Post-Socialist Gentrification Processes in Polish Cities

Authors

  • Jolanta Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz Institute of Urban Geography and Tourism Studies, University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland
  • Martyna Sztybel-Boberek Institute of Urban Geography and Tourism Studies, University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland
  • Anita Wolaniuk Institute of Urban Geography and Tourism Studies, University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2017-0014

Keywords:

gentrification, gentrifiers, factors of gentrification, types of gentrification, Polish cities

Abstract

This paper discusses the specific character of gentrification processes in Polish cities, with a particular focus on Warsaw, Łódź and Gdańsk. It explains the forces and factors behind gentrification, and highlights its types and effects as well as the gentrifiers. It also addresses the problem of the absence of reprivatisation law in Poland. The paper concludes that gentrification processes in Polish cities occur in a different way and less intensively than in Western cities. They often have a localized character, mostly in the form of new-build gentrification carried out by developers and state-led gentrification with significant participation of the public sector.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ATKINSON, R. and BRIDGE, G. (eds.), (2005), Gentrification in a Global Context. The New Urban Colonialism, New York–London: Routledge.
Google Scholar

BADYINA, A. and GOLUBCHIKOV, O. (2005), ‘Gentrification in Central Moscow: a Market Process or a Deliberate Policy? Money, Power and People in Housing Regeneration in Ostozhenka’, Geografiska Annaler B, 87, pp. 113–129.
Google Scholar

BERNT, M. (2012), ‘The ‘Double Movements’ of Neighbourhood Change: Gentrification and Public Policy in Harlem and Prenzlauer Berg’, Urban Studies, 49 (14), pp. 3045–3062.
Google Scholar

BERNT, M., GENTILE, M. and MARCIŃCZAK, S. (2015), ‘Gentrification in Post-communist Countries: An Introduction’, Geografie, 120 (2), pp. 104–112.
Google Scholar

BERNT, M. and HOLM, A. (2005), ‘Gentrification of a Particular Type. The Case of Prenzlauer Berg’, [w:] ATKINSON, R., BRIDGE, G. (eds.), Gentrification in a Global Perspective, London: Blackwell, pp. 106–125.
Google Scholar

BORÉN, T., and GENTILE M. (2007), ‘Metropolitan Processes in Post-communist States: An Introduction’, Geografiska Annaler B, 89, pp. 95–110.
Google Scholar

BOUZAROVSKI, S., P., OGDEN, R., HALL, A., HAASE KABISCH, S. and STEINFUHRER, A. (2007), ‘Splintering Urban Populations: Emergent Landscapes of Reurbanisation in Four European Cities’, Urban Studies, 44 (4), pp. 651–677.
Google Scholar

BRADE, I., HERFERT, G. and WIEST, K. (2009), ‘Recent Trends and Future Prospects of Sociospatial Differentiation in Urban Regions of Central and Eastern Europe: a Lull before the Storm?’, Cities, 26 (5), pp. 233–244.
Google Scholar

BUTLER, T. and LEES, L. (2006), ‘Super-gentrification in Barnsbury, London: Globalization and Gentrifying Global Elites at the Neighborhood Level’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 31 (4), pp. 467–487.
Google Scholar

CAMERON, S. (2003), ‘Gentrification, Housing Rediff erentiation and Urban Regeneration: Going for Growth’ in Newcastle upon Tyne’, Urban Studies, 40, pp. 2367–2382.
Google Scholar

CHELCEA, L. (2006), ‘Marginal Groups in Central Places: Gentrification, Property Rights and Post-Socialist Primitive Accumulation (Bucharest, Romania)’, [in:] ENYEDI, G. and KOVÁCS Z. (eds.), Social Changes and Social Sustainability in Historical Urban Centres: The Case of Central Europe, Centre for Regional Studies of Hungarian Academy of Science, Pecs, pp. 107–126.
Google Scholar

CHELCEA, L., POPESCU, R. and CRISTEA, D. (2015), ‘Who Are the Gentrifiers and How Do They Change Central City Neighbourhoods? Privatization, Commodification, and Gentrification in Bucharest’, Geografie, 120 (2), pp. 113–133.
Google Scholar

COOK, A. (2010), ‘The Expatriate Real Estate Complex: Creative Destruction and the Production of Luxury in Post-socialist Prague’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34 (3), pp. 611–628.
Google Scholar

DAVIDSON, M. (2007), ‘Gentrification as Global Habitat: a Process of Class Formation or Corporate Creation?', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32 (4), pp. 490–506.
Google Scholar

DAVIDSON, M. and LEES, L. (2005), ‘New Built ‘Gentrification’ in London’s Riverside Renaissance’, Environment and Planning A, 37 (7), pp. 1165–1190.
Google Scholar

ENYEDI, G. and KOVÁCS, Z. (eds.) (2006), Social Changes and Social Sustainability in Historical Urban Centres: The Case of Central Europe, Pecs: Centre for Regional Studies of Hungarian Academy of Science.
Google Scholar

FLORIDA, R. (2002), The Rise of the Creative Class, New York: Basic Books.
Google Scholar

GLASS, R. (1964), ‘Introduction: Aspects of Change’, [in:] GLASS, R., London: Aspects of Change, Centre for Urban Studies, London: McGibbon and Kee, pp. XVIII–XIX.
Google Scholar

GÓRCZYŃSKA, M. (2012), ‘Procesy zmian społecznych w przestrzeni Warszawy – gentryfikacja, emboureoisement czy redevelopment?’, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXIV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, cz.1, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 245‒255.
Google Scholar

GÓRCZYŃSKA, M. (2015), ‘Gentryfikacja w polskim kontekście: Krytyczny przegląd koncepcji wyjasniających’, Przegląd Geograficzny, 87 (4), pp. 589‒612.
Google Scholar

GRABKOWSKA, M. (2012), Regeneration of the Post-socialist Inner City: Social Change and Bottom-up Transformation in Gdańsk, Gdańsk: Pracownia.
Google Scholar

GRABKOWSKA, M. (2015), ‘Between Gentrification and Reurbanisation: The Participatory Dimension of Bottom-up Regeneration in Gdańsk, Poland’, Geografie, 120 (2), pp. 210‒225.
Google Scholar

GROTOWSKA-LEDER, J. (2000), ‘Współczesna rzeczywistość, współczesna bieda (wybrane teoretyczne i empiryczne podstawy analizy biedy)’, Przegląd Socjologiczny, 69 (1), pp. 31–58.
Google Scholar

GRZESZCZAK, J. (2010), Gentryfikacja osadnictwa. Charakterystyka, rozwój koncepcji badawczej i przegląd wyjaśnień, Monografie, 11, Warszawa: IGiPZ PAN.
Google Scholar

GRZESZCZAK, J. (2012), ‘Jak mierzyć gentryfikację?, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXIV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, cz.1, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 23‒39.
Google Scholar

HAASE, A., STEINFUHRER, A., KABISCH, S., GROSSMAN, K. and HALL, R. (eds.) (2012), Residential Change and Demographic Challenge. The Inner City of East Central Europe in the 21st Century, London: Ashgate.
Google Scholar

HACKHWORT J. and SMITH N. (2001), ‘The Changing State of Gentrification’, Tijdschriftvoor Economischeen Sociale Geografie, 92 (4), pp. 464–477.
Google Scholar

HEGEDUS J. and TOSICS I. (1991), ‘Gentrification in Eastern Europe: The Case of Budapest’, [in:] VAN WEESEP, J. and Musterd S. (eds.), Urban Housing for the Better-off: Gentrification in Europe, Utrecht: Stedelijke Netwerken, pp. 124–136.
Google Scholar

HOLM A., MARCIŃCZAK S. and OGRODOWCZYK, A. (2015), ‘New-build Gentrification in the Post-Socialist City: Łódź and Leipzig Two Decades after Socialism’, Geografie, 120 (2), pp. 164–187.
Google Scholar

JADACH-SEPIOŁO, A. (2009), ‘Gentryfikacja w kontekście rewitalizacji’, [in:] ZBOROWSKI A. (ed.), Demograficzne i społeczne uwarunkowania rewitalizacji miast w Polsce, Kraków: Instytut Rozwoju Miast, pp. 125–135.
Google Scholar

JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.) (2012), XXIV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, cz.1, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Google Scholar

JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (2012), ‘Władze samorządowe w roli gentryfikatora. Przykład Łodzi’, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXIV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, cz.1, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 185‒197.
Google Scholar

JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.) (2013), XXV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji, cz.2, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Google Scholar

JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (2013), ‘Procesy studentyfikacji w Łodzi’, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji, cz.2, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 97‒107.
Google Scholar

JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.) (2015), ‘Procesy gentryfikacji w obszarach śródmiejskich wielkich miast na przykładzie Warszawy, Łodzi i Gdańska’, Studia KPZK, 165.
Google Scholar

KACZMAREK, S. and MARCIŃCZAK, S. (2013), ‘Blessing in Disguise. Urban Regeneration in Poland in a Neoliberal Milieu’, [in:] LEARY, M.E. and McCARTHY, J. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration, London‒New York: Blackwell, pp. 98–106.
Google Scholar

KISS, E. (2002), ‘Restructuring in the Industrial Areas of Budapest in the Period of Transition’, Urban Studies, 39 (1), pp. 69–84.
Google Scholar

KOVÁCS, Z. (1998), ‘Ghettoisation or Gentrification? Post-socialist Scenarios for Budapest’, Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13 (1), pp. 63–81.
Google Scholar

KOVÁCS, Z. (2012), ‘Residential Segregation in Budapest before and after Transition’, [in:] MALOUTAS, T. and FUJITA, K. (eds.), Residential Segregation in Comparative Perspective, Farnham‒Burlington: Ashgate, pp. 197–215.
Google Scholar

KOVÁCS, Z., WIESNER, R. and ZISCHNER, R. (2015), ‘Beyond Gentrification: Diversified Neighbourhood Upgrading in the Inner City of Budapest’, Geografie, 120 (2), pp. 22‒38.
Google Scholar

LEES, L. (2012), ‘The Geography of Gentrification: Thinking through Comparative Urbanism’, Progress in Human Geography, 36 (2), pp. 155–170.
Google Scholar

LEY, D. (1980), ‘Liberal Ideology and the Postindustrial City’, Annals of American Geographers, 70, pp. 238–258.
Google Scholar

LEY, D. (1994), ‘Gentrification and the politics of new middle class’, Environment and Planning D, 12, pp. 53–74.
Google Scholar

LISOWSKI, A. (1999), ‘Koncepcja gentryfikacji jako przejaw tendencji integracji w geografii miast’, [w:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XII Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Zróżnicowanie przestrzenne struktur społecznych w dużych miastach, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 23–32.
Google Scholar

LISZEWSKI, S. (2012), ‘Kilka uwag na marginesie dyskusji prowadzonej podczas XXV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście’, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 11‒13.
Google Scholar

LISZEWSKI, S. and MARCIŃCZAK, S. (2012), ‘Geografia gentryfikacji Łodzi: studium dużego miasta poprzemysłowego w okresie posocjalistycznym’, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXIV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, cz.1, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 71–87.
Google Scholar

MARCIŃCZAK, S. (2009), Przemiany struktury społeczno-przestrzennej Łodzi w latach 1988– 2005, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Google Scholar

MARCIŃCZAK, S. and SAGAN, I. (2011), ‘The Socio-Spatial Restructuring of Łódź, Poland’, Urban Studies, 48, pp. 1789–1809.
Google Scholar

MARCIŃCZAK, S., MUSTERD, S. and STEPNIAK, M. (2012), ‘Where the Grass is Greener: Social Segregation in Three Major Polish Cities at the Beginning of the 21st Century’, European Urban and Regional Studies, 19 (4), pp. 383–403.
Google Scholar

MARCIŃCZAK, S., GENTILE, M. and STĘPNIAK, M. (2013), ‘Paradoxes of (Post)Socialist Segregation: Metropolitan Sociospatial Divisions under Socialism and After in Poland’, Urban Geography, 34 (3), pp. 327–352.
Google Scholar

MARCIŃCZAK, S., TAMMARU, T., NOVAK, J., GENTILE, M., KOVÁCS, Z., TEMELOVA, J., VALATKA, V., KAHRIK, A. and SZABO, B. (2015), ‘Patterns of Socioeconomic Segregation in the Capital Cities of Fast-track Reforming Post-socialist Countries’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105 (10), pp. 183–202.
Google Scholar

MINGIONE, E. (1996), Urban Poverty and the Underclass: a Reader, Oxford: Blackwell.
Google Scholar

MURZYN-KUPISZ M. (2013), ‘Cultural Quarters as a Means of Enhancing the Creative Capacity of Polish Cities? Some Evidence from Cracow’, Quaestones Geographicae, 4 (31), pp. 63–76.
Google Scholar

MURZYN-KUPISZ, M. and SZMYTKOWSKA, M. (2015), ‘Studentification in the Post-socialist Context. The Case of Cracow and the Tri-City (Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot)’, Geografie, 120 (2), pp. 188–209.
Google Scholar

OGRODOWCZYK, A. and WOLANIUK, A. (2014), ‘Przemieszczenia ludności wymuszone gentryfikacją’, [in:] WOLANIUK, A. (ed.), XXVII Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Centra i peryferie w okresie transformacji ustrojowej, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 199–219.
Google Scholar

NAGY, E. and TIMAR, J. (2012), ‘Urban Restructuring in the Grip of Capital and Politics: Gentrification in East-Central Europe’, [in:] CSAPO, T. and BALOGH, A. (eds.), Development of the Settlement Network in the Central European Countries: Past, Present, and Future, Heidelberg‒London‒New York: Springer, pp. 121‒135.
Google Scholar

PHILIPS, M. (2005), ‘Differential Productions of Rural Gentrification: Illustrations from North and South Norfolk’, Geoforum, 36, pp. 477–494.
Google Scholar

RERAT, P., SODERSTROM, O., PIGUET, E. and BESSON, R. (2009), ‘From Urban Wastelands to New-build Gentrification: The Case of Swiss Cities’, Population. Space and Place, 16, pp. 429–442.
Google Scholar

SAGAN, I. and GRABKOWSKA, M. (2013), ‘Negotiating Participatory Regeneration in the Post-socialist Inner City’, [in:] LEARY, M.E. and McCARTHY, J. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration, London‒New York: Blackwell, pp. 433–442.
Google Scholar

SCHWIRIAN, P.K. (1983), ‘Models of Neighborhood Change’, Annual Review of Sociology, 9 (1), pp. 83–102.
Google Scholar

SCOTT, J.W. and KUHN, M. (2012), ‘Urban Change and Urban Development Strategies in Central-East Europe: a Selective Assessment of Events Since 1989’, European Planning Studies, 20 (7), pp. 1093–1109.
Google Scholar

SMITH, D. (2005), ‘Studentification: the Gentrification Factory?’, [in:] ATKINSON, R. and BRIDGE, G. (eds.), Gentrification in a Global Context. The New Urban Colonialism, New York–London: Routledge, pp. 72–89.
Google Scholar

SMITH N. (1996), The New Urban Frontier. Gentrification as the Revanchist City, New York–London: Routledge.
Google Scholar

SMITH, N. (2002), ‘New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy’, Antipode, 34 (3), pp. 427–450.
Google Scholar

STANILOV, K. and SÝKORA, L. (eds.) (2014), Confronting Suburbanization. Urban Decentralization in Post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe, Oxford: Wiley and Blackwell.
Google Scholar

SÝKORA, L. (2005), ‘Gentrification in Post-communist Cities’, [in:] ATKINSON, R. and BRIDGE, G. (eds.), Gentrification in a Global Context. The New Urban Colonialism, New York–London: Routledge, pp. 90–105.
Google Scholar

TEMELOVA, J. (2007), ‘Flagship Developments and the Physical Upgrading of the Post Socialist Inner City: The Golden Angel Project in Prague’, Geografiska Annaler B, 89 (2), pp. 169–181.
Google Scholar

WACQUANT, L. (2008), ‘Relocating Gentrification: the Working Class, Science and the State in Recent Urban Research’, Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30, pp. 182–205.
Google Scholar

WĘCŁAWOWICZ, G. (1966), Contemporary Poland Space and Society, London: University College London.
Google Scholar

WĘCŁAWOWICZ, G. (1988), Struktury społeczno-przestrzenne w miastach Polski, Wrocław: IGiPZ PAN, Zakład im. Ossolińskich.
Google Scholar

WOLANIUK A. (2013), Przemieszczenia ludności z budynków gentryfikowanych przez władze samorządowe w Łodzi, [in:] JAKÓBCZYK-GRYSZKIEWICZ, J. (ed.), XXV Konwersatorium Wiedzy o Mieście. Procesy gentryfikacji w mieście, cz.2, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, pp. 57–71.
Google Scholar

WYLY, E. and HAMMEL, D. (1999), ‘Islands of Decay in Seas of Renewal: Housing Policy and the Resurgence of Gentrification’, Housing Policy Debate, 10 (4), pp. 711–771.
Google Scholar

WYLY, E., NEWMAN, K., SCHAFRAN, A. and LEE, E. (2010), ‘Displacing New York’, Environment and Planning A, 42 (11), pp. 2602–2623.
Google Scholar

ZBOROWSKI, A. (2009), Demograficzne i społeczne uwarunkowania rewitalizacji miast w Polsce, [in:] ZBOROWSKI, A. (ed.), Rewitalizacja miast polskich, t.5, Kraków: Instytut Rozwoju Miast.
Google Scholar

ZBOROWSKI, A. (ed.) (2009‒2010), Rewitalizacja miast polskich, 2009–2010, t.1–10, Kraków: Instytut Rozwoju Miast.
Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2018-01-30

How to Cite

Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz, J., Sztybel-Boberek, M., & Wolaniuk, A. (2018). Post-Socialist Gentrification Processes in Polish Cities. European Spatial Research and Policy, 24(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2017-0014

Issue

Section

Articles