CONSTRUCTING GLOBAL ‘WARS WITHOUT END’: Vocabularies of Motive and the Structure of Permanent War

Authors

  • Muhammed Asadi Southern Illinois University, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.7.3.03

Keywords:

Military Industrial Complex, Permanent War, Rhetoric

Abstract

My purpose in this paper is to link the larger social context that structurally necessitates „wars without end” perpetrated by the U.S. elite with the rhetoric that legitimizes them so as to sociologically situate the rhetoric, the vocabularies of motive within a historically formed war-centric social structure that reveals an easily discernible pattern in the use of language. I consider Franklin D. Roosevelt’s speech of December 8, 1941 announcing U.S. entry into World War II to be the rhetorical “Master Frame”, the blueprint in this regard that was subsequently incorporated by later presidents to justify all wars without end. I compared dissected components of this rhetorical Master Frame to war speeches made by different U.S. presidents in the pre- and post-World War II era to reveal the qualitative difference between war rhetoric of a peace-time social structure where war is an aberration and the permanent war based social structure of the post-World War II U.S., when war became the taken for granted norm.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Muhammed Asadi, Southern Illinois University, USA

Muhammed A. Asadi is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. For his dissertation he is extending C. Wright Mills' Power Elite explanation internationally, linking the economy, military and the state in explaining development and stratification outcomes of nation states, as a revision of Wallerstein's World Systems Analysis.

References

“1989: Malta Summit Ends Cold War.” BBC News. Retrieved February 8, 2009 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm
Google Scholar

“A People‟s Guide to The Federal Budget.” National Priorities Project. Bringing the Federal Budget Home. October, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011 http://nationalpriorities.org/resources/federal-budget-101/peoples-guide/
Google Scholar

Althiede, David. 2006. Terrorism and the Politics of Fear. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Google Scholar

Baran, Paul A. and Paul M. Sweezy. 1966. Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Google Scholar

Benford, Robert D. 1993. “You Could Be the Hundredth Monkey: Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement.” Sociological Quarterly 34(2):195-216.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00387.x

Best, Joel. 1987. “Rhetoric in Claims-Making: Constructing the Missing Children‟s Problem.” Social Problems 34(2):101-121. Best, Joel (ed.). 1995. Images of Issues. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1987.34.2.03a00010

Best, Joel. 1999. Random Violence: How We Talk About New Crimes and New Victims. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Google Scholar

Bush, George H. W. 1991. Transcript of President‟s speech “Announcing War against Iraq,” January 16. The History Place. Great Speeches Collection. Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/bush-war.htm
Google Scholar

Bush, George W. 2001a. “Transcript of President Bush‟s Speech To Joint Congress After the World Trade Center and Pentagon Bombings,” September 20. Retrieved February 25, 2009 http://www.greatdreams.com/bush_speech_92001.htm
Google Scholar

Bush, George W. 2001b. Transcript of “9/11 Address to the Nation, September 11” American Rhetoric. Retrieved February 25, 2009 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911addresstothenation.htm
Google Scholar

Bush, George W. 2001c. Transcript of “President‟s Address from Cabinet Room following Cabinet Meeting,” September 12. American Rhetoric. Retrieved September 25, 2009 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911cabinetroomaddress.htm
Google Scholar

Bush, George W. 2001d. Transcript of Extracts from President George W. Bush's historic address to both houses of the US Congress, nine days after New York and Washington were shaken by suicide aircraft attacks, “Text: Bush address to Congress.” BBC News, September 21. Retrieved March 2, 2009 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1555641.stm
Google Scholar

Bush, George W. 2001e. Transcript of President Bush's address to a joint session of Congress on Thursday night, September 20. CNN, September 21. Retrieved March 3, 2009 http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/
Google Scholar

Bush, George W. 2002. Transcript of President‟s speech, “Don‟t Wait for Mushroom Cloud.” CNN, October 8. Retrieved October 25, 2009 http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/10/07/bush.transcript/
Google Scholar

“Charlie Wilson‟s War.” 2007. BBC News, December 21. Retrieved March 15, 2009 http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A30378125
Google Scholar

Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2005. Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. New York: Palgrave.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501706

Chilton, Paul and Christina Schaffner. 2002. Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic approaches to political discourse. Philadelphia, PA: Benjamin Publishing Company.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.4

Churchill, Winston S. 1940. Transcript of “Call-to-arms,” May 13. The History Place. Great Speeches Collection. Retrieved March 3, 2009 http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/churchill.htm
Google Scholar

Churchill, Winston S. 1946. Transcript of “Iron curtain Speech,” March 5. Internet Modern Sourcebook. Retrieved February 15, 2009 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/churchill-iron.asp
Google Scholar

“Cold War.” GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved February 16, 2009 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/cold_war.htm
Google Scholar

“Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century.” Retrieved February 15, 2009 http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm
Google Scholar

van Dijk, Teun A. 1993. Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326184

Douglas, Brinkley and David Rubel. 2003. World War II: The Axis Assault 1939-1942. New York: Macmillan.
Google Scholar

Dunn, Jennifer L. 2001. “Innocence Lost: Accomplishing Victimization in Intimate Stalking Cases.” Symbolic Interaction 24(3):285-313.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2001.24.3.285

Dunn, Jennifer L. 2004. “The Politics of Empathy: Social Movements and Victim Repertoires.” Sociological Focus 37(3):235-250.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2004.10571244

“Franklin D. Roosevelt‟s Fireside Chats.” The American Presidency Project. Retrieved March 15, 2009 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/fireside.php
Google Scholar

Fromkin, David. 1985. “Lifting the Lid off Containment.” The New York Times, May 12. Retrieved February 20, 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E5DB173BF931A25756C0A963948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
Google Scholar

Gershon, Eric. 2009. “Obama Raises Defense Budget.” Hartford Courant, February 27, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2009 http://articles.courant.com/2009-02-27/news/defense227.art_1_defense-budget-proposal-defense-spending-billion-in-supplemental-spending
Google Scholar

Gerth, Hans and C. Wright Mills. 1964. Character and Social Structure: The Psychology of Social Institutions. 2nd ed. Atlanta, GA: Mariner Books.
Google Scholar

Giroux, Henry. 2011. “From Benetton to Murdoch: The Culture of Money, Shock and Schlock.” Truthout, July 27. Retrieved July 29, 2011 http://www.truth-out.org/benetton-murdoch-culture-money-shock-and-schlock/1311626660
Google Scholar

Goffman, Erving. 1999. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Magnolia, MA: Peter Smith Publications, Inc.
Google Scholar

Goode, Erich and Nachman Ben-Yehuda. 1994. Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Google Scholar

Gordon, Michael R. 1990. “Pentagon Drafts Strategy for Post-Cold War World.” The New York Times, August 2. Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDE1530F931A3575BC0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1
Google Scholar

Gusfield, Joseph R. 1984. The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking-Driving and the Symbolic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar

Habermas, Jurgen. 1975. Legitimation Crisis. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Google Scholar

Heiner, Robert. 2005. Social Problems: An Introduction to Critical Constructionism. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar

Higgs, Robert. 1992. “Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s.” The Journal of Economic History 52(1):41-60.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700010251

Hooks, Gregory. 1991. Forging the Military Industrial Complex. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Google Scholar

Janowitz, Morris. 1975. The Professional Soldier. New York: The Free Press.
Google Scholar

Jasper, James M. and Jane D. Poulsen. 1995. “Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-nuclear Protests.” Social Problems 42(4):493-512.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3097043

Jenkins, Philip. 2006. Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar

Loseke, Donileen R. 2000. “Ethos, Pathos and Social Change: Reflections on Formula Narratives.” Pp.1-24 in Perspectives on Social Problems (Vol. 12), edited by J. Holstein and G. Miller. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Google Scholar

Loseke, Donileen R. 2003. Thinking About Social Problems: An Introduction to Constructionist Perspectives. 2nd ed. New York: Aldine.
Google Scholar

Lowry, Ritchie P. 1970. “To Arms: Changing Military Roles and the Military Industrial Complex.” Social Problems 18(1):3-16.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/799876

Melman, Seymour. 1974. The Permanent War Economy. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.
Google Scholar

Merton, Robert K. 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
Google Scholar

Mills, C. Wright. 1940. “Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive.” American Sociological Review 5(6):904-913. Retrieved February 9, 2009 http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jds/Mills%201940.htm
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2084524

Mills, C. Wright. 1948. The New Men of Power: America’s Labor Leaders. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar

Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1983710

Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar

Mills, C. Wright. 2002. White Collar: the American Middle Classes. 50th anniversary ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar

Moeller, Hans-Georg. 2006. Luhmann Explained: From Souls to Systems. Peru, IL: Carus Publishing.
Google Scholar

Neutrality Act. 1935. Retrieved February 15 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/neutralityact.htm
Google Scholar

New Deal Programs. Retrieved September 30, 2009 http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/chart.newdeal.html
Google Scholar

Nye, Gerald P. 1939. “Is Neutrality Possible for America?” Pp. 420-435 in Tomorrow in the Making, edited by J. N. Andrews, C. A. Marsden. New York: Whittlesey House. Retrieved February 8, 2009 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/nye.htm
Google Scholar

“One-third of all scientists and technicians work on Department of Defense projects.” The U.S. Military Economy. Retrieved September 30, 2009 http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu38ne/uu38ne07.htm
Google Scholar

Pape, Robert A. 2005. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920500433997

“Poll: 70% believe in Saddam, 9-11 link.” 2003. USA Today, September 6. Retrieved February 16, 2009 http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-09-06-poll-iraq_x.htm
Google Scholar

“Primary Documents in American History. Monroe Doctrine.” Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Monroe.html
Google Scholar

Raman, Bahukutumbi. 2003. “Pakistan through the US looking glass.” Asia Times, September 20. Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EI20Df03.html
Google Scholar

Reisigl, Martin. 2008. “Rhetoric of Political Speeches.” Pp. 243-269 in Handbook of Communication in the Public Sphere, edited by K. Knapp, G. Antos. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110198980.3.243

Revision of the Neutrality Act. 1940. Historical Boys’ Clothing. Retrieved February 8, 2009 http://histclo.com/essay/war/WWII/cou/us/pr/40/rna39.html
Google Scholar

Ritzer, George. 2008. Modern Sociological Theory. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Google Scholar

Roosevelt, Theodore. 1904. Transcript of “President Theodore Roosevelt‟s Annual Message to Congress,” December 6. Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-relations/roosevelt-corollary.htm
Google Scholar

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1941a. Transcript of “Declaration of War,” December 8. The History Place. Great Speeches Collection. Retrieved February 16, 2009 http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/fdr-infamy.htm
Google Scholar

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1941b. Transcript of “Address of the President delivered by radio from the White House,” December 9. Retrieved March 15 2009 http://www.mhric.org/fdr/chat19.html
Google Scholar

Sageman, Marc. 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812206791

Schoenfeld, Gabriel. 1996. Review of “At a Century‟s Ending: Reflections 1982–1995” by George F. Kennan. Commentary, June. Retrieved February 20, 2009 https://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/at-a-century-s-ending-by-george-f--kennan-8580?page=all
Google Scholar

Silberstein, Sandra. 2002. War of Words: Language, Politics and 9/11. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar

Silverstein, Ken. 1998. “Heavy Metal.” Mother Jones November/December. Retrieved July 30, 2011 http://motherjones.com/politics/1998/11/heavy-metal-0
Google Scholar

Simmel, Georg. 1950. “The Metropolis and Mental Life.” Pp. 409-424 in The Sociology of Georg Simmel, edited by K. Wolff. New York: Free Press. Retrieved December 3, 2011 http://www.altruists.org/static/files/The%20Metropolis%20and%20Mental%20Life%20%28Georg%20Simmel%29.htm
Google Scholar

Snow, David A. and Robert D. Benford. 1992. “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest.” Pp. 133-155 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by A. D. Morris, C. M. Mueller. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Google Scholar

Spiegel, Henry W. 1940. “Wehrwirtschaft: Economics of the Military State.” The American Economic Review 30(4):713-723.
Google Scholar

Stets, Jan E. and Jonathan H. Turner (eds.). 2008. Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions. New York: Springer.
Google Scholar

Stinnett, Robert. 2001. Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor. New York: Free Press.
Google Scholar

Taubman, Philip. 1988. “Soviet Lists Afghan War Toll: 13,310 Dead, 35,478 Wounded”. The New York Times, May 26. Retrieved March 2. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/26/world/soviet-lists-afghan-war-toll-13310-dead-35478-wounded.html
Google Scholar

“The Gouzenko Affair.” CBC Digital Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2009 http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/national_security/topics/72/
Google Scholar

Theodore Roosevelt‟s Corollary to the Monroe‟s Doctrine (1905). Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=56#. www.ourdocuments.gov
Google Scholar

Toulmin, Stephen. 1984. Introduction to Reasoning. New York: Prentice Hall.
Google Scholar

Truman, Harry S. 1947. Transcript of “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 6. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved February 25, 2009 http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/tap/1647.htm
Google Scholar

Truman, Harry S. 1951a. Transcript of “Radio Report to the American People on Korea and on U.S. Policy in the Far East,” April 11. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved February 15, 2009 http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/viewpapers.php?pid=290
Google Scholar

Truman, Harry S. 1951b. Transcript of “State of the Union,” January 8. From Revolution to Reconstruction. Retrieved December 3, 2011 http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/P/ht33/speeches/ht_1951.htm
Google Scholar

“United States Unemployment Rate,” sourced from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Infoplease. Retrieved August 2, 2009 http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0104719.html
Google Scholar

“U.S. Pulls Out of Saudi Arabia.” 2003. BBC News, April 29. Retrieved January 8, 2011 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2984547.stm
Google Scholar

West, Candice and Don H. Zimmerman. 1987. “Doing Gender.” Gender & Society 1(2):125-151.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002

Whitfield, Stephen J. 2004. A Companion to 20th-century America. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470998533

Williams, Rhys H. 1995. “Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources.” Social Problems 42(1):124-144.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1995.42.1.03x0458p

Wilson, Woodrow. 1917. Transcript of speech to Congress “U.S. Declaration of War with Germany,” April 2. Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usawardeclaration.htm.
Google Scholar

Wodak, Ruth and Michael Meyer. 2009. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Google Scholar

“World War I Timeline: 1916.” PBS. Retrieved February 13, 2009 http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/timeline/time_1916.html
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2021-12-27

How to Cite

Asadi, M. (2021). CONSTRUCTING GLOBAL ‘WARS WITHOUT END’: Vocabularies of Motive and the Structure of Permanent War. Qualitative Sociology Review, 7(3), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.7.3.03

Issue

Section

Articles