Life as a Stranger: Experiences of Labor Migrants from Lesotho
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.13.1.05Keywords:
Labor Migrants, Migrant Experiences in South Africa, Sense of Belonging, Marginalization, Insecurity, ExclusionAbstract
Drawing on in-depth interviews with nine Basotho labor migrants in Bloemfontein, this article examines their experiences of being a stranger by exploring their accounts of everyday life. Literature on migration studies confirms that migrants face numerous challenges in destination areas, and South Africa is no exception in this regard. The major concerns expressed by the research participants are harassment by the police, hostility from the local citizens, poor living conditions, exploitation by employers, the language barrier, and difficulty in accessing public services. This article argues that these constraints make it difficult for migrants to establish a sense of belonging. Instead, they have a sense of being outsiders and strangers in Bloemfontein.
Downloads
References
Antonsich, Marco. 2010. “Searching for Belonging: An Analytical Framework.” Geography Compass 4(6):644-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00317.x
Bourdieu, Pierre and Loïc J. D. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Calavita, Kitty. 2005. Immigrants at the Margins: Law, Race, and Exclusion in Southern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493942
Chireshe, Regis. 2010. “The Impact of Poverty on Women’s Psychosocial Well-Being: Narratives from Zimbabwean Migrant Women in South Africa.” Journal of Psychology in Africa 20(2):193-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2010.10820363
Cobbe, Jim. 2012. Lesotho: From Labour Reserve to Depopulating Periphery? Retrieved July 02, 2016: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/Lesotho-labor-reserve-depopulating-periphery
Creswell, John W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. London: Sage.
Crush, Jonathan. 2000. “The Dark Side of Democracy: Migration, Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa.” International Migration 38(6):103-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00145
Crush, Jonathan and David A. McDonald. 2000. “Transnationalism, African Immigration, and New Migrant Spaces in South Africa: An Introduction.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 34(1):1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2000.10751182
Dinat, Natalya and Sally Peberdy. 2007. “Restless Worlds of Work, Health and Migration: Domestic Workers in Johannesburg.” Development Southern Africa 24(1):187-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350601166056
Dodson, Belinda. 2010. “Locating Xenophobia: Debate, Discourse, and Everyday Experience in Cape Town, South Africa.” Africa Today 56(3):3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/aft.2010.56.3.2
Easthope, Hazel. 2004. “A Place Called Home.” Housing, Theory, and Society 21(3):128-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14036090410021360
Gordon, Elizabeth. 1981. “Easing the Plight of Migrant Workers’ Families in Lesotho.” Pp. 113-130 in Black Migration to South Africa: A Selection of Policy-Oriented Research, edited by R. W. Bohning. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
Gotz, Graeme and Simone Abdoumaliq. 2003. “On Belonging and Becoming in African Cities.” Pp. 123-147 in Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City, edited by R. Tomlinson et al. New York: Routledge.
Gray, David E. 2014. Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage.
Griffin, Laura. 2010. Borderwork: ‘Illegality,’ Un-Bounded Labour and the Lives of Basotho Migrant Domestic Workers. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne.
Griffin, Laura. 2011. “Unravelling Rights: ‘Illegal’ Migrant Domestic Workers in South Africa.” South African Review of Sociology 42(2):83-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2011.582349
Guibernau, Montserrat. 2013. Belonging: Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hansen, Thomas B., Caroline Jeannerat, and Samadia Sadouni. 2009. “Introduction: Portable Spirits and Itinerant People: Religion and Migration in South Africa in a Comparative Perspective.” African Studies 68(2):187-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180903109565
Johnston, Deborah. 2007. “Who Needs Immigrant Farm Workers? A South African Case Study.” Journal of Agrarian Change 7(4):494-525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00154.x
Kakonde, Peter B. 2010. “Transnational Family Ties, Remittance Motives, and Social Death among Congolese Migrants: A Socio-Anthropological Analysis.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 41(2):225-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.41.2.225
Kihato, Caroline W. 2013. Migrant Women of Johannesburg: Life in an In-Between City. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137299970
Landau, Loren B. and Iriann Freemantle. 2010. “Tactical Cosmopolitanism and Idioms of Belonging: Insertion and Self-Exclusion in Johannesburg.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36(3):375-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830903494901
Madsen, Kenneth D. and Ton van Naerssen. 2003. “Migration, Identity, and Belonging.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 18(1):61-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2003.9695602
Madsen, Morten L. 2004. “Living for Home: Policing Immorality among Undocumented Migrants in Johannesburg.” African Studies 63(2):173-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180412331318742
McConnell, Christy. 2009. “Migration and Xenophobia in South Africa.” Conflict Trends 1:34-40.
Mensah, Samuel N. A. and Vannie Naidoo. 2011. “Migration Shocks: Integrating Lesotho’s Retrenched Migrant Miners.” International Migration Review 45(4):1017-1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2011.00875.x
Merriam, Sharan B. 2009. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Modo, Innocent V. O. 2001. “Migrant Culture and Changing Face of Family Structure in Lesotho.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 32(3):443-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.32.3.443
Munyewende, Pascalia et al. 2011. “Exploring Perceptions of HIV Risk and Health Service Access among Zimbabwean Migrant Women in Johannesburg: A Gap in Health Policy in South Africa?” Journal of Public Health Policy 32:152-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2011.36
Murray, Colin. 1981. Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Neocosmos, Michael. 2008. “The Politics of Fear and the Fear of Politics: Reflections on Xenophobic Violence in South Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 43(6):586-594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909608096655
Neuman, Lawrence W. 2012. Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson Education.
Palmary, Ingrid, Janine Rauch, and Graeme Simpson. 2003. “Violent Crime in Johannesburg.” Pp. 101-122 in Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City, edited by R. Tomlinson et al. New York: Routledge.
Pande, Amrita. 2014. “‘I Prefer to Go Back the Day before Tomorrow, But I Cannot’: Paternalistic Migration Policies and the ‘Global Exile.’” Critical Social Policy 34(3):374-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018314526008
Peberdy, Sally. 2001. “Imagining Immigration: Inclusive Identities and Exclusive Policies in Post-1994 South Africa.” Africa Today 48(3):15-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/at.2001.0060
Peberdy, Sally and Zonke Majodina. 2000. “‘Just a Roof Over My Head?’ Housing and the Somali Refugee Community in Johannesburg.” Urban Forum 11(2):273-288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03036733
Purcell, Mark. 2002. “Excavating Lefebvre: The Right to the City and Its Urban Politics of the Inhabitant.” GeoJournal 58:99-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEJO.0000010829.62237.8f
Ralph, David and Lynn A. Staeheli. 2011. “Home and Migration: Mobilities, Belongings and Identities.” Geography Compass 15(7):517-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00434.x
Roulston, Kathryn. 2010. Reflective Interviewing: A Guide to Theory and Practice. London: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288009
Statistics South Africa. 2012. Census 2011 (P0301.4). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
Statistics South Africa. 2014. Documented Immigrants in South Africa, 2013 (P0351.4). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
Ulicki, Theresa and Jonathan Crush. 2000. “Gender, Farm Work, and Women’s Migration from Lesotho to the New South Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 34(1):64-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2000.10751185
Ulicki, Theresa and Jonathan Crush. 2007. “Poverty, Gender, and Migrancy: Lesotho’s Migrant Farmworkers in South Africa.” Development Southern Africa 24(1):155-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350601165983
Vandeyar, Saloshna and Thirusellvan Vandeyar. 2011. “Articulating Cultures: Socio-Cultural Experiences of Black Female Immigrant Students in South African Schools.” Gender and Behaviour 9(2):4161-4188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/gab.v9i2.72190
Wodak, Ruth. 2008. “‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Inclusion and Exclusion: Discrimination via Discourse.” Pp. 54-77 in Identity, Belonging and Migration, edited by G. Delanty, R. Wodak, and P. Jones. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781846311185.003.0004
Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2006. “Belonging and the Politics of Belonging.” Patterns of Prejudice 40(3):197-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220600769331
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

