v XIV – načale XVIII v., Moskva 2003 [= Россия и христианский Восток. Библиотека/ Rossija i christianskij Vostok. Biblioteka, 4], р. 74–79.
Google Scholar

Garzaniti M., Michele Trivolis / Massimo il Greco (1470 – circa-1555/1556). Una moderna adesione al vangelo nella tradizione ortodossa, “Cristianesimo nella Storia” 36, 2015, p. 341–366.
Google Scholar

Gorfunkel’ A.Ch., Milanskaja Psaltir’ Džovanni Krastone 1481 g. i gumanističeskaja kritika Biblii, [in:] Kollekcii. Knigi. Avtografy, 2, Knižnye redkosti Publičnoj biblioteki, Leningrad 1991, p. 29–43.
Google Scholar

Gove A.F., The Slavic Akathistos Hymn. Poetic Elements of the Byzantine Text and Its Old Church Slavonic Translation, München 1988 [= Slavistische Beiträge, 224].
Google Scholar

Havranek B., Aspects et temps du verbe en vieux slave, [in:] Mélanges de linguistique offerts à Charles Bally sous les auspices de la Faculté des lettres de l’Université de Genève par des collègues, des confrères, des disciples reconnaissants, Genève 1939, p. 223–230.
Google Scholar

Ivanov A.I., Literaturnoe nasledie Maksima Greka. Charakteristiki, atribucii, bibliografija, Leningrad 1969.
Google Scholar

Jagič I.V., Rassuždenija južnoslavjanskoj i russkoj stariny o cerkovnoslavjanskom jazyke, Sankt-Peterburg 1896.
Google Scholar

Jakobson R., Selected Writings, vol. VI, Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads, pars 1, ed. S. Rudy, Berlin–New-York–Amsterdam 1985.
Google Scholar

Johnson M.E., The Origins of the Anaphoral Use of the Sanctus and Epiclesis Revisited. The Contribution of Gabriele Winkler and Its Implications, [in:] Crossroad of Cultures. Studies in Liturgy and Patristics in Honor of Gabriele Winkler, ed. H.-J. Feulner, E. Velkovska, R. Taft, Roma 2000, p. 405–442 [= Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 260].
Google Scholar

Kallistos W., The Final Mystery: the Dormition of the Holy Virgin in Orthodox Worship, [in:] Mary for Time and Eternity, ed. W.M. McLaughlin, J. Pinnock, Leominster 2007, p. 219–252.
Google Scholar

Kaštanov S.M., K istorii russko-grečeskich kul’turnych svjazej v XVI v., [in:] Moskovija. Problemy vizantijskoj i novogrečeskoj filologii, Moskva 2001, p. 209–218.
Google Scholar

Kazimova G.A., Kanon moleben k božestvennomu i poklanjaemomu Paraklitu prepodobnogo Maksima Greka: k voprosu ob atribucii i funkcional’noj transformacii teksta, [in:] Lingvističeskoe istočnikovedenie i istorija russkogo jazyka (2004–2005), Moskva 2006, p. 281–294.
Google Scholar

Kolesov V.V., Nadstročnye znaki «sily» v russkoj orfografičeskoj tradicii, [in:] Vostočnoslavjanskie jazyki. Istočniki dlja ich izučenija, ed. L.P. Žukovskaja, N.I. Tarabasova, Moskva 1972, p. 228–258.
Google Scholar

Kravec E.V., Knižnaja sprava i perevody Maksima Greka kak opyt normalizacii cerkovnoslavjanskogo jazyka XVI veka, “Russian Linguistics” 15, 1991, p. 247–279.
Google Scholar

Krypiakiewicz P.F., De hymni Acathisti auctore, “Byzantinische Zeitschrift” 18, 1909, p. 357–382.
Google Scholar

Lash E., Biblical Interpretation in Worship, [in:] Orthodox Christian Theology, ed. M.B. Cunningham, E. Theokritoff, Cambridge 2008 [= Cambridge Companions to Religion], p. 35–49.
Google Scholar

Laurent V., Le rituel de la proscomidie et le métropolite de Crète Élie, “Revue des études byzantines” 16, 1958, p. 116–142.
Google Scholar

Layton E., Notes on Some Printers and Publishers of 16th Century Modern Greek Books in Venice, “Thesaurismata” 18, 1981, p. 119–144.
Google Scholar

Lemerle P., Le Juge général des Grecs et la réforme judiciaire d’Andronic III, [in:] Mémorial Louis Petit. Mélanges d’histoire et d’archéologie byzantines, Bucarest 1948 [= Archives de l’Orient chrétien, 1], p. 292–316.
Google Scholar

Louth A., ‘From Beginning to Beginning’: Endless Spiritual Progress in St Gregory of Nyssa. Lecture at the XXI Conference on the Orthodox Spirituality, [in:] The Proceedings of the XXI International Ecumenical Conference on Orthodox spirituality “The Ages of the Spiritual Life”, ed. E. Bianchi, Bose 2014.
Google Scholar

Makarova А.L., Makedonskij ESSE-perfekt: Evoljucija formy, [in:] Indoevropejskoe jazykoznanie i klassičeskaja filologija-XXII (čtenija pamjati I.M. Tronskogo). Materialy Meždunarodnoj konferencii, prochodivšej 18–20 ijunja 2018 g., pars 2, ed. N.N. Kazanskij, Sankt-Peterburg 2018, p. 821–829.
Google Scholar

Le Mont Athos et l’Empire byzantine – Tresors de la Sainte Montagne, Paris 2009.
Google Scholar

Mošin V.A., O periodizacii russko-južnoslavjanskich literaturnych svjazej X–XV vv., [in:] Rus’ i južnye slavjane. Sbornik statej k 100-letiju so dnja roždenija V.A. Mošina (1894–1987), ed. V.M. Zagrebin, Sankt-Peterburg 1998, p. 7–113.
Google Scholar

Murešan D.I., Ot vtorogo k tret’emu Rimu (Rol’ Patriarchata i rumynskich vlijanij), “Ориентиры…” 9, 2014, р. 116–153.
Google Scholar

Nahtigal R., Rekonstrukcija treh starocerkvenoslovanskih izvirnih pesnitev, Ljubljana 1942.
Google Scholar

Nikiforova A.Ju., Iz istorii Minei v Vizantii. Gimnografičeskie pamjatniki VIII–XII vv. iz sobranija monastyrja svjatoj Ekateriny na Sinae, Moskva 2012.
Google Scholar

Olmsted H.M., Recognizing Maksim Grek: Features of His Language, “Palaeoslavica” 10, 2002, p. 1–26.
Google Scholar

A Patristic Greek Lexicon, ed. G.W.H. Lampe, Oxford–London 2010.
Google Scholar

Pitra J.-B., Des Canons et des collections canoniques de l’Église Grecque, Paris 1858.
Google Scholar

Prochorov G.M., “Tak vossijajut pravedniki…”. Vizantijskaja literatura XIV v. v Drevnej Rusi, Sankt-Peterburg 2009.
Google Scholar

Robins R.H., The Byzantine Grammarians. Their Place in History, Berlin–New York 1993.
Google Scholar

Ropa G., Il culto della Vergine a Bologna nel Medioevo, [in:] Codex Angelicus 123. Studi sul graduale-tropario bolognese del secolo 11. e sui manoscritti collegati, ed. M.T.R. Barezzani, G. Ropa, Cremona 1996, p. 3–33.
Google Scholar

Runciman S., The Great Church in Captivity. A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence, London 1968.
Google Scholar

Runciman S., The Last Byzantine Renaissance, London 1970.
Google Scholar

Ržiga V.F., Kto perevel kratkuju povest’ o vzjatii Konstantinopolja turkami, “Slavia” 13.1, 1934, p. 105–108.
Google Scholar

Ržiga V.F., Neizdannye sočinenija Maksima Greka, “Byzantinoslavica” 6, 1935/1936, p. 85–109.
Google Scholar

Salaville S., Liturgies orientales, Paris 1932 [= Bibliotheque catholique des sciences religieuses, 87bis].
Google Scholar

Ševčenko I., The Four Worlds and the Two Puzzles of Maxim the Greek, “Palaeoslavica” 19, 2011, p. 294–304. “
Google Scholar

Ševčenko I., On the Greek Poetic Output of Maksim Grek, “Byzantinoslavica” 58, 1997, p. 1–70.
Google Scholar

Ševčenko N.P., The Service of the Virgins’s Lament Revisited, [in:] The Cult of the Mother of God in Byzantium. Texts and Images, ed. L. Brubaker, M.B. Cunningham, Farnham 2011 [= Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies], p. 247–262.
Google Scholar

Shoemaker S.J., The Georgian Life of the Virgin attributed to Maximus the Confessor: Its Authenticity(?) and Importance, “Scrinium” 2, 2006, p. 307–328.
Google Scholar

Siecienski E.A., The Filioque. A History of a Doctrinal Controvers, New York–Oxford 2010.
Google Scholar

Simoniti P., Humanizem na Slovenskem in Slovenski humanisti do srede XVI. stoletja, Ljubljana 1979.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Archeografičeskij obzor, [in:] Prepodobnyj Maksim Grek, Sočinenija, vol. I, Moskva 2008, p. 511–531.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Knižnyj master Michail Medovarcev, [in:] Drevnerusskoe iskusstvo. Rukopisnaja kniga, Moskva 1972, p. 286–317.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Maksim Grek, Moskva 2008 [= Жизнь замечательных людей. Cерия биографий / Žizn’ zamečatel’nych ljudej. Serija biografij, 1362].
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Maksim Grek v Rossii, Moskva 1977.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Novye dannye o rossijskom periode žizni prepodobnogo Maksima Greka (materialy dlja naučnoj biografii), “Вестник церковной истории” / “Vestnik cerkovnoj istorii” 4, 2006, p. 221–236.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Poslanie Maksima Greka Vasiliju III ob ustrojstve afonskich monastyrej (1518–1519 gg.), “Византийский временник” / “Vizantijskij vremennik” 26, 1965, р. 110–136.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Rannee tvorčestvo prepodobnogo Maksima Greka, [in:] Prepodobnyj Maksim Grek, Sočinenija, vol. I, Moskva 2008, p. 15–83.
Google Scholar

Sinicyna N.V., Tvorčestvo prepodobnogo Maksima Greka 30–50 gg. XVI v. i sobranie izbrannych sočinenij iz 47 glav, [in:] Prepodobnyj Maksim Grek, Sočinenija, vol. II, Moskva 2014, р. 12–47.
Google Scholar

Sobolev A.N., Hybrid Grammar in a Macedonian Dialect from Albania, [in:] Indoevropejskoe jazykoznanie i klassičeskaja filologija ‒ XXII (čtenija pamjati I.M. Tronskogo). Materialy Meždunarodnoj konferencii, prochodivšej 18–20 ijunja 2018 g., pars 2, (с. 795–1486), ed. N.N. Kazanskij, Sankt-Peterburg 2018, p. 1243‒1255.
Google Scholar

Speranzi D., Michele Trivoli e Giano Lascari. Appunti su copisti e manoscritti greci tra Corfu e Firenze, “Studi Slavistici” 7, 2010, p. 263–297.
Google Scholar

Taft R.F., A History of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, vol. V, The Precommunion Rites, Roma 2000 [= Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 261].
Google Scholar

Thomson F.J., The Slavonic Translation of the Old Testament, [in:] The Interpretation of the Bible. The International Symposium in Slovenia, ed. J. Krasovec, Sheffield–Ljubljana 1998 [= Journal for the study of the Old Testament. Supplement series, 289], p. 605–920.
Google Scholar

Tillyard H.J.W., Byzantine Music and Hymnography, London 1923.
Google Scholar

Trubar P., Articuli oli deili te prave stare vere kersanske, Tübingen 1562.
Google Scholar

Uspenskij N.D., Istorija russkogo literaturnogo jazyka (XI–XVII vv.), 3Moskva 2002.
Google Scholar

Uspenskij N.D., Vizantijskaja liturgija: istoriko-liturgičeskoe issledovanie. Anafora: opyt istoriko-liturgičeskogo analiza, Moskva 2006.
Google Scholar

Valiavitcharska V., Rhetoric and Rhythm in Byzantium. The Sound of Persuasion, Cambridge–New York 2013.
Google Scholar

Velmans T., Une illustration inédite de l’acathiste et l’iconographie des hymnes liturgiques a Byzance, “Cahiers archéologiques” 22, 1972, p. 132–165.
Google Scholar

Verner I.V., Grammatičeskaja sprava Maksima Greka v Psaltyri 1552 g., [in:] Pis’mennost’, literatura, fol’klor slavjanskich narodov. Istorija slavistiki, XV Meždunarodnyj s’’ezd slavistov, Moskva 2013, p. 104–127.
Google Scholar

Verner I.V., K istorii perevoda Psaltiri Maksimom Grekom v 1522–1552 godach: chronologija, tekstologija, metodologija, “Славяноведение” / “Slavjanovedenie” 2, 2017, p. 40–54.
Google Scholar

Wellesz E., The “Akathistos”. A Study in Byzantine Hymnography, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 9/10, 1956, p. 143–174.
Google Scholar

Wellesz E., The History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography, 2Oxford 1998.
Google Scholar

Zajc N., Some Notes on the Life and Works of Maxim the Greek (Michael Trivolis, ca 1470 – Maksim Grek, 1555/1556). Part 1: Biography, “Scrinium” 11, 2015, p. 314–325.
Google Scholar

Zajc N., Some Notes on the Life and Works of Maxim the Greek (Michael Trivolis, ca 1470 – Maksim Grek, 1555/1556). Part 2: Maxim the Greek’s Slavic Idiolect, “Scrinium” 12, 2016, p. 375–382.
Google Scholar

Žurova L.I., Avtorskij tekst Maksima Greka. Rukopisnaja i literaturnaja tradicii, pars 2, Sočinenija, Novosibirsk 2011.
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2018-12-30

How to Cite

Zajc, N. (2018). The Byzantine-Poetic Path of the Works of St. Maximus the Greek (Mikhail Trivolis, *Arta, ca. 1470 – St. Maximus the Greek, †Moscow, 1556). Studia Ceranea, 8, 285–318. https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.08.15

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.