From Pausanias to Baedeker and Trip Advisor: Textual proto-tourism and the engendering of tourism distribution channels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.31.1.11Keywords:
digital storytelling, Pausanias, proto-tourism, travel narrative, travel guidesAbstract
The key aim of this article is to provide an interdisciplinary look at tourism and its diachronic textual threads bequeathed by the ‘proto-tourist’ texts of the Greek travel author Pausanias. Using the periegetic, travel texts from his voluminous Description of Greece (2nd century CE) as a springboard for our presentation, we intend to show how the textual strategies employed by Pausanias have been received and still remain at the core of contemporary series of travel guides first authored by Karl Baedeker (in the 19th century). After Baedeker, Pausanias’ textual travel tropes, as we will show, still inform the epistemology of modern-day tourism; the interaction of travel texts with travel information and distribution channels produces generic hybrids, and the ancient Greek travel authors have paved the way for the construction of networks, digital storytelling and global tourist platforms.
Downloads
References
Baedeker, K. (1894). The traveler’s handbook to Greece. 2nd edition. Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, Publisher.
Google Scholar
Bassano, C., Barile, S., Piciocchi, P., Spohrer, J.C., Iandolo, F., Fisk, R. (2019). Storytelling about places: Tourism marketing in the digital age. In: J.S. Santos, Ó. Lima (eds), Digital marketing strategies for tourism, hospitality, and airline industries (pp. 10–20). USA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.025
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.025
Bohls, E., Duncan, I. (2005). Travel writing, 1700–1830: An anthology. Oxford: Oxford Press.
Google Scholar
Bonacini, E., Tanasi, D., Trapani, P. (2018). Digital heritage dissemination and the participatory storytelling project #iziTRAVEL Sicilia: The case of the archaeological Museum of Syracuse (Italy). Acta Imeko, 7 (3), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i3.584
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i3.584
Bosangit, C., Hibbert, S., McCabe, S. (2015). If I was going to die I should at least be having fun: Travel blogs, meaning and tourist experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 55, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.08.001
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.08.001
Bosangit, C., McCabe, S., Hibbert, S. (2009). What are told in travel blogs? Exploring travel blogs for consumer narrative analysis. Amsterdam: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-93971-0_6
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-93971-0_6
Bruner, J. (2002). Making stories: Law, literature, life. Cambridge: Harvard U Press.
Google Scholar
Carù, A., Cova, B. (2008). Small versus big stories in framing consumption experiences. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 11 (2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750810864422
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750810864422
Cohen, E. (1979). The phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13, 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857901300203
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857901300203
Couldry, N. (2008). Mediatization or mediation? Alternative understandings of the emergent space of digital storytelling. New Media & Society, 10 (3), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808089414
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808089414
Cutler, S., Carmichael, B. (2010). The dimensions of tourist experience. In: M. Morgan, P. Lugosi, J.R. Brent Richie (eds), The tourism and leisure experience. Consumer and management perspective (pp. 3–26). Bristol: Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411503-004
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411503-004
Delgadillo, Y., Escalas, J.E. (2004). Narrative word-of-mouth communication: Exploring memory and attitude effects of consumer storytelling. Advances in Consumer Research, 31 (1), 186–193.
Google Scholar
Desforges, L. (2000). Travelling the world: Identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (4), 926–945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00125-5
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00125-5
Egger, R., Buhalis, D. (2008). Introduction. In: R. Egger, D. Buhalis (eds), eTourism case studies: Management & marketing issues in eTourism (pp. 1–3). Hungary: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Google Scholar
El-Harami, J. (2015). Entertainment and recreation in the classical world – tourism products. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 5 (1), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n1p168
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n1p168
Escalas, J. (2004). Narrative processing: Building consumer connections to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14 (1), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1401&2_19
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1401&2_19
Escalas, J.E., Stern, B.B. (2003). Sympathy and empathy: Emotional responses to advertising dramas. Journal of Consumer Research, 29 (4), 566–578. https://doi.org/10.1086/346251
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/346251
Faustino, M., Ferraro, G. (2020). The late foucault: Ethical and political questions. London: Bloomsbury.
Google Scholar
Frazer, J.G. (1890). The golden bough: A study in comparative religion. London: Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Freedberg, D., Gallese, V. (2007). Motion, emotion and empathy in esthetic experience. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11 (5), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.003
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.003
Govers, R., Go, F.M., Kumar, K. (2007). Virtual destination image a new measurement approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 34 (4), 977–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.001
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.001
Green, M.C., Brock, T.C., Kaufman, G.F. (2004). Understanding media enjoyment: The role of transportation into narrative worlds. Communication Theory, 14 (4), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00317.x
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00317.x
Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D.R., Formica, S., O’Leary, J.T. (2006). Searching for the future: Challenges faced by destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 45 (2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291598
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291598
Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D.R., O’Leary, J.T. (2006). The transformation of consumer behavior. In: D. Buhalis, C. Costa (eds), Tourism business frontiers: Consumers, products and industry (pp. 9–18). Oxford: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6377-9.50009-2
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-6377-9.50009-2
Gretzel, U., Jamal, T. (2009). Conceptualizing the creative tourist class: Technology, mobility, and tourism experiences. Tourism Analysis, 14 (4), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354209X12596287114219
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/108354209X12596287114219
H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) (1919). Notes on Euripides, Pausanius and Greek lyric poets. New Haven: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Lib.
Google Scholar
Harloe, K. (2010). Pausanias as historian in Winckelmann’s history. Classical Receptions Journal, 2 (2), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/crj/clq009
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/crj/clq009
Hassan, A. (2016). Electronic word-of-mouth: An industry tailored application for tourism promotion. In: S. Rathore, A. Panwar (eds), Capturing, analyzing, and managing word-of-mouth in the digital marketplace (pp. 61–75). UK: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9449-1.ch004
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9449-1.ch004
Hsiao, K.L., Lu, H.P., Lan, W.C. (2013). The influence of the compo¬nents of story-telling blogs on readers’ travel intentions. Internet Research, 23 (2), 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241311313303
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241311313303
Hutton, W. (2005). Describing Greece: Language and literature in the periegesis of Pausanias. Cambridge: CUP.
Google Scholar
Jeuring, J.H.G., Peters, K.B.M. (2013). The influence of the weather on tourist experiences: Analyzing travel blog narratives. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19 (3), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712457104
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712457104
Katsoni, V. (2016). An investigation of the tourism distribution channels in the VFR segment. Academica Turistica – Tourism and Innovation Journal, 9 (1), 19–29.
Google Scholar
Kelley, J.E. (2015). Excursions into modernism: Women writers, travel, and the body. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Klimmt, C., Roth, C., Vermeulen, I., Vorderer, P., Roth, F.S. (2012). Forecasting the experience of future entertainment technology: Interactive storytelling and media enjoyment. Games and Culture, 7 (3), 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412012451123
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412012451123
Kozinets, R., de Valck, K., Wojnicki, A., Wilner, S. (2010) ‘Networked narratives: Understanding word-of-mouth marketing in online communities’. Journal of Marketing, 74, 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.74.2.71
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.74.2.71
Lavie, T., Tractinsky, N. (2004). Assessing dimensions of perceived visual aesthetics of web sites. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 60 (3), 269–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.09.002
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.09.002
Lowe, L. (1991). Critical terrains: French and British orientalisms. Ithaca: Cornell U Press.
Google Scholar
MacCormack, S. (2010). Pausanias and his commentator Sir James George Frazer. Classical Receptions Journal, 2 (2), 287–313. https://doi.org/10.1093/crj/clq010
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/crj/clq010
Mattila, A.S., Enz, C.A. (2002). The role of emotions in service encounters. Journal of Service Research, 4 (4), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670502004004004
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670502004004004
McAdams, D. (1996) Personality, modernity and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7 (4), 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0704_1
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0704_1
McCabe, S., Foster, C. (2006). The role and function of narrative in tourist interaction. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 4 (3), 194–215. https://doi.org/10.2167/jtcc071.0
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/jtcc071.0
McGregor, I., Holmes, J. (1999). How storytelling shapes memory and impressions of relationship events over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (3), 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.403
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.403
McSweeney, R. (2015). Tristes Tropiques by Claude Lévi-Strauss – melancholy anthropology. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2015/aug/17/tristes-tropiques-by-claude-levi-strauss-melancholy-anthropology (25.11.2019).
Google Scholar
Moscardo, G. (2010). The shaping of tourist experience: The importance of stories and themes. In: M. Morgan, P. Lugosi, J.R. Brent Richie (eds). The tourism and leisure experience: Consumer and management perspectives (pp. 3–26). Bristol: Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411503-006
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411503-006
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., Ladkin, A. (2014). A typology of technology-enhanced tourism experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16, 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1958
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1958
Noy, C. (2004). The trip really changed me: Backpackers‘ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (1), 78–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004
Pace, S. (2008). YouTube: An opportunity for consumer narrative analysis. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 11 (2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750810864459
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750810864459
Pausanias (1992). Description of Greece. Books I and II. Trans. and Ed. W.H.S. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard U Press.
Google Scholar
Pretzler, M. (2011). Pausanias. Travel writing in Ancient Greece. London: Bristol Classical Press.
Google Scholar
Pudliner, B.A. (2007). Alternative literature and tourist experience: Travel and tourist weblogs. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 5 (1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.2167/jtcc051.0
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/jtcc051.0
Redfield, R. (1985). Herodotus the tourist. Classical Philology, 80 (2), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1086/366908
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/366908
Roberson, S. (2007) Geographies of the self in nineteenth century women’s travel writing. In: M. Bruckner, H. Hsu (eds), American literary geographies: Spatial practice and cultural production (pp. 281–295). Delaware: University of Delaware Press.
Google Scholar
Robin, R. (2008). Digital storytelling: A powerful technology tool for the 21st century. Theory Into Practice, 47 (3), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405840802153916
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405840802153916
Sabou, G.C., Nistoreanu, P., Vlad, D. (2014). The ethics of online touristic counselling: A matter of users satisfaction. Contemporary Approaches and Challenges of Tourism Sustainability, 16 (8), 98–117.
Google Scholar
Schank, R.C., Abelson, R.P. (1995). Knowledge and memory: The real story. In: S.R. Wyer Jr (ed.), Knowledge and memory: The real story (pp. 1–85). Hillsdale: NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Google Scholar
Schmallegger, D., Carson, D. (2008). Blogs in tourism: Changing approaches to information exchange. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14 (2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766707087519
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766707087519
Schulz-Forberg, H. (2005) Unravelling civilization: European travel and travel writing. Brussels: P.I.E – Peter Lang.
Google Scholar
Stanley, H.M. (1890). In darkest Africa. New York: Charles Scribner’s.
Google Scholar
Stewart, R.D. (2013). Most worth remembering, Pausanias, analogy, and classical archaeology. Hesperia, 82, 231–261. https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.82.2.0231
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.82.2.0231
Tussyadiah, P.I., Fesenmaier, R.D. (2016). Marketing destination through first-person stories: A narrative structure analysis. Retrieved from: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2007/Presented_Papers/69 (28.11.2019).
Google Scholar
Volo, S. (2010). Bloggers’ reported tourist experiences: Their utility as a tourism data source and their effect on prospective tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 16 (4), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766710380884
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766710380884
White, N., White, P. (2004). Travel as transition: Identity and place. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (1), 200–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.005
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.005
Woodside, A. (2010). Brand-consumer storytelling theory and research: Introduction to a psychology and marketing special issue. Psychology and Marketing, 27 (6), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20342
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20342
Woodside, A., Cruickshank, B., Dehuang, N. (2007). Stories visitors tell about Italian cities as destination icons. Tourism Management, 28 (1), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.026
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.026
Wu, Q. (2006). Commercialization of digital storytelling: An integrated approach for cultural tourism, the Beijing Olympics and wireless VAS. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9 (3), 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877906066884
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877906066884
Youngs, T. (2013). The Cambridge introduction to travel writing. Cambridge: CUP. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843150
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843150
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.