Sexual Dimorphism in Estimated Stature from Long Bones in Gilimanuk, Semawang, Plawangan, and Recent Sample in Indonesia

Janatin Hastuti; Ashwin Prayudi; Neni Trilusiana Rahmawati; Noorman Hendry Fauzi; Rusyad Adi Suriyanto

doi:10.18778/1898-6773.88.1.05

Authors

Janatin Hastuti Lab. of Bio- & Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Medika St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-463X
Ashwin Prayudi Lab. of Bio- & Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Medika St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-8840
Neni Trilusiana Rahmawati Lab. of Bio- & Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Medika St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9686-0907
Noorman Hendry Fauzi Lab. of Bio- & Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Medika St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0086-9800
Rusyad Adi Suriyanto Lab. of Bio- & Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Medika St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Department of Medical Forensic, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako St, Sekip, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-0759

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.88.1.05

Keywords:

sexual dimorphism, stature, Gilimanuk, Plawangan, Semawang

Abstract

The study of sexual dimorphism among ancient skeletons can provide information on community health in the past. Meanwhile, the younger geological age of skeletal remains from Gilimanuk, Semawang, and Plawangan have received little attention. This study aimed to evaluate the sexual dimorphism in estimated stature of Gilimanuk, Semawang, Plawangan, in addition to a recent sample, of long bones. Observations were conducted on 44 (16 males, 28 females) skeletal remains of Gilimanuk, nine of Semawang (five males, four females) and 11 of Plawangan, (four males, seven females), and nine of recent (four males, five females) human skeletons stored at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Stature was estimated from the length of long bones. The highest average stature in the ancient sample was for Gilimanuk females (168.74 ± 9.18 cm) and males (174.10 ± 9.42 cm) in the age 16–<20 years. However, the averages of estimated stature in all ages were similar in both sexes. The average estimated stature of Semawang and Plawangan remains was slightly lower than those of Gilimanuk remains, i.e., 162.60 ± 3.97 and 159.08 ± 1.59 cm, respectively. In comparison, the recent human skeletons indicated that the average estimated stature was 168.32 ± 4.70 for males and 160.45 ± 6.89 cm for females. Our findings indicate that long bone measurements are comparable among remains from each sample. However, sexual dimorphism in estimated stature was clearly greater in recent human remains in comparison to Gilimanuk, Semawang, and Plawangan skeletal remains. Our findings suggest temporal changes in stature in this part of Indonesia.

Downloads

References

Aziz FA, Faisal W. 1997. Pertanggalan radiocarbon rangka manusia situs Gilimanuk, Bali. Naditira Widya 2:52–62.
View in Google Scholar

Barroso Flamino C, Oliveira D, Ferreira L, Martins M, Santos R, Laureano R, Nunes T, Bento B, Santos R, Palmela Pereira C. 2020. Osteometric and osteomorphological sex estimation from the os coxa in an archaeological population related to the 1755 Earthquake of Lisbon. Bull Int Assoc Paleodont 14(1):32–39.
View in Google Scholar

Boedhisampurno S.1990. Temuan sisa manusia dari situs kubur Paleometalik Plawangan, Rembang, Jawa Tengah, In RP Soejono, NA Subagus, Nurhadi, HM Ambary, S Satari, DD Bintarti, and ES Hardiati, editors. Proceedings Analisis Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi I. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. 125–164.
View in Google Scholar

Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Arkansas.
View in Google Scholar

Carlson KJ, Grine FE, Pearson OM. 2007. Robusticity and sexual dimorphism in the postcranium of modern hunter-gatherers from Australia. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:9–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20617
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20617

Chen Y, Kim M, Paye S et al. 2022. Sex as a biological variable in nutrition research: from human studies to animal models. Annu Rev Nutr 42: 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105852
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105852

Damai AH. 2023. Deskripsi paleopatologi gigi manusia purba berdasarkan aktivitas di Situs Plawangan. Unpublished bachelor dissertation. Program Studi Arkeologi Universitas Udayana.
View in Google Scholar

Dong Z. 1997. Mixture analysis and its preliminary application in archaeology. J Archaeol Sci I:141–161. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0100
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0100

Duangto P, Mahakkanukrauh P. 2020. Sex estimation from upper limb bones in sex dimorphism in a Thai population. Anat Cell Biol. 53(1):36–43. https://doi.org/10.5115/abc.19.179
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.19.179

Eveleth PB. 1975. Differences between ethnic groups in sex dimorphism of adult height. Ann Hum Biol 2(1):35–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014467500000541
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014467500000541

Frayer DW. 1980. Sexual dimorphism and cultural development in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Europe. J Hum Develop 9(5): 399–415.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(80)90050-0

Frayer DW, Wolpoff MH. 1985. Sexual dimorphism. Annu Rev Anthropol 14:429–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.002241
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.002241

Gray JP, Wolfe LD. 1980. Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies. Am J Phys Anthropol 53(3):441–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330530314
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330530314

Harkatiningsih MN. 1990. Jenis dan Peletakan Bekal Kubur di Situs Semawang dan Selayar: Pola Kubur dari Abad ke-14–19. Analisis Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi I. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayan, Jakarta.
View in Google Scholar

Herbiamami ML. 2014. Status Kesehatan manusia di Situs Semawang, Bali (Kajian paleopatologi rangka dan gigi). Unpublished bachelor dissertation. Program Studi Arkeologi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
View in Google Scholar

Herrerín J, Carmenate M. 2022. Selular dimorphism of a Mudejar Necropolis of Santa Clara (Cuéllar, Segovia, S. XIV and S. XV). Anthropologie (Brno) 60(1):0–0. https://doi.org/10.26720/anthro.21.06.10.1
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.26720/anthro.21.06.10.1

Indriati E. 2002. Stature in Yogyakarta’s students and prehistoric Balinese circa 110 A.C. Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran 34(1):1–7.
View in Google Scholar

Ipiña SL, Durand AI. 2010. Some considerations on the use of the quotient of sample means as a measure of sexual dimorphism. Anthropologie (Brno) 48(1):1–4.
View in Google Scholar

Jeong Y, Jantz LM. 2016. Caveats in using Trotter and Gleser’s (1958) Asian equations for stature estimation. Korean J Phys Anthropol 29(3): 81–91.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.11637/kjpa.2016.29.3.81

Kay RF. 1982. Sivapithecus simonsi a new species of Miocene hominoid, with comments on the phylogenetic status of Ramapithecinae. Int J Primatol 3:113–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02693493
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02693493

Khudaverdyan A, Hobossyan SG. 2017. Bioarchaeological evidence for the health status of a late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Bakheri Chala population (Armenia). Anthropologie (Brno) 55(3): 319–336.
View in Google Scholar

Kirchengast S. 2014. Human sexual dimorphism—a sex and gender perspective. Anthropol Anz 71(1–2):123–33. https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0376
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0376

Koesbardiati T, Yudianto A, Murti DB, Suriyanto RA. 2013. Loci STR codis (THO1,TPOX) genetic variation on Gilimanuk Man (Bali Islands). Berkala Arkeologi 33(2). https://doi.org/10.30883/jba.v33i2.11
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.30883/jba.v33i2.11

Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS, Pryzbeck TR, Mensforth RP. 1985. Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. Am J Phys Anthropol 1(68):15–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680103
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680103

Mahakkanukrauh P, Khanpetch P, Prasitwattanseree S, Vichairat K, Case DT. 2011. Stature estimation from long bone lengths in a Thai population. Forensic Sci Int 210(279):e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.025
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.025

Mckern TW, Stewart TD. 1957. Skeletal age changes in young American males. Natick, MA: Quartermaster Research and Development Command Technical Report EP-45.
View in Google Scholar

Murdock GP, Provost C. 1973. Factors in the division of labor by sex: A cross-cultural analysis. Ethnology 12(2):203–225.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3773347

Pontifex MG, Vauzour D, Muller M. 2024. Sexual dimorphism in the context of nutrition and health. Proc Nutr Soc. 83(2):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665123003610
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665123003610

Prasetyo B. 1995. Laporan Penelitian Situs Plawangan, Rembang, Jawa Tengah (1980–1993). Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Nasional. Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta.
View in Google Scholar

Prayudi A, Suriyanto RA. 2017. Osteobiografi individu nomor 38 dari situs Prasejarah Gilimanuk. Amerta 35(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.24832/amt.v35i1.139
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.24832/amt.v35i1.139

Prayudi A, Suriyanto RA. 2018. GLM LVI: Tinjauan Osteoarkeologis atas sebuah rangka dari Gilimanuk. Forum Arkeologi 31(2):105–116. https://doi.org/10.24832/fa.v31i2.526
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.24832/fa.v31i2.526

Rivers J. 1982. Women and children last: An essay on sex discrimination in disasters. Disasters 6: 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1982.tb00548.x
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1982.tb00548.x

Ruff C. 1987. Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: Relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor. J Hum Evol 16(5):391–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(87)90069-8
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(87)90069-8

Sangvichien SJ, Srisurin V, Wattanakyinsakul V. 1985. Estimation of stature of Thai and Chinese from the length of femur, tibia and fibula. Siriraj Hosp Gaz 37:215–8.
View in Google Scholar

Soejono RP. 1977. Sistim-sistim penguburan pada akhir masa prasejarah di Bali. Unpublished dissertation (PhD), Program Studi Arkeologi Universitas Indonesia.
View in Google Scholar

Suriyanto RA. 2005. Kajian perbandingan karakteristik epigenetis populasi tengkorak manusia paleometalik Gilimanuk (Bali) dan Liang Bua, Lewoleba, Melolo dan Ntodo Lesah (Nusa Tenggara Timur). Unpublished thesis (Master), Program Pascasarjana Antropologi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
View in Google Scholar

Suriyanto R.A. 2006. Dimorfisme seksual dalam karakteristik epigenetis upper viscerocranium dari sampel tengkorak manusia Gilimanuk (Bali). Berkala Arkeologi 26(2):85–113.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.30883/jba.v26i2.935

Suriyanto R.A. 2009. Human sexual dimorphism: From an evolutionary perspective to practical overview. Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran 41(4):194–201.
View in Google Scholar

Todd TW. 1920. Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 1(3):285–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330030301
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330030301

Trotter M, Gleser GC. 1958. A reevaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death. Am J Phys Anthropol 1(16):79–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330160160
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330160106

Wanner IS, Sosa TS, Alt KW, Blos VT. 2006. Lifestyle, occupation, and whole bone morphology of the Pre-Hispanic Maya coastal population from Xcambo, Yucatan, Mexico. Int J Osteoarchaeol. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.873
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.873

Yuniawan AA. 2022. Paleopatologi manusia Plawangan ekskavasi tahun 1978: kaitan antara bekal kubur dan penyakit. Unpublished bachelor dissertation. Program Studi Arkeologi Universitas Gadjah Mada.
View in Google Scholar