Sweet and Salty Recipes: Some Examples from the Muslim and Byzantine Culinary and Medicinal Common Tradition

Ilias Anagnostakis

doi:10.18778/2084-140X.14.15

Authors

Ilias Anagnostakis National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Historical Research, Section of Byzantine Research https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-1894

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.14.15

Keywords:

Arabic and Byzantine delicacies, paloudakin, fālūdhaj, itrion, iṭriya, garos, murrī, preserves of roses and fruits, Syrian mēloplakous, mishmishiyya recipe with apricots, aracen or Egyptian roses, salty and sweet liquid preparations, jullāb and zoulapion, serabion, salty Egyptian fish Libysia, ṣīr, anchovies, Byzantine tsiros, Byzantine female cook and singer Bida in Bagdad, culinary and medicinal common or similar Arabo-Byzantine products, culinary influences and borrowings

Abstract

This paper discusses the use of salt, vinegar, honey, and sugar in some Byzantine and Arabic-Islamic recipes in cooking and pastry-making as well as for food preservation and in medical preparations. It draws mostly on information provided by Byzantine sources and Arabic translations for any comparison. The research focuses on some examples of salty/sour and sweet culinary and medicinal recipes, common or similar Arabo-Byzantine products like iṭriya, garos/murrī, zoulapion mishmishiyya, and libysia. The paper starts with Galen’s Syrian mēloplakous, continues with salty and sweet liquid preparations as well as preserves of roses and fruits. It concludes with a discussion of two exemplary Arabic delicacies more widely known in twelfth-century Byzantium, two foods with extreme opposite but equal flavored tastes: a sweet and a salty Arab product, paloudakin or apalodaton (fālūdhaj), which was the most typical sweet the Byzantines borrowed from the Arabs, and libysia, the especially flavorful salted fish from Egypt.

Downloads

References

Achmetis Oneirocriticon, ed. F. Drexl, Leipzig 1925 [= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana].
Google Scholar

Aetii Amideni libri medicinales V–VIII, ed. A. Olivieri, Berlin 1950 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 8.2].
Google Scholar

Aetiou Amidēnou logos enatos, ed. S. Zervos, “Ἀθήνα” / “Athena” 23, 1911, p. 273–390.
Google Scholar

Alexander von Tralles, vol. I–II, ed. T. Puschmann, Vienna 1878–1879 (repr. Amsterdam 1963).
Google Scholar

Anomymus medicus, De cibis, [in:] Anecdota medica Graeca, ed. F. Z. Ermerins, Leiden 1840 (repr. Amsterdam 1963), p. 225–275.
Google Scholar

Athenaei dipnosophistarum epitome, vol. I–II, ed. S. P. Peppink, Leiden 1937, 1939.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004615434

Athenaei Naucratitae Deipnosophistarum libri XV, ed. G. Kaibel, vol. I–II, Leipzig 1887 (repr. Leipzig 1965); vol. III, Leipzig 1890 (repr. Leipzig 1965–1966) [= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana].
Google Scholar

Charitōnos Peri Trochiskōn, ed. A. P. Kousis, [in:] Tessarakontaētiris Theofilou Borea, vol. I, Athēnai 1939, p. 109–115.
Google Scholar

Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplectitur, ed. I. Ševčenko, Berlin 2011 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 42].
Google Scholar

Constantin VII Porphyrogénète, Le livre des cérémonies, vol. I–V, ed. G. Dagron, B. Flusin, D. Feissel, Paris 2020 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 52].
Google Scholar

Constantine Porphyrogennetos, The Book of Ceremonies, trans. A. Moffattm, M. Tall, Canberra 2012 [= Byzantina Australiensia, 18].
Google Scholar

Digenis Akritis. The Grottaferrata and Escorial Versions, ed. E. Jeffreys, Cambridge 1998 [= Cambridge Medieval Classics, 7].
Google Scholar

Eustathii archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam, 2 vols. in 1, ed. G. Stallbaum, Leipzig vol. I: 1825, vol II: 1826 (repr. Hildesheim 1970).
Google Scholar

G. Suetonius Tranquillus, De vita Caesarum libros VIII et De grammaticis et rhetoribus librum, ed. R. A. Kaster, Oxford 2016 [= Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis], https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198713791.book.1
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198713791.book.1

Galen, De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos libri X, [in:] Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vol. XII, ed. C. G. Kühn, Leipzig 1826.
Google Scholar

Galen, De differentia pulsuum libri IV, [in:] Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vol. VIII, ed. C. G. Kühn, Leipzig 1824 (repr. Hildesheim 1965), p. 493–765.
Google Scholar

Galen, De remediis parabilibus libri III, [in:] Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vol. XIV, ed. C. G. Kühn, Leipzig 1827.
Google Scholar

Galen, On the Constitution of the Art of Medicine. The Art of Medicine. A Method of Medicine to Glaucon, ed. et trans. I. Johnston, Cambridge, Mass.–London 2016 [= Loeb Classical Library, 523], https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.galen-method_medicine_glaucon.2016
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.galen-method_medicine_glaucon.2016

Galen, On the Properties of Foodstuffs (De alimentorum facultatibus), trans. O. W. Powell, praef. J. Wilkins, Cambridge 2003, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482892
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482892

Galeni De alimentorum facultatibus libri III, ed. G. Helmreich, Leipzig–Berlin 1923 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 5.4.2], p. 201–386.
Google Scholar

Galeni De rebus boni malique suci, ed. G. Helmreich, Leipzig–Berlin 1923 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 5.4.2], p. 389–429.
Google Scholar

Galeni De sanitate tuenda libri VI, ed. K. Koch, Leipzig–Berlin 1923 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 5.4.2].
Google Scholar

Genesios, On the Reigns of the Emperors, trans. A. Kaldellis, Canberra 1998 [= Byzantina Australiensia, 11].
Google Scholar

Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici De re rustica eclogae, ed. H. Beckh, Leipzig 1895 (repr. Stuttgart–Leipzig 1994) [= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana], https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110957143
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110957143

Geoponika. Farm Work. A Modern Translation of the Roman and Byzantine Farming Handbook, trans. A. Dalby, Totnes 2011.
Google Scholar

Gynaekologie des Aëtios, ed. S. Zervos, Leipzig 1901.
Google Scholar

Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon, vol. I–II, (Α–Ο), ed. K. Latte, Copenhagen vol. I: 1953, vol. II: 1966.
Google Scholar

Iosephi Genesii Regum libri quattor, ed. A. Lesmüller-Werner, H. Thurn, Berlin–New York 1978 [= Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, 14].
Google Scholar

John Mauropous, Etymologica nominum, [in:] R. Reitzenstein, M. Terentius Varro und Johannes Mauropus von Euchaita: eine Studie zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, Leipzig 1901, p. 4–18.
Google Scholar

Die Kyraniden, ed. D. V. Kaimakes, Meisenheim am Glan 1976.
Google Scholar

Martial, Epigrams. Books VI–X–10, ed. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Cambridge, Mass.–London 1993 [= Loeb Classical Library, 95], https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.martial-epigrams.1993
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.martial-epigrams.1993

Michel Italikos, Lettres et discours, ed. P. Gautier, Paris 1972 [= Archives de l’Orient Chrétien, 14]. Nikolaos Myrepsos’ Dynameron, ed. I. Valiakos, Heidelberg 2020.
Google Scholar

Oribasii Collectionum Medicarum Reliquiae, libri I–VIII, vol. I–IV, ed. J. Raeder, Leipzig 6.1.1: 1928; 6.1.2: 1929; 6.2.1: 1931; 6.2.2: 1933 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 6].
Google Scholar

Oribasios, Medical Collections, Book I and IV, [in:] M. Grant, Dieting for an Emperor. A Translation of Books 1 and 4 of Oribasius’ Medical Compilations with an Introduction and Commentary, Leiden–New York–Köln 1997 [= Studies in Ancient Medicine, 15].
Google Scholar

Paulus Aegineta, Epitomae medicae libri septem, vol. I–II, ed. J. L. Heiberg, Leipzig–Berlin 1921–1924 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 9].
Google Scholar

Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei de materia medica libri quinque, vol. I–III, ed. M. Wellmann, Berlin 1907, 1906, 1914 (repr. 1958).
Google Scholar

Photii patriarchae lexicon, vol. II, (Ε–Μ), ed. C. Theodoridis, Berlin–New York 1998.
Google Scholar

Pliny, Natural History, vol. V, Books 17–19, ed. W. H.S. Jones, Cambridge 1950 [= Loeb Classical Library, 371].
Google Scholar

Pliny, Natural History, vol. VI, Books 20–23, ed. W. H.S. Jones, Cambridge 1969 [= Loeb Classical Library, 392].
Google Scholar

Plutarchos, De esu cranium, [in:] Plutarchi moralia, vol. VI.1, ed. C. Hubert, Leipzig 1954 (repr. 1959).
Google Scholar

Pollucis onomasticon, vol. I–II, ed. E. Bethe, Leipzig 9.1: 1900, 9.2: 1931 [= Lexicographi Graeci, 9.1–2].
Google Scholar

Pseudo-Aristoteles (Pseudo-Alexander), Supplementa Problematorum. A New Edition of the Greek Text with Introduction and Annotated Translation, ed. S. Kapetanaki, R. W. Sharples, Berlin 2006 [= Peripatoi, 20].
Google Scholar

Pseudo-Galen, De remediis parabilibus libri III, [in:] Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vol. XIV, ed. C. G. Kühn, Leipzig 1827.
Google Scholar

Pseudo-Niceforo, Libro dei sogni, ed. G. Guidorizzi, Naples 1980 [= Κοινωνία: Collana di Studi e Testi, 5].
Google Scholar

Ptochoprodromos, ed. H. Eideneier, Cologne 1991 [= Neograeca Medii Aevi, 5].
Google Scholar

Ptōchoprodromos, Herakleion 2012.
Google Scholar

Rufi Ephesii De renum et vesicae morbis, ed. A. Sideras, Berlin 1977 [= Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 3], https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112719916
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112719916

Scholia Graeca in Odysseam. Scholia ad libros α–β, vol. I, ed. F. Pontani, Rome 2007 [= Pleiadi, 6.1].
Google Scholar

Scholia in Aristophanem Plutum, ed. M. Chantry, [in:] Scholia in Aristophanem, vol. III, Scholia in Thesmophoriazusas, Ranas, Ecclesiazusas et Plutum, Groningen 1996, p. 1–293.
Google Scholar

Scholia in Batrachomyomachia, ed. A. Ludwich, [in:] Die Homerische Batrachomachia des Karers Pigres. Nebst Scholien und Paraphrase, Leipzig 1896, p. 198–308.
Google Scholar

Scholia in Nicandri theriaka, ed. A. Crugnola, Milan 1971.
Google Scholar

Scholia in Oppianum, ed. U. C. Bussemaker, [in:] Scholia et paraphrases in Nicandrum et Oppianum in Scholia in Theocritum, Paris 1849.
Google Scholar

Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus, ed. B. Langkavel, Leipzig 1868 [= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana].
Google Scholar

Strabo, Chrestomathia, [in:] Strabons Geographika, Epitome und Chrestomathie, vol. IX, ed. S. Radt, Göttingen 2010, p. 243–346.
Google Scholar

Strabonis geographica, vol. I–III, ed. A. Meineke, Leipzig 1877 [= Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana].
Google Scholar

Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, vol. I–II, ed. J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge, Mass.–London 1914, 1959 (repr. 1997, 1998) [= Loeb Classical Library, 31, 38], https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.suetonius-lives_caesars_book_vi_nero.1914
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.suetonius-lives_caesars_book_vi_nero.1914

Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus, ed. I. Bekker, Bonn 1838 [= Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae].
Google Scholar

Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, vol. II, Books 6–9, ed. A. Hort, Cambridge, Mass. 1916 [= Loeb Classical Library, 79], https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.theophrastus-enquiry_plants.1916
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/DLCL.theophrastus-enquiry_plants.1916

Theophylacte d’Achrida, Lettres, ed. P. Gautier, Thessaloniki 1986 [= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae, 16.2].
Google Scholar

Al-Baghdādī, Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan Ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Karīm al-Kātib, A Baghdad Cookery Book (Kitābaṭ-Ṭabīkh), trans. A. J. Arberry, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 21–89.
Google Scholar

Al-Tabari, The History of al-Ṭabarī, vol. XXX, The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt, trans. H. Gautier, A. Juynboll, Albany 1989.
Google Scholar

An Anonymous Andalusian Cookbook, ed. C. Martinelli, Engl. trans. C. Perry, Scotts Valley, CA 2012.
Google Scholar

Anonymous Andalusian Cookbook. The Book of Cooking in Maghreb and Andalus in the era of Almohads, by an unknown author. Kitab al tabikh fi-l-Maghrib wa-l-Andalus fi asr al-Muwahhidin, li-mu’allif majhul, ed. C. Martinelli, C. Perry, D. Friedman, Raccolta di Testi per la Storia della Gastronomia digitalizzati e restaurati da Edoardo Mori 2018, digitalized version.
Google Scholar

Anonymous, Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid, ed. M. Marín, D. Waines, Beirut 1993.
Google Scholar

La cocina, hispano-magrebí durante la época almohade, ed. A. Huici Miranda, Madrid 2005.
Google Scholar

Ibn Battuta, The Travels of a.d. 1325–1354. Translated, with Revisions and Notes, vol. II, from the Arabic text ed. C. Defrémery, B. R. Sanguinetti, H. A.R. Gibb, C. F. Beckingham, London–Cambridge 1962.
Google Scholar

Ibn Battuta, Tuḥfat al-nuẓẓār fī g̲h̲arāʾib al-amṣār waʿad̲j̲āʾib al-asfāred, The Travels of ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, Farnham–Burlington 2010.
Google Scholar

Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāḳ, Kitāb al-Ṭabīk̲h̲, Engl. trans. N. Nasrallah, Annals of the Caliphs’ Kitchens.
Google Scholar

Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq’s Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook, ed. Engl. trans. with introduction and glossary, Leiden–Boston 2007 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 70].
Google Scholar

Ibn Sayyār Al-Warrāq, Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabīkh, ed. K. Öhrnberg, S. Mroueh, Helsinki 1987 [= Studia Orientalia, 60].
Google Scholar

Ibn Sina, The Canon of Medicine of Al-Qanun fi ’l-ibb, http://www.alwaraq.net [30 VIII 2024].
Google Scholar

Kitāb wasf al-atʿima al-muʿtāda (The Description of Familiar Foods), trans. Ch. Perry, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 273–465.
Google Scholar

Kitāb Waṣlah ilā al-ḥabīb fī waṣf al-ṭayyibāt wa-al-ṭīb, [in:] Scents and Flavors. A Syrian Cookbook, ed. et trans. Ch. Perry, New York 2017.
Google Scholar

MuḤammad b. al-Ḥasan b. MuḤammad b. al-Karīm, the Scribe of Baghdad, A Baghdad Cookery Book. The Book of Dishes (Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabīkh), trans. Ch. Perry, Blackawton 2005 [= Petits Propos Culinaires, 79].
Google Scholar

Scents and Flavors. A Syrian Cookbook, Delectable Recipes from the Medieval Middle East, trans. Ch. Perry, praef. Cl. Roden, vol. ed. M. Cooperson, Sh.M. Toorawa, New York 2020.
Google Scholar

Traité de cuisine arabo-andalouse dit Anonyme andalou. Traduction du manuscrit Colin, ms 7009-BnF, trans. J.-M. Laurent, Saint-Ouen 2016.
Google Scholar

Treasure Trove of Benefits and Variety at the Table. A Fourteenth-Century Egyptian Cookbook. English Translation, with an Introduction and Glossary, trans. N. Nasrallah, Leiden–Boston 2018 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 148].
Google Scholar

Ambassadors, Artists, Theologians. Byzantine Relations with the Near East from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries, ed. Z. Chitwood, J. Pahlitzsch, Mainz 2019.
Google Scholar

Amphores d’Egypte de la basse époque à l’époque arabe, ed. S. Marchand, A. Marangou, Le Caire 2007.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis I., Byzantine Delicacies, [in:] Flavours and Delights. Tastes and Pleasures of Ancient and Byzantine Cuisine, ed. I. Anagnostakis, Athens 2013, p. 81–103.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis I., Le manger et le boire dans la Vie de Saint Nil de Rossano: l’huile, le vin et la chere dans la Calabre Byzantine Xe–XIe siecles, [in:] Identità euromediterranea e paesaggi culturali del vino e dell’olio, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studio promosso dall’IBAM-CNR nell’ambito del Progetto MenSALe Potenza, 8–10 Novembre 2013, ed. A. Pellettieri, Foggia 2014, p. 179–196.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis I., The Sweet Wine of Bithynia in the Byzantine Era, [in:] Of Vines and Wines. The Production and Consumption of Wine in Anatolian Civilizations through the Ages, ed. L. Thys-Senocak, Leuven 2017, p. 93–118.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis I., Wild and Domestic Honey in Middle Byzantine Hagiography: Some Issues Relating to its Production, Collection and Consumption, [in:] Beekeeping in the Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Present, ed. F. Hatjina, G. Mavrofridis, R. Jones, Nea Moudania 2017, p. 105–118.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis I., Leontsini M., Fishing and Fish Consumption in the Aegean Sea according to the Lives of Saints 7th–12th Centuries, [in:] Τhe Byzantines and the Sea, ed. T. Antonopoulou, B. Flusin, Venice 2024, p. 283–326.
Google Scholar

Androudis P., Martyries gia to alati apo to Byzantio: alipasta eidē kai garon, [in:] To Ellēniko Alati, E’ triēmero Ergasias (= The Greek Salt, 8th Three-days Workshop), Mytilene 6–8 November 1998, Proceedings, Athēna 2001, p. 106–108.
Google Scholar

Angelidi Chr., Anagnostakis I., La concezione bizantina del ciclo del latte (X–XII secolo), [in:] Latte e latticini aspetti della produzione e del consumo nelle società mediterranee dell’Antichità e del Medioevo. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studio del Progetto MenSALe, Atene 2–3 ottobre 2015, ed. I. Anagnostakis, A. Pellettieri, Lagonegro 2016, p. 147–157.
Google Scholar

Bakirtzis Ch., Byzantina tsoukalolagēna. Symvolē stē meletē onomasiōn, schēmatōn kai chrēseōn pyrimachōn mageirikōn skevōn, metaforikōn kai apothēkeftikōn docheiōn, Athēna 2003 (1st ed. 1989).
Google Scholar

Baldwin B., Classicism, Content, and Contemporaneity in Michael Italicus, “Byzantion” 62, 1992, p. 109–117.
Google Scholar

Ballian A., The Church of Panagia at Hosios Loukas Monastery and the ‘Bordering Saracens’: Arabic Epigraphic Decoration and Byzantine Art, [in:] Beyond Byzantium. Essays on the Medieval Worlds of Eastern Christianity and their Arts. In Honor of Helen C. Evans, ed. J. Ball, Ch. Maranci, B. Ratliff, T. Thomas, De Gruyter forthcoming.
Google Scholar

Beg M. A.J., Ṭabbāk̲h̲, [in:] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. X, Leiden 2000, p. 23–24.
Google Scholar

Bennett D. C., Medicine and Pharmacy in Byzantine Hospitals. A Study of the Extant Formularies, Abingdon–New York 2017 [= Medicine in the Medieval Mediterranean].
Google Scholar

Berkes L., Gonis N., Monastic Wine Distributions in the Eighth Century. Papyri from the Catholic University of America, “Journal of Coptic Studies” 22, 2020, p. 1–27.
Google Scholar

Berkes L., Haug Brendan J., Villages, Requisitions, and Tax Districts: Two Greek Lists from the Eighth-Century Fayyum, “Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists” 53, 2016, p. 189–222.
Google Scholar

Bober Ph.P., Art, Culture, and Cuisine. Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy, Chicago 2000.
Google Scholar

Bottéro J., Mesopotamian Culinary Texts, Winona Lake 1995.
Google Scholar

Bottéro J., The Oldest Cuisine in the World. Cooking in Mesopotamia, Chicago 2004.
Google Scholar

Bouras-Vallianatos P., Cross-cultural Transfer of Medical Knowledge in the Medieval Mediterranean: the Introduction and Dissemination of Sugar-based Potions from the Islamic World to Byzantium, “Speculum” 96, 2021, p. 963–1008, https://doi.org/10.1086/715838
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/715838

Bouras-Vallianatos P., Innovation in Byzantine Medicine. The Writings of John Zacharias Aktouarios (c. 1275–c. 1330), Oxford 2020 [= Oxford Studies in Byzantium], https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850687.001.0001
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850687.001.0001

Bouras-Vallianatos P., Xenophontos S., Galen’s Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology, “Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies” 55, 2015, p. 431–469.
Google Scholar

Bruning J., The Rise of a Capital. Al-Fusṭāṭ and its Hinterland, 18/639–132/750, Leiden 2018 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 153], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004366367
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004366367

Bruning J., De Jong J., Sijpesteijn P. M., Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean World. From Constantinople to Baghdad, 500–1000 CE., Cambridge 2022, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009170031
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009170031

The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. II, Land Use and Settlement Patterns, ed. G. King, A. Cameron, Berlin 2021.
Google Scholar

Byzantium in Early Islamic Syria. Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the American University of Beirut and the University of Balamand, June 18–19, 2007, ed. N. M. El-Cheikh, S. O’Sullivan, Beirut 2011.
Google Scholar

Canard M., La prise d’Héraclée et les relations entre Harun ar-Rashid et l’empereur Nicéphore 1er, “Byzantion” 32, 1962, p. 345–379.
Google Scholar

Canard M., Les relations politiques et sociales entre Byzance et les Arabes, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 18, 1964, p. 33–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291205
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1291205

Carannante A., Giardino C., Savarese U., In Search of Garum. The “Colatura d’alici” from the Amalfitan Coast (Campania, Italy): an Heir of the Ancient Mediterranean Fish Sauces, [in:] Proceedings of the 4th Italian Congress of Ethnoarchaeology, Rome 17–19 May, ed. F. Lugli, A. A. Stoppiello, S. Biagetti, Oxford 2011 [= BAR. International Series, 2235], p. 69–79.
Google Scholar

Carter W. L., Roses in Antiquity, “Antiquity” 14.55, 1940, p. 250–256, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00015246
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00015246

Caseau B., Le tabou du sang à Byzance – observances alimentaires et identité, [in:] Pour l’amour de Byzance. Hommage à Paolo Odorico, ed. C. Gastgeber, Ch. Messis, D. I. Muresan, F. Ronconi, Francfort 2013, p. 53–62.
Google Scholar

Caseau B., Nourritures terrestres, nourritures célestes. La culture alimentaire à Byzance, Paris 2015.
Google Scholar

Chipman L.N.B., Digestive Syrups and After-Dinner Drinks. Food or Medicine?, [in:] Drugs in the Medieval Mediterranean. Transmission and Circulation of Pharmacological Knowledge, ed. P. Bouras-Vallianatos, D. Stathakopoulos, Cambridge 2023, p. 320–335, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009389792.011
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009389792.011

Christians and Muslims in Early Islamic Egypt, ed. L. Berkes, Durham, NC 202.
Google Scholar

Cronier M., Guardasole A., Magdelaine C., Pietrobelli A., Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth, “Galenos” 9, 2015, p. 89–139.
Google Scholar

Cured, Fermented and Smoked Foods. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2010, ed. H. Saberi, Totnes 2011.
Google Scholar

Curtis R., Garum and Salsamenta. Production and Commerce in Materia Medica, Leiden 1991 (repr. 2018) [= Studies in Ancient Medicine, 3], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377264
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377264

Dalby A., Flavours of Byzantium, London 2003.
Google Scholar

Dalby A., Food in the Ancient World from A to Z, London–New York 2003.
Google Scholar

Dalby A., Geoponika. Farm Work. A Modern Translation of the Roman and Byzantine Farming Handbook, Totnes 2011.
Google Scholar

Dalby A., Tastes of Byzantium. The Cuisine of a Legendary Empire, London 2010.
Google Scholar

Darby W. J., Ghalioungui P., Grivetti L., Food: The Gift of Osiris, vol. I–II, London–New York–San Francisco 1977.
Google Scholar

Delouis O., La Vie métrique de Théodore Stoudite par Stéphane Mélès (BHG 1755), “Analecta Bollandiana” 132, 2014, p. 21–54, https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102858
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102858

Diethart J., Kislinger E., Aprikosen und Pflaumen, “Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik” 42, 1992, p. 75–78.
Google Scholar

Dietrich A., Milḥ, Salt in Medicine, [in:] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VII, Leiden–New York 1993, p. 67–58.
Google Scholar

Drocourt N., Arabic-speaking Ambassadors in the Byzantine Empire (from the Ninth to Eleventh Centuries), [in:] Ambassadors, Artists, Theologians. Byzantine Relations with the Near East from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries, ed. Z. Chitwood, J. Pahlitzsch, Mainz 2019, p. 57–70.
Google Scholar

Drugs in the Medieval Mediterranean. Transmission and Circulation of Pharmacological Knowledge, ed. P. Bouras-Vallianatos, D. Stathakopoulos, Cambridge 2023.
Google Scholar

Durak K., The Use of Non-commercial Networks for the Study of Byzantium’s Foreign Trade. The Case of Byzantine-Islamic Commerce in the Early Middle Ages, [in:] Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Byzantine Studies Plenary Sessions, Venice and Padua, 22–27 August, 2022, vol. I, ed. E. Fiori, M. Trizio, Venice 2022, p. 422–451, https://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-590-2/023
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-590-2/023

Eger A. A., (Re)Mapping Medieval Antioch: Urban Transformations from the Early Islamic to the Middle Byzantine Periods, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 67, 2013, p. 95–134.
Google Scholar

El-Cheikh N. M., Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs, Cambridge, Mass. 2004.
Google Scholar

El-Cheikh N. M., Describing the Other to Get at the Self: Byzantine Women in Arabic sources (8th–11th Centuries), “Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient” 40, 1997, p. 239–250, https://doi.org/10.1163/1568520972600766
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568520972600766

Ernout A., Meillet A., Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. Histoire des mots, 4th ed., Paris 1959 (repr. 1985).
Google Scholar

Everyday Life in Byzantium. Catalogue of the Exhibition Byzantine Hours – Works and Days in Byzantium, Thessaloniki, Oct. 2001–Jan. 2002, ed. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Athens 2002.
Google Scholar

Field E., Quinces, Oranges, Sugar, and Salt of Human Skull: Marmalade’s Dual Role as a Medicine and a Preserve, [in:] Food Preservation from Early Times to the Present, ed. C. A. Wilson, Edinburgh 1991, p. 5–31.
Google Scholar

Finkel J., King Mutton, A Curious Tale of the Mamlūk Period, “Zeitschrift für Semitistik und Verwandte Gebiete” 9, 1933–1934, p. 1–18.
Google Scholar

Food Preservation from Early Times to the Present, ed. C. A. Wilson, Edinburgh 1991.
Google Scholar

Foss C., Syria in Transition, A. D. 550–750: An Archaeological Approach, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 51, 1997, p. 189–269, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291765
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1291765

Gautier P., Michel Italikos. Lettres et discours, Paris 1972.
Google Scholar

Georgacas D., Ichthyological Terms for the Sturgeon and Etymology of the International Terms Botargo, Caviar and Congeners. A Linguistic, Philological, and Culture-Historical Study, Athens 1978.
Google Scholar

Germanidou S., Byzantinos melirrytos politismos. Pēges, technē, eurēmata, Athēna 2016.
Google Scholar

Ghica V., Marchand S., Marangou A., Les ermitages d’Abu Darag revisités, “Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale” 108, 2008, p. 115–163.
Google Scholar

Gil M., Food Commerce in Egypt as Portrayed in Eleventh-century Genizah Letters, [in:] Pesher Nahum. Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature from Antiquity through the Middle Ages, Presented to Norman (Nahum) Golb, ed. J. L. Kraemer, M. G. Wechsler, Fr.Mc.Gr. Donner, J. Holo, D. Pardee, Chicago 2012, p. 93–102.
Google Scholar

Goitein S. D., Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, Princeton, N. J. 1973.
Google Scholar

Goitein S. D., A Mediterranean Society. The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, vol. I, Economic Foundations, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 1983/1999.
Google Scholar

Goitein S. D., A Mediterranean Society. The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, vol. IV, Daily Life, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 1983/1999, https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520354180
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520354180

Goldziher I., Aṣfar, [in:] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. I, Leiden 1991, p. 688.
Google Scholar

Grainger S., Garum and Liquamen, What’s in a Name?, [in:] The Bountiful Sea. Fish Processing and Consumption in Mediterranean Antiquity. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Oxford, 6–8 September 2017, ed. D. Mylona, R. Nicholson, New York 2018, Special Issue of “Journal of Maritime Archaeology” 13.3, p. 247–261, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9215-1
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9215-1

Grainger S., Garum, Liquamen, and Muria: A New Approach to the Problem of Definition, [in:] Fish & Ships. Production et commerce des salsamenta durant l’Antiquité. Actes de l’atelier doctoral, Rome 18–22 juin 2012, ed. E. Botte, V. Leitch, Arles-Aix-en-Provence 2014 [= Bibliothèque d’Archéologie Méditerranéenne et Africaine, 17], p. 37–45, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pccj.1614
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pccj.1614

Grainger S., The Story of Garum. Fermented Fish Sauce and Salted Fish in the Ancient World, London 2020.
Google Scholar

Grant M., Dieting for an Emperor. A Translation of Books 1 and 4 of Oribasius’ Medical Compilations with an Introduction and Commentary, Leiden–New York–Köln 1997 [= Studies in Ancient Medicine, 15], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377424_002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004377424_002

Gruendler B., Medieval Arabic Praise Poetry. Ibn Al-Rūmī and the Patron’s Redemption, London–New York 2003.
Google Scholar

Hämeen-Anttila J., The Last Pagans of Iraq. Ibn Wahshiyya and his Nabatean Agriculture, Leiden–Boston 2006 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 63], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047409083
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047409083

Harig G., Von den arabischen Quellen des Symeon Seth, “Medizinhistorisches Journal” 2, 1967, p. 248–268.
Google Scholar

Hermes N. Z., The European Other in Medieval Arabic Literature and Culture. Ninth–twelfth Century AD, New York 2012, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137081650
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137081650

Hild Fr., Restle M., Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), Vienna 1981 [= Tabula imperii byzantini, 2.149].
Google Scholar

Hocquet J. C., Hocquet J., The History of a Food Product: Salt in Europe. A Bibliographic Review, “Food and Foodways” 1, 1985–1987, p. 425–447, https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710.1987.9961899
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710.1987.9961899

Jacoby D., Byzantine Trade with Egypt from the Mid-tenth Century to the Fourth Crusade, “Θησαυρί-σματα” / “Thēsaurismata” 30, 2000, p. 25–77, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003418788-1
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003418788-1

Jacoby D., Constantinople as Commercial Transit Center, Tenth to Mid-fifteenth Century, [in:] Trade in Byzantium. Papers from the Third International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium, ed. P. Magdalino, N. Necipoğlu, I. Jevtić, Istanbul 2016, p. 193–210.
Google Scholar

Jardin C., Garum et sauces de poisson dans l’Antiquité, “Rivista di Studi Liguri” 27, 1961, p. 70–96.
Google Scholar

Johnston I., Introduction, [in:] Galen, On the Constitution of the Art of Medicine. The Art of Medicine. A Method of Medicine to Glaucon, ed. et trans. I. Johnston, Cambridge, Mass.–London 2016 [= Loeb Classical Library, 523].
Google Scholar

Johnston I., Papavramidou N., Galen on the Pulses. Four Short Treatises and Four Long Treatises Medico-historical Analysis, Textual Tradition, Translation, Berlin–Boston 2022/2023 [= Medicine in the Medieval Mediterranean, 10], https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110612677
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110612677

Kalleres I., Trofai kai pota eis prōtobyzantinous papyrous, “Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπου-δῶν” / “Epetēris Etaireias Byzantinōn Spoudōn” 23, 1953, p. 689–715.
Google Scholar

Kanabas, K., Galaktokomika proionta sto byzantino trapezi. Anazitōntas entypōseis kai martyries apo tē skopia tōn Arabōn, [in:] Ẽ Istoria tou ellēnikou galaktos kai tōn proiontōn tou. 10th Three-days Workshop, Xanthi, 7–9 October, 2005, Piraeus Group Cultural Foundation, Aristides Daskalopoulos Foundation, Athēna 2008, p. 193–198 (with English summary, p. 552–553).
Google Scholar

Kennedy H., Antioch: from Byzantium to Islam and Back Again, [in:] The City in Late Antiquity, ed. J. Rich, London 1992, p. 181–198 (= H. Kennedy, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, Burlington 2006, p. 181–198).
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003554196-7

Kennedy H., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, Burlington 2006.
Google Scholar

Kislinger E., Christians of the East: Rules and Realities of the Byzantine Diet, [in:] Food. A Culinary History, ed. J.-L. Flandrin, M. Montanari, Columbia 1999, p. 194–206.
Google Scholar

Kitapçı Bayrı B., Warriors, Martyrs, and Dervishes. Moving Frontiers, Shifting Identities in the Land of Rome (13th–15th centuries), Leiden–Boston 2020 [= The Medieval Mediterranean, 119], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004415843
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004415843

Koder J., Liutprands of Cremona. A Critical Guest at the Byzantine Emperor’s Table, [in:] Flavours and Delights. Tastes and Pleasures of Ancient and Byzantine Cuisine, ed. I. Anagnostakis, Athens 2013, p. 105–107.
Google Scholar

Koder J., Stew and Salted Meat – Opulent Normality in the Diet of Every Day?, [in:] Eat, Drink, and Be Merry (Luke 12:19). Food and Wine in Byzantium, Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A. A.M. Bryer, ed. L. Brubaker, K. Linardou, Aldershot 2007 [= Society for Promotion of Byzantine Studies, Publications, 13], p. 59–72.
Google Scholar

Kokoszko M., Jagusiak K., Dybała J., The Chickpea (ἐρέβινϑος; Cicer arietinum L) as a Medicinal Foodstuff and Medicine in Selected Greek Medical Writings, “Studia Ceranea” 7, 2017, p. 99–120, https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.07.06
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.07.06

Korais A., Atakta, vol. I, Paris 1828.
Google Scholar

Korais A., Xenokratous kai Galēnou Peri tēs apo tōn enydrōn trophēs, Paris 1814.
Google Scholar

Koukoules Ph., Byzantinōn Bios kai Politismos, vol. V, Athēnai 1952.
Google Scholar

Krumbacher K., Das mittelgriechische Fischbuch, “Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, München” 3, 1903, p. 345–380.
Google Scholar

Krüssmann G., The Complete Book of Roses, Portland 1981.
Google Scholar

Kurlansky M., Salt: A World History, New York 2003.
Google Scholar

Lampros S., Theologakis, “Νέος Έλληνομνήμων” / “Neos Ellēnomnēmōn” 7.4, 1910, p. 353.
Google Scholar

Laudan R., Cuisine and Empire: Cooking in World History, Berkeley 2015 [= California Studies in Food and Culture, 43].
Google Scholar

Leontsini M., Discovering, Sharing and Tasting: Flavours and Culinary Practices between Byzantium and the Arab World, [in:] Proboles kai antanaklaseis. Arabika kai Ellēnika kata tous Mesous Chronous, ed. H. Condylis, Athēna 2020, p. 95–116.
Google Scholar

Leontsini M., Anagnostakis I., Food Mobilities between the Byzantine and the Islamic Worlds: Trends in High-value Food Consumption, Seventh to Twelfth Centuries, [in:] Mobility and Materiality in Byzantine-Islamic Relations, 7th–12th Centuries, ed. K. Durak, N. Necipoğlu, Routledge (forthcoming).
Google Scholar

Lev E., Amar Z., Practical Materia Medica of the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah, Leiden–Boston 2008, https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004161207.i-621
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004161207.i-621

Lev Y., The Fatimids and Byzantines, 10th–12th Centuries, “Graeco-Arabica” 6, 1995, p. 190–208.
Google Scholar

Lewicka P. B., Food and Foodways of Medieval Cairenes. Aspects of Life in an Islamic Metropolis of the Eastern Mediterranean, Leiden 2011 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 88], https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004194724.i-626
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004194724.i-626

Lewicka P. B., The Delectable War between Mutton and the Refreshments of the Market-Place. Rereading the Curious Tale of the Mamluk Era, “Studia Arabistyczne i Islamistyczne” 13, 2007, p. 20–29.
Google Scholar

Magdalino P., Pharmaceutical Diplomacy: A New Document on Fatimid-Byzantine Gift Exchange, [in:] Myriobiblos. Essays on Byzantine Literature and Culture, ed. Th. Antonopoulou, S. Kotzabassi, M. Loukaki, Berlin 2015 (= “Byzantinisches Archiv” 29), p. 245–251, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501562.245
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501562.245

Maniatis G., Organization and Modus Operandi of the Byzantine Salt Monopoly, “Byzantinische Zeitschrift” 102, 2009, p. 661–696, https://doi.org/10.1515/byzs.2009.016
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/byzs.2009.016

Maravela-Solbakk A., Byzantine Inventory Lists of Food Provisions and Utensils on an Ashmolean Papyrus, “Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik” 170, 2009, p. 127–146.
Google Scholar

Marín M., Waines D., The Balanced Way: Food for Pleasure and Health in Medieval Islam, “Manuscripts of the Middle East” 4, 1989, p. 123–132.
Google Scholar

Mattock R. E., ‘The Silk Road Hybrids’. Cultural Linkage Facilitated the Transmigration of the Remontant gene in Rosa x Damascena, the Damask Rose, in circa 3,500 BCE from the River Amu Darya Watershed in Central Asia, the River Oxus valley of the Classics, to Rome by 300 BCE, Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Bath 2017.
Google Scholar

Mavroudi M., A Byzantine Book on Dream Interpretation. The Oneirocriticon of Achmet and its Arabic Sources, Leiden–Boston–Cologne 2002 [= The Medieval Mediterranean, 36], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004473461
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004473461

Mavroudi M., Arabic Words in Greek Letters: The Violet Fragment and More, [in:] Moyen arabe et variétés mixtes de l’arabe à travers l’histoire: Actes du premier colloque international (Louvain-la-Neuve, 10–14 mai 2004), ed. J. Lentin, J. Grand’Henry, Louvain-la-Neuve 2008 [= Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 58], p. 321–354.
Google Scholar

Messis Ch., Le corpus nomocanonique oriental et ses scholiastes du XIIe siècle. Les commentaires sur le concile in Trullo (691–692), Paris 2020.
Google Scholar

Miguet T., La traduction grecque du Viatique du voyageur (Zād al-musāfir) d’Ibn al-Ǧazzār et l’une de ses révisions à l’époque paléologue, [in:] Translation Activity in Late Byzantine World. Contexts, Authors, and Texts, ed. P.Ch. Athanasopoulos, Berlin–Boston 2022, p. 125–143, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110677089-006
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110677089-006

Miguet T., Premiers jalons pour une étude complète de l’histoire du texte grec du Viatique du Voyageur (Ἐφόδια τοῦ ἀποδημοῦντος) d’Ibn al-Ğazzār, “Revue d’histoire des textes” 12, 2017, p. 59–105, https://doi.org/10.1484/J.RHT.5.112808
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.RHT.5.112808

Miguet T., Recherches sur l’histoire du texte grec du Viatique du voyageur d’Ibn al-Ǧazzār, Ph.D. Diss., École pratique des Hautes Études, Paris 2019.
Google Scholar

Mohren Fr., Il libro de la cocina. Un ricettario tra Oriente e Occidente, Heidelberg 2016.
Google Scholar

Mylona D., Fish-Eating in Greece from the Fifth Century B. C. to the Seventh Century A. D. A Story of Impoverished Fishermen or Luxurious Fish Banquets?, Oxford 2008 [= BAR. International Series, 1754], https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407301938
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407301938

Nasrallah N., Annals of the Caliphs’ Kitchens. Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq’s Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook, ed., Engl. trans. with introduction and glossary, Leiden–Boston 2007 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 70], https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158672.i-907
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158672.i-907

Nasrallah N., Treasure Trove of Benefits and Variety at the Table. A Fourteenth-Century Egyptian Cookbook. English Translation, with an Introduction and Glossary, Leiden–Boston 2018 [= Islamic History and Civilization, 148], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004349919
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004349919

Numme B. A., “Historical Origins of Food Preservation”. National Center for Home Food Preservation May 2002, https://nchfp.uga.edu/resources/entry/historical-origins-of-food-preservation#gsc.tab=0 [15 V 2024].
Google Scholar

Ouerfelli M., Le sucre. Production, commercialisation et usages dans la Méditerranée médiévale, Leiden 2008 [= The Medieval Mediterranean, 71], https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163102.i-825
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163102.i-825

Perry Ch., A Thousand and One ‘Fritters’: The Food of The Arabian Nights, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 487–496.
Google Scholar

Perry Ch., Medieval Arab Fish: Fresh, Dried and Dyed, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 477–486.
Google Scholar

Perry Ch., The Description of Familiar Foods (Kitāb wasf al-atʿima al-muʿtāda), [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 273–465.
Google Scholar

Perry Ch., The Oldest Mediterranean Noodle: a Cautionary Tale, “Petits Propos Culinaires” 9, 1981, p. 42–45, https://doi.org/10.1558/ppc.29630
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1558/ppc.29630

Perry Ch., The Sals of the Infidels, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 497–502.
Google Scholar

Powell M. A., Classical Sources and the Problem of the Apricot, “Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture” 3, 1987, p. 153–156.
Google Scholar

Randazzo M. G., Archaeological Approaches to the Islamic Emirate of Crete (820s–961 CE): A Starting Point, “Journal of Greek Archaeology” 4, 2019, p. 311–336, https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.485
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.485

Reynolds D., Byzantium from Below: Rural Identity in Byzantine Arabia and Palaestina, 500–630, [in:] Identities and Ideologies in the Medieval East Roman World, ed. Y. Stouraitis, Edinburgh 2022, p. 164–199.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474493628.003.0008

Rodinson M., Ma’mūniyya East and West, trans. B. Inskip, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 183–197.
Google Scholar

Rodinson M., Studies in Arabic Manuscripts Relating to Cookery, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 91–164.
Google Scholar

Rodinson M., Sur l’étymologie de «losange», [in:] Studi orientalistici in onore di Giorgio Levi Della Vida, vol. II, Rome 1956, p. 425–435.
Google Scholar

Rodinson M., Venice, the Spice Trade and Eastern Influences on European Cooking, [in:] M. Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Ch. Perry, Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001, p. 199–215.
Google Scholar

Rodinson M., Arberry A. J., Perry Ch., Medieval Arab Cookery. Essays and Translations, Totnes 2001.
Google Scholar

Rzeźnicka Ζ., Kokoszko Μ., Jagusiak Κ., Cured Meats in Ancient and Byzantine Sources: Ham, Bacon and “Tuccetum”, “Studia Ceranea” 4, 2014, p. 245–259, https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.04.16
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.04.16

Sadan J., Milḥ, Salt in the Mediaeval Islamic World, [in:] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VII, Leiden–New York 1993, p. 57.
Google Scholar

Sadan J., Nadīm, [in:] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VII, Leiden–New York 1993, p. 849–852.
Google Scholar

Scanlon G. T., Al-Fusṭāṭ: The Riddle of The Earliest Settlement, [in:] The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. II, Land Use and Settlement Patterns, ed. G. King, A. Cameron, Berlin 2021, p. 171–180, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b9f5tr.13
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b9f5tr.13

Shahid I., Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, vol. II.2, Economic, Social, and Cultural History, Washington, D. C. 2009.
Google Scholar

Simeonov G., Obst in Byzanz. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Ernährung im östlichen Mittelmeerraum, Saarbrücken 2013.
Google Scholar

Simeonov G., Obst und Süßspeisen in den Ptochoprodromika, “Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik” 63, 2013, p. 209–219, https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb63s209
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb63s209

Simeonova L., Foreigners in Tenth-Century Byzantium: A Contribution to the History of Cultural Encounter, [in:] Strangers to Themselves. The Byzantine Outsider. Papers from the Thirty-second Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies. University of Sussex, Brighton, March 1998, ed. D. C. Smythe, Aldershot 2000, p. 229–244.
Google Scholar

Squatriti P., Of Seeds, Seasons, and Seas: Andrew Watson’s Medieval Agrarian Revolution Forty Years Later, “Journal of Economic History” 74, 2014, p. 1205–1220. La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam, VIIe–VIIIe siècles, actes du Colloque international, ed. P. Canivet, J. Rey Coquais, Damas 1992.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050714000904

Taghavi H., Roohi E., Karimi N., An Ignored Arabic Account of a Byzantine Royal Woman, “Al-Masāq” 32, 2020, p. 185–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2019.1660847
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2019.1660847

Theodoropoulou T., To Salt or Not to Salt: A Review of Evidence for Processed Marine Products and Local Traditions in the Aegean Through Time, [in:] The Bountiful Sea. Fish Processing and Consumption in Mediterranean Antiquity. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Oxford, 6–8 September 2017, ed. D. Mylona, R. Nicholson, New York 2018, Special Issue of JMArch 13.3, p. 389–406, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9216-0
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9216-0

Tinnefeld F. H., Zur kulinarischen Qualität byzantinischer Speisefische, “Studies in the Mediterranean World” 11, 1988, p. 155–176.
Google Scholar

To Ellēniko Alati, Ē’triēmero Ergasias (= The Greek Salt, 8th Three-days Workshop), Mytilene 6–8 November 1998, Proceedings, Athēna 2001.
Google Scholar

Toussaint-Samat M., A History of Food, Engl. trans. A. Bell, Oxford–Cambridge 1992, 2nd ed. 2009, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444305135
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444305135

Touw M., Roses in the Middle Ages, “Economic Botany” 36, 1982, p. 71–83, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858701
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858701

Touwaide A., Translation: a Case-study in Byzantine Science, “Mediaevalia” 16, 2013, p. 165–170, https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/medievalia.120
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/medievalia.120

Trépanier N., Foodways and Daily Life in Medieval Anatolia. A New Social History, Austin 2014.
Google Scholar

Tsugitaka S., Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam, Leiden 2015 [= Islamic Area Studies, 1].
Google Scholar

Vafiadοu V., Ēthē kai ethima Sōzopoleōs, “Λαογραφία” / “Laografia” 29, 1974, p. 114–126.
Google Scholar

Van Neer W., Depraetere D., Pickled Fish from the Egyptian Nile: Osteological Evidence from a Byzantine (Coptic) Context at Shanhûr, “Revue de Paléobiologie” 10, 2005, p. 159–170.
Google Scholar

Vasiliev A., Harun-ibn-Yahya and his Description of Constantinople, “Seminarium Kondakovianum” 5, 1932, p. 149–163.
Google Scholar

Vasiliev A., Canard M., Byzance et les Arabes. La dynastie macédonienne (867–959), vol. II.2, Brussels 1950.
Google Scholar

Vassiliou A., Middle Byzantine Chafing Dishes from Argolis, “Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιο-λογικής Εταιρείας” / “Deltion tēs Christianikēs Archaiologikēs Etaireias” 37, 2016, p. 251–276, https://doi.org/10.12681/dchae.10702
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/dchae.10702

Waines D., Dietetics in Medieval Islamic Culture, “Medical History” 43.2, 1999, p. 228–240, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300065108
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300065108

Waines D., Food Culture and Health in Pre-modern Islamic Societies, Leiden 2011, https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004194410.i-272
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004194410.i-272

Waines D., In a Caliph’s Kitchen, London 1989.
Google Scholar

Waines D., Murrī: the Tale of a Condiment, “Al-Qantara. Revista de Estudios Árabes” 12, 1991, p. 371–388.
Google Scholar

Waines D., Ṭabk̲h̲, [in:] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. X, Leiden 2000, p. 30–32.
Google Scholar

Waines D., Marin M., Muzawwar: Counterfeit Fare for Fasts and Fevers, [in:] Patterns of Everyday Life, ed. D. Waines, Ashgate 2002, p. 303–315 (= “Der Islam. Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients” 69, 1992, p. 289–301).
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1992.69.2.289

Walker Α., Pseudo-Arabic as a Christian Sign: Monks, Manuscripts, and the Iconographic Program of Hosios Loukas, [in:] Ambassadors, Artists, Theologians. Byzantine Relations with the Near East from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries, ed. Z. Chitwood, J. Pahlitzsch, Mainz 2019, p. 153–176.
Google Scholar

Watson A., Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World. The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100, Cambridge 1983.
Google Scholar

Weber T., Essen und Trinken in Konstantinopel des 10. Jahrhunderts nach den Berichten Liutprands von Cremona, [in:] Liutprand von Cremona in Konstantinopel. Untersuchungen zum griechischen Sprachschatz und zu realienkundlichen Aussagen in seinen Werken, ed. J. Koder, T. Weber, Wien 1980, p. 71–99.
Google Scholar

Weingarten S., Ancient Jewish Sausages, [in:] Cured, Fermented and Smoked Foods. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2010, ed. H. Saberi, Totnes 2011, p. 365– 375.
Google Scholar

Weingarten S., Fish and Fish Products in Late Antique Palestine and Babylonia in their Social and Geographical Contexts: Archaeology and the Talmudic Literature, [in:] The Bountiful Sea. Fish Processing and Consumption in Mediterranean Antiquity. Proceedings of the International Conference Held at Oxford, 6–8 September 2017, ed. D. Mylona, R. Nicholson, New York 2018, Special Issue of “Journal of Maritime Archaeology” 13.3, p. 235–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9210-6
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9210-6

Weingarten S., Mouldy Bread and Rotten Fish: Delicacies in the Ancient World, “Food and History” 3.1, 2005, p. 61–71, https://doi.org/10.1484/J.FOOD.2.301897
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.FOOD.2.301897

Weingarten S., Treasure Trove of Benefits and Variety at the Table: a Fourteenth-century Egyptian Cookbook, Edited and Translated by Nawal Nasrallah, “Mediterranean Historical Review” 33.2, 2018, p. 229–231, https://doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2018.1535399
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2018.1535399

Wilson C. A., The Book of Marmalade: its Antecedents, its History, and its Role in the World Today, Philadelphia, revised ed. 1999.
Google Scholar

Wissa-Wassef C., Pratiques rituelles et alimentaires coptes, Le Caire 1971.
Google Scholar

Zayyāt Ḥ., Fann aṭ-Ṭabkh wa-Iṣlāḥ al-Aṭ ima fī-l-Islām, “Al-Mashriq” 41, 1947, p. 1–26.
Google Scholar

Zipser B., Griechische Schrift, arabische Sprache und graeco-arabische Medizin: Ein neues Fragment aus dem mittelalterlichen Sizilien, “Mediterranean Language Review” 15, 2003/2004, p. 154–166.
Google Scholar

Anagnostakis Ι., Chrysothemis, Chrysothemis Byzantine gastronomy, Athens 2023 (Site under Review and Construction), https://chrysothemis.anavathmis.eu [30 VIII 2024].
Google Scholar

Jeffreys M. et al., Prosopography of the Byzantine World, London 2017, http://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/Stephanos/25001/ [31 VII 2023].
Google Scholar