Studying Corruption: Reflections on the Methodological, Practical, and Personal Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.12.3.01Keywords:
Public Corruption, Eastern Europe, Republic of Moldova, Methodology, Challenges of Field WorkAbstract
There is a growing recognition among scholars that those engaged in qualitative research often face a number of serious methodological and personal challenges. Rather surprisingly, these difficulties receive relatively limited attention within the academic literature. Given the rising role of qualitative methodologies within social science research, the benefits of and the need for honest and practical discussions regarding what researchers should expect when entering fieldwork become increasingly obvious. This article draws on my fieldwork experiences of studying public corruption in the Republic of Moldova, a former Soviet state. I provide reflections on the methodological, practical, and personal challenges of conducting qualitative research on a sensitive issue within a social setting that is not structurally inclined to support projects of such nature. The discussion is primarily focused on the research difficulties that are bound to arise with any attempt to confirm previously suggested propositions within the post-Soviet social matrices. This article and the suggestions made here fall in line with a number of other recent works which have been motivated by the call to share insights and guidance about the challenges, “tricks of the trade,” and dangers of fieldwork in remarkable settings.
Downloads
References
Adams, Laura L. 1999. “The Mascot Researcher: Identity, Power, and Knowledge in Fieldwork.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28(4):331-363.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124199129023479
Anechiarico, Frank and James B. Jacobs. 1996. The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Archer, Margaret S. 2007. Making Our Way Through the World: Human Reflexivity and Social Mobility. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618932
Becker, Howard S. 2008. Tricks of the Trade: How to Think About Your Research While You’re Doing It. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar
Belousov, Konstantin et al. 2007. “Any Port in a Storm: Fieldwork Difficulties in Dangerous and Crisis-Ridden Settings.” Qualitative Research 7(2):155-175.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107076019
Birch, Maxine and Tina Miller. 2000. “Inviting Intimacy: The Interview as Therapeutic Opportunity.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 3(3):189-202.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570050083689
Brandes, Stanley. 2008. “The Things We Carry.” Men and Masculinities 11(2):145-153.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X08315099
Campbell, Rebecca. 2013. Emotionally Involved: The Impact of Researching Rape. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203613511
Cannon, Sue. 2005. “Reflections on Fieldwork in Stressful Situations.” Pp. 126-154 in Sage Benchmarks in Social Research Methods: Fieldwork, vol. III, edited by C. Pole. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Ceglowski, Deborah. 2000. “Research as Relationship.” Qualitative Inquiry 6(1):88-103.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040000600106
Charmaz, Kathy. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Ann L. 2002. “Reflexive Dialogical Practice in Management Learning.” Management Learning 33(1):35-61.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507602331002
Cunliffe, Ann L. 2003. “Reflexive Inquiry in Organizational Research: Questions and Possibilities.” Human Relations 56(8):983-1003.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267030568004
Cunliffe, Ann L. 2004. “On Becoming a Critically Reflexive Practitioner.” Journal of Management Education 28(4):407-426.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562904264440
Cunliffe, Ann L. and Jong S. Jun. 2005. “The Need for Reflexivity in Public Administration.” Administration & Society 37(2):225-242.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399704273209
Darlington, Yvonne and Dorothy Scott. 2002. Qualitative Research in Practice: Stories From the Field. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Google Scholar
de Graaf, Gjalt and L.W.J.C. Huberts. 2008. “Portraying the Nature of Corruption Using an Explorative Case Study Design.” Public Administration Review 68(4):640-653.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00904.x
Della Porta, Donatella and Alberto Vannucci. 1997. “The Resources of Corruption: Some Reflections From the Italian Case.” Crime, Law, and Social Change 27(3-4):231-254.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008215600420
Dickson-Swift, Virginia et al. 2006. “Blurring Boundaries in Qualitative Health Research on Sensitive Topics.” Qualitative Health Research 16(6):853-871.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732306287526
Dickson-Swift, Virginia et al. 2007. “Doing Sensitive Research: What Challenges Do Qualitative Researchers Face?” Qualitative Research 7(3):327-353.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107078515
Doig, Alan. 2011. “Numbers, Words, and KYC: Knowing Your Country and Knowing Your Corruption.” Critical Perspectives on International Business 7(2):142-158.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17422041111128221
Enguix, Begonya. 2014. “Negotiating the Field: Rethinking Ethnographic Authority, Experience, and the Frontiers of Research.” Qualitative Research 14(1):79-94.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112465635
Etherington, Kim. 1996. “The Counsellor as Researcher: Boundary Issues and Critical Dilemmas.” British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 24(3):339-346.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889608253018
Gair, Susan. 2002. “In the Thick of It: A Reflective Tale From an Australian Social Worker/Qualitative Researcher.” Qualitative Health Research 12(1):130-139.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732302012001010
Goffman, Erving. 1989. “On Fieldwork.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 18(2):123-132.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124189018002001
Haller, Dieter and Cris Shore, (eds.). 2005. Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
Google Scholar
Hardy, Catherine A. and Susan P. Williams. 2011. “Assembling E-Government Research Designs: A Transdisciplinary View and Interactive Approach.” Public Administration Review 71(3):405-413.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02361.x
Harris, Lloyd C. 2002. “The Emotional Labour of Barristers: An Exploration of Emotional Labour by Status Professionals.” Journal of Management Studies 39(4):553-584.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.t01-1-00303
Harris, Stanley G. and Robert I. Sutton. 1986. “Functions of Partying Ceremonies in Dying Organizations.” The Academy of Management Journal 29(1):5-30.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/255857
Hibbert, Paul, Christine Coupland, and Robert MacIntosh. 2010. “Reflexivity: Recursion and Relationality in Organizational Research Processes.” Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 5(1):47-62.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17465641011042026
Höffling, Christian. 2002. Korruption als soziale beziehung [Corruption as Social Ties]. Opladen: Lseke Budrich Verlag.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-10540-4
Hummel, Ralph. 1991. “Stories Managers Tell: Why They Are as Valid as Science.” Public Administration Review 51(1):31-41.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/976634
Jamieson, Janet. 2000. “Negotiating Danger in Fieldwork on Crime.” Pp. 61-71 in Danger in the Field: Risk and Ethics in Social Research, edited by G. Lee-Treweek and S. Linkogle. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Johnson, Barbara and Jill M. Clarke. 2003. “Collecting Sensitive Data: The Impact on Researchers.” Qualitative Health Research 13(3):421-434.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732302250340
Johnston, Michael. 2001. “The Definitions Debate: Good Politics, Governance, and the Concept of Corruption.” Pp. 11-31 in Political Economy of Corruption, edited by A. K. Jain. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203468388.ch2
Karklins, Rasma. 2005. The System Made Me Do It: Corruption in Post-Communist Societies. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Kinard, E. Milling. 1996. “Conducting Research on Child Maltreatment: Effects on Researchers.” Violence and Victims 11(1):65-69.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.1.65
Kovats‐Bernat, Christopher. 2002. “Negotiating Dangerous Fields: Pragmatic Strategies for Fieldwork Amid Violence and Terror.” American Anthropologist 104(1):208-222.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.1.208
Lather, Patti. 1986. “Research as Praxis.” Harvard Educational Review 56(3):257-277.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.56.3.bj2h231877069482
Lee-Treweek, Geraldine and Stephanie Linkogle, (eds.). 2000. Danger in the Field: Risk and Ethics in Social Research. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Li, Jun. 2008. “Ethical Challenges in Participant Observation: A Reflection on Ethnographic Fieldwork.” Qualitative Report 13(1):100-115.
Google Scholar
Liamputtong, Pranee and Douglas Ezzy. 2006. Qualitative Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Liamputtong Rice, Pranee and Douglas Ezzy. 1999. Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Lincoln, Yvonna S. and Egon G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
Lupton, Deborah. 1998. The Emotional Self: A Sociocultural Exploration. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Mazzei, Julie and Erin E. O’Brien. 2009. “You Got It, So When Do You Flaunt It? Building Rapport, Intersectionality, and the Strategic Deployment of Gender in the Field.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 38(3):358-383.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241608330456
Melrose, Margaret. 2002. “Labour Pains: Some Considerations on the Difficulties of Researching Juvenile Prostitution.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 5(4):333-351.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570110045963
Menzel, Donald. 2003. “State of the Art of Empirical Research on Ethics and Integrity in Governance.” Pp. 16-48 in Ethics in Public Management, edited by G. H. Frederickson and K. R. Ghere. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Minichiello, Victor, Rosalie Aroni, and Terrance N. Hays. 2008. In-Depth Interviewing: Principles, Techniques, Analysis. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Education Australia.
Google Scholar
Morgan, Jayne and Kathleen Krone. 2001. “Bending the Rules of ‘Professional’ Display: Emotional Improvisation in Caregiver Performances.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 29(4):317-340.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880128114
Morgan, Rod, Mike Maguire, and Robert Reiner, (eds.). 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Morse, Janice M. and Peggy A. Field. 1995. Qualitative Research Methods for Health Professionals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Patton, Michael Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Philp, Mark. 1997. “Defining Political Corruption.” Political Studies 45(3):436-462.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00090
Rager, Kathleen B. 2005. “Self-Care and the Qualitative Researcher: When Collecting Data Can Break Your Heart.” Educational Researcher 34(4):23-27.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X034004023
Ribbens, Jane and Rosalind Edwards, (eds.). 1998. Feminist Dilemmas in Qualitative Research: Public Knowledge and Private Lives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209137
Roman, Alexandru V. 2012. “ The Myths Within Anticorruption Policies.” Administrative Theory & Praxis 34(2):238-255.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806340204
Roman, Alexandru V. 2014a. “Refocusing Perspectives on Public Corruption Away From the Individual: Insights From the Moldovan Social Matrix.” Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences 43:216-231.
Google Scholar
Roman, Alexandru V. 2014b. “The Multi-Shade Paradox of Public Corruption: The Moldovan Case of Dirty Hands and Collective Action.” Crime, Law, and Social Change 62(1):65-80.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9519-5
Roman, Alexandru V. and Hugh T. Miller. 2014. “Building Social Cohesion: Family, Friends, and Corruption.” Administration & Society 46(7):775-795.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712473987
Rosenblatt, Paul C. 2001. “Qualitative Research as a Spiritual Experience.” Pp. 111-128 in The Emotional Nature of Qualitative Research, edited by K. Gilbert. London: CRC Press.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039283.sec2
Rubin, Herbert J. and Irene S. Rubin. 2012. Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. London: Sage.
Google Scholar
Sluka, Jeffrey. 1995. “Reflections on Managing Danger in Fieldwork: Dangerous Anthropology in Belfast.” Pp. 276-294 in Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival, edited by C. Nordstrom and A. Robben. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Google Scholar
Stanley, Christine A. and Patrick Slattery. 2003. “Who Reveals What to Whom? Critical Reflections on Conducting Qualitative Inquiry as an Interdisciplinary, Biracial, Male/Female Research Team.” Qualitative Inquiry 9(5):705-728.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403253004
Stanley, Liz and Sue Wise. 2002. Breaking Out Again: Feminist Ontology and Epistemology. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203201619
Von Alemann, Ulrich. 2004. “The Unknown Depths of Political Theory: The Case for a Multidimensional Concept of Corruption.” Crime, Law, and Social Change 42(1):25-34.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041035.21045.1d
Warr, Deborah J. 2004. “Stories in the Flesh and Voices in the Head: Reflections on the Context and Impact of Research With Disadvantaged Populations.” Qualitative Health Research 14(4):578-587.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303260449
Yanow, Dvora and Peregrine Schwartz-Shea, (eds.). 2006. Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Method and the Interpretive Turn. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Yin, Robert K. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.