Mobility Boundaries Between Home, Community, and Beyond: Experiences of Exceptionally Old Adults Living in Eastern Canada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.11.3.08Keywords:
Mobility, Ageing, Exceptionally Old, Public Transportation, NeoliberalismAbstract
Mobility for older people is linked to various meaningful and celebrated ways of ageing, such as maintaining independence, community participation, and quality of life (Metz 2000). In this paper, we examine the lives of people aged 90 and over as they encounter mobility challenges in the face of a particularly neoliberal socio-economic political context. Fifteen Canadians, living independently, were interviewed using the Psycho-Social Ethnography of the Commonplace (P-SEC) methodology. They shared their experiences with managing physical and community-related mobility issues. The analysis reveals how the current public transportation system complicates the lives of the exceptionally old, and sheds light on the ways in which this population makes sense of and deals with these complications. With the goals of reducing social boundaries and enhancing community mobility of older adults, based on the findings, we offer social policy recommendations.
Downloads
References
Armstrong, Pat. 2010. “Neoliberalism in Action: Canadian Perspectives.” Pp. 184-201 in Neoliberalism and Everyday Life, edited by S. Braedley, M. Luxton. Montreal, Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Google Scholar
Beals, Diane E. 1998. “Reappropriating Schema: Conceptions of Development From Bartlett and Bakhtin.” Mind, Culture, and Activity 51:3-24.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327884mca0501_2
Bem, Sandra. 1993. The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Google Scholar
Berlau, Daniel J. et al. 2012. “Disability in the Oldest-Old: Incidence and Risk Factors in the 90+ Study.” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20(2):159-168.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820d9295
Berry, Helen L., Bryan Rodgers, and Keith B. G. Dear. 2006. “Preliminary Development and Validation of an Australian Community Participation Questionnaire: Types of Participation and Associations with Distress in a Coastal Community.” Social Science & Medicine 64(8):1719-1737.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.12.009
Beswick, Andrew D. et al. 2010. “Maintaining Independence in Older People.” Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 20:128-153.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000079
Bowling, Ann. 2007. “Aspirations for Older Age in the 21st Century: What Is Successful Aging?” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 64(3):263-297.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/L0K1-87W4-9R01-7127
Braedley, Susan and Meg Luxton. 2010. “Competing Philosophies: Neoliberalism and Challenges of Everyday Life.” Pp. 3-21 in Neoliberalism and Everyday Life, edited by S. Braedley, M. Luxton. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Google Scholar
Brazier, Bette. 2006. “Intimate Partner Abuse: First Nations Women’s Experience.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada. Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://search.proquest.com/docview/304937703?accountid=14611
Google Scholar
Brown, Laura and Emily Baron Cadloff . 2015. “Fuel Tax Bump, Teacher Cuts, Closures Highlight 2015 New Brunswick Budget.” Global News: New Brunswick, March 31. Retrieved April 13, 2015: http://globalnews.ca/news/1913393/brian-gallants-liberals-to-deliver-first-n-b-budget-since-taking-office/
Google Scholar
Burdett, Freda and Carmen Poulin. 2003. “New Brunswick Female Correctional Officers’ Experience of Abuse and Violence.” Pp. 1-22 in Report submitted to the New-Brunswick Advisory Council on the Status of Women. New Brunswick, Canada.
Google Scholar
Canadian Urban Transit Association. 2011. “Federal, Provincial & Territorial Public Transit Funding Programs in Canada.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.cutaactu.ca/
Google Scholar
CBC New Brunswick. 2012. “Saint John Bus Runs, Routes Reduced.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: https://www.cbc.ca/informationmorningsaintjohn/2012/04/03/saint-john-bus-runs-routes-reduced/
Google Scholar
CBC News. 2013. “Maritime Bus Moves Downtown in Fredericton.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/maritime-bus-moves-downtown-in-fredericton-1.1384366
Google Scholar
Chappell, Neena L. et al. 2004. “Comparative Costs of Home Care and Residential Care.” The Gerontologist 44(3):389-400.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/44.3.389
Cigolle, Christine T. et al. 2007. “Geriatric Conditions and Disability: The Health and Retirement Study.” Annals of Internal Medicine 147:156-164.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00004
City of Miramichi. 2012. “Consolidated Financial Statements.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.miramichi.org/en/insidecityhall/resources/CitysignedFS2.pdf
Google Scholar
City of Moncton. 2012. “Consolidated Financial Statements.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.moncton.ca/Assets/Government+English/Budget+English/2012+Consolidated+Financial+Statements.pdf
Google Scholar
City of Saint John. 2012. “Consolidated Financial Statements: December 31, 2012.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.saintjohn.ca/site/media/SaintJohn/2012%20Consolidated%20FS%20Signed.pdf
Google Scholar
City of Fredericton. 2013. “Financial Statements: Year Ended December 31, 2013.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.fredericton.ca/en/citygovernment/resources/FinancialStmnts2013ENG.pdf
Google Scholar
Cohen-Mansfield, Jiska et al. 2013. “The Old, Old-Old, and the Oldest Old: Continuation or Distinct Categories? An Examination of the Relationship Between Age and Changes in Health, Function, and Wellbeing.” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 77(1):37-57.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.77.1.c
Cook, Ian G., Jamie Halsall, and Jason L. Powell. 2010. “Comparative Aging and Qualitative Theorizing.” Qualitative Sociology Review 6(1):48-59.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.6.1.05
Crawshaw, Paul and Philip Whitehead. 2012. Organizing Neoliberalism: Markets, Privatization, and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Cuddy, Amy J. C. and Susan T. Fiske. 2002. “Doddering But Dear: Process, Content, and Function in Stereotyping of Older Persons.” Pp. 3-26 in Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons, edited by T. D. Nelson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Cuddy, Amy J. C., Michael I. Norton, and Susan T. Fiske. 2005. “This Old Stereotype: The Pervasiveness and Persistence of the Elderly Stereotype.” Journal of Social Issues 61(2):267-285.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00405.x
Desrosiers, Johanne, Luc Noreau, and Annie Rochette. 2004. “Social Participation of Older Adults in Quebec.” Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 16:406-412.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324572
Dyer, Janyce G. and Minton T. McGuinness. 1996. “Resilience: Analysis of the Concept.” Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 10(5):276-282.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9417(96)80036-7
Enkvist, Asa, Henrik Ekstrom, and Solve Elmstahl. 2012. “What Factors Affect Life Satisfaction (LS) Among the Oldest-Old?” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 54:140-145.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.03.013
Fange, Agneta and Synneve D. Ivanoff . 2008. “The Home Is the Hub of Health in the Very Old Age: Findings From the ENABLE-AGE Project.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 48:340-345.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2008.02.015
Fiori, Katherine L., Jacqui Smith, and Toni C. Antonucci. 2007. “Social Network Types Among Older Adults: A Multidimensional Approach.” Journal of Gerontology 62B(6):322-330.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.6.P322
Fry, Christine L. 2000. “Culture, Age, and Subjective Well-Being: Health, Functionality, and the Infrastructure of Eldercare in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Family Issues 21:751-776.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019251300021006005
Gabriel, Zahava and Ann Bowling. 2004. “Quality of Life From the Perspectives of Older People.” Ageing and Society 24(5):675-691.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X03001582
Gagliardi, Cristina et al. 2009. “Associations of Personal and Mobility Resources With Subjective Well-Being Among Older Adults in Italy and Germany.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 50:42-47.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.007
Gibson, Kerri, Susan O’Donnell, and Vanda Rideout. 2008. “The State’s Project Funding Regime: Complications for Community Organizations and Their Staff .” Canadian Journal of Public Administration 50(3):411-435.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.2007.tb02135.x
Gouliquer, Lynne and Carmen Poulin. 2005. “For Better and for Worse: Psychological Demands and Structural Impacts of the Military on Gay Servicewomen and Their Partners in Long-Term Relationships.” Pp. 323-335 in Doing Ethnography: Studying Everyday Life, edited by D. Pawluch, W. Shaffi r, C. Miall. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Google Scholar
Government of New Brunswick. 2013. “Transportation Directory for Persons With Disabilities and Seniors and Vehicle Retrofit Programs December 2013.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/pcsdp-cpmcph/pdf/directories/TransportationServices.pdf
Google Scholar
Hanson, Trevor R. 2008. “Transportation Alternatives for Rural Seniors in New Brunswick, Canada: Issues, Policy Implications, and Research Needs.” Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting, January 11-15, 2009. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Theorizing From Women’s Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra. 2004. The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Hendrickson, Christy C. and William C. Mann. 2005. “Changes Over Time in Community Mobility of Elders With Disabilities.” Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 23(2-3):75-89.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/J148v23n02_05
Hilleras, Pernilla K. et al. 2001. “Life Satisfaction Among the Very Old: A Survey on a Cognitively Intact Sample Aged 90 Years or Above.” The International Journal of Aging & Human Development 52(1):71-90.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/B8NC-D9MQ-KJE8-UUG9
Hitt, Rose et al. 1999. “Centenarians: The Older You Get, the Healthier You Have Been.” The Lancet 354(9179):652.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01987-X
Holwerda, Tjalling J. et al. 2008. “Increased Risk of Mortality Associated With Social Isolation in Older Men: Only When Feeling Lonely? Results From the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL).” Psychological Medicine 42(4):843-853.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001772
International Federation on Ageing. 2012. Current and Emerging Issues Facing Older Canadians. Toronto: International Federation on Ageing.
Google Scholar
International Organization for Migration. 2011. “World Migration Report 2011.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/WMR2011_English.pdf
Google Scholar
Jensen, Mett e. 1999. “Passion and Heart in Transport — A Sociological Analysis on Transport Behavior.” Transport Policy 6(1):19-33.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(98)00029-8
Kotz, David M. and Terrence McDonough. 2010. “Global Neoliberalism and the Contemporary Social Structure of Accumulation.” Pp. 93-120 in Contemporary Capitalism and Its Crises: Social Structure of Accumulation Theory for the 21st Century, edited by T. Mc-Donough, M. Reich, D. M. Kotz. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804335.005
Lantz , Kristina, Jan Marcusson, and Ewa Wressle. 2012. “Perceived Participation and Health-Related Quality of Life in 85 Year Olds in Sweden.” OTJR 32(4):117-125.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20120316-01
Larner, Wendy. 2000. “Neo-Liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality.” Studies in Political Economy 63:5-25.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19187033.2000.11675231
Lord, Sebastian, Carole Despres, and Thierry Ramadier. 2010. “When Mobility Makes Sense: A Qualitative and Longitudinal Study of the Daily Mobility of the Elderly.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 31(1):52-61.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.02.007
Luxton, Meg. 2010. “Doing Neoliberalism: Perverse Individualism in Personal Life.” Pp. 163-183 in Neoliberalism and Everyday Life, edited by S. Braedley, M. Luxton. Montreal: Mc-Gill-Queen’s University Press.
Google Scholar
MacAulay, Sarah. 2013. “Negotiating the Institutional Influences of University Residences: Daily Experiences of Female Students.” PhD Dissertation. Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
Google Scholar
MacDonald, Michael. 2015. “New Brunswick Budget 2015: $8.6B Plan Hikes Taxes On Rich.” Huffington Post, March 31. Retrieved April 13, 2015: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/03/31/newbrunswick-forecasts-_n_6974800.html
Google Scholar
McDonough, Terrance, Michael Reich, and David. M. Kotz, (eds.). 2010. Contemporary Capitalism and Its Crises: Social Structure of Accumulation Theory for the 21st Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804335
McHardie, Daniel. 2014. “Talking to Young People Key in Slowing Outmigration, Expert Says.” CBC News, September 11. Retrieved April 04, 2015: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-votes-2014/talking-to-youngpeople-key-in-slowing-outmigration-expert-says-1.2762141
Google Scholar
Metz, David H. 2000. “Mobility of Older People and Their Quality of Life.” Transport Policy 7(2):149-152.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00004-4
Nelson, Todd D. 2005. “Ageism: Prejudice Against Our Feared Future Self.” Journal of Social Issues 61(2):207-221.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x
Nilsson, Ingeborg, Anna S. Lundgren, and Marianne Liliequist. 2012. “Occupational Well-Being Among the Very Old.” Journal of Occupational Science 19(2):115-126.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2011.595894
Oswald, Frank et al. 2007. “Relationships Between Housing and Healthy Aging in Very Old Age.” The Gerontologist 47(1):96-107.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/47.1.96
Paillard-Borg, Stephanie et al. 2009. “Pattern of Participation in Leisure Activities Among Older People in Relation to Their Health Conditions and Contextual Factors: A Survey in a Swedish Urban Area.” Ageing and Society 29:803-821.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X08008337
Porter, Eileen J. 2005. “A Phenomenological Perspective on Older Widows’ Satisfactions With Their Lives.” Research on Aging 27(1):80-115.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504271347
Poulin, Carmen. 2001. “The Military Is the Wife and I Am the Mistress: Partners of Gay Service Women.” Atlantis 26(1):65-76.
Google Scholar
Power, Bill. 2012. “Via Rail Cuts Ocean Route Runs.” The Chronicle Herald, June 26. Retrieved April 13, 2015: http://www.thechronicleherald.ca/business/111171-via-rail-cuts-oceanroute-runs
Google Scholar
Randall, William L. 2011. “Memory, Metaphor, and Meaning: Reading for Wisdom in the Stories of Our Lives.” Pp. 20-38 in Storying Later Life: Issues, Investigations, and Interventions in Narrative Gerontology, edited by G. Kenyon, E. Bohlmeijer, W. L. Randall. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Robson, Colin. 1993. Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Rosso, Andrea L. et al. 2013. “Mobility, Disability, and Social Engagement in Older Adults.” Journal of Aging and Health 25(4):617-637.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264313482489
Rozanova, Julia. 2010. “Discourse of Successful Aging in The Globe & Mail: Insights From Critical Gerontology.” Journal of Aging Studies 24:213-222.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2010.05.001
Rumelhart, David and Andrew Ortony. 1977. “The Representation of Knowledge in Memory.” Pp. 99-135 in Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge, edited by R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, W. E. Montague. Newark, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315271644-10
Signorella, Margaret L. and Irene H. Frieze. 2008. “Interrelations of Gender Schemas in Children and Adolescents: Attitudes, Preferences, and Self-Perceptions.” Social Behavior and Personality 36(7):941-954.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.7.941
Smith, Dorothy E. 1987. The Everyday World As Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Google Scholar
Smith, Dorothy E. 2005. Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2009. “Birth Analysis.” (Publications Number 84F0210X). Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/
Google Scholar
Transport Canada. 2012. “Transportation in Canada 2012: Overview Report.” Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Cat. No. T1-21/2012E-PDF. Retrieved August 30, 2014: https://www.tc.gc.ca
Google Scholar
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2012. “Population Ageing and Development: Ten Years After Madrid.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/popfacts_2012-4.pdf
Google Scholar
Victoriaville. n.d. “TaxiBus. Service Overview.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://www.ville.victoriaville.qc.ca/content/fr-CA/s2f_taxibus.aspx
Google Scholar
Walker, Alan and Ariela Lowenstein. 2009. “European Perspectives on Quality of Life in Old Age.” European Journal of Ageing 6:61-66.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0117-9
Webber, Sandra C., Michelle M. Porter, and Verena H. Menec. 2010. “Mobility in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Framework.” The Gerontologist 50(4):443-450.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnq013
Wergren-Elgstrom, Monica, Gunilla Carlsson, and Susanne Iwarsson. 2008. “A 10-Year Follow-Up Study on Subjective Well-Being and Relationships to Person-Environment (P-E) Fit and Activity of Daily Living (ADL).” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 49:16-22.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2008.08.001
World Health Organization. 2012. “Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Life Expectancy Data by Country.” Retrieved August 30, 2014: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.