Co-evolution of tourism and industrial sectors: the case of the Bełchatów industrial district

Tomasz Napierała; Katarzyna Leśniewska-Napierała; Marta Nalej; Iwona Pielesiak

doi:10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.09

Authors

Tomasz Napierała Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation - CiTUR, Rua do Conhecimento, No. 4, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal; University of Lodz, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Urban Geography, Tourism Studies and Geoinformation, ul. Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6407-5197
Katarzyna Leśniewska-Napierała Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation - CiTUR, Rua do Conhecimento, No. 4, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal; University of Lodz, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Institute of the Built Environment and Spatial Policy, ul. Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-6179
Marta Nalej University of Lodz, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Institute of Urban Geography, Tourism Studies and Geoinformation, ul. Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-9770
Iwona Pielesiak University of Lodz, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Institute of the Built Environment and Spatial Policy, ul. Kopcińskiego 31, 90-142 Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-8230

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.29.2.09

Crossmark check for up

Keywords:

path dependency, co-evolution of multiply paths, tourism, lignite mining, energy production, Bełchatów industrial district, Poland

Abstract

The goal of the study is to explore the co-evolution of the tourism and industrial sectors. This paper addresses the concept of inter-path dependency as the theoretical framework for this study. The case study of Bełchatów industrial district is applied to discuss the co-evolution of tourism and heavy industries. Tourism and heavy industries are usually seen as mutually exclusive. However, in the case of the Bełchatów industrial district, tourism (starting from social tourism, through business tourism and educational tourism) is confirmed as being complementary to the industrial path shaped by triggering events (launch of radical industrialisation, and economic transition). Recently, implementation of the Just Transition Mechanism was planned and includes development of leisure tourism in the case study area. Some doubts of that intersectoral linkages are discussed in the paper – mainly in the context of the expected sustainable development of the Bełchatów industrial district – and followed by policy recommendations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ABAD, C. J. P. (2017), ‘The post-industrial landscapes of Riotinto and Almadén, Spain: scenic value, heritage and sustainable tourism’, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 12 (4), pp. 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2016.1187149
Google Scholar

BAŃSKI, J. (2007), ‘Koncepcje rozwoju struktury przestrzennej w Polsce – polaryzacja czy równoważenie?’ [Concepts for the spatial structure development of Poland – polarization or sustainability?], Przegląd Geograficzny, 79 (1), pp. 45–77.
Google Scholar

BEZKOWSKA, G. (2004), ‘Przyrodnicze czynniki lokalizacji miejscowości wypoczynkowych w regionie łódzkim’ [Environmental factors determining location of leisure settlements in the region of Łódź], [in:] STRZYŻ, M. (ed.), Perspektywy rozwoju regionu w świetle badań krajobrazowych. Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu PAEK, Kielce: Instytut Geografii Akademii Świętokrzyskiej, pp. 181–188.
Google Scholar

BLÁZQUEZ-SALOM, M., BLANCO-ROMERO, A., VERA-REBOLLO, F., and IVARS-BAIDAL, J. (2019), ‘Territorial tourism planning in Spain: from boosterism to tourism degrowth?’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27 (12), pp. 1764–1785. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1675073
Google Scholar

BLAZYCA, G. (1980), ‘Structure and the economic problems of industry in a centrally planned economy: The Polish case’, The Journal of Industrial Economics, 28 (3), pp. 313–326.
Google Scholar

BOSCHMA, R. (2021), ‘The geographical dimension of structural change’, [in:] ALCORTA, L., FOSTER-MCGREGOR, N., VERSPAGEN, B. and SZIRMAI, A. (eds.), New Perspectives on Structural Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850113.003.0009
Google Scholar

BOSCHMA, R., COENEN, L., FRENKEN, K. and TRUFFER, B. (2017), ‘Towards a theory of regional diversification: combining insights from Evolutionary Economic Geography and Transition Studies’, Regional Studies, 51 (1), pp. 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1258460
Google Scholar

BOSCHMA, R. and LAMBOOY, J. G. (1999), ‘The prospects of an adjustment policy based on collective learning in old industrial regions’, GeoJournal, 49 (4), pp. 391–399.
Google Scholar

BREKKE, T. (2015), ‘Entrepreneurship and path dependency in regional development’, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27 (3–4), pp. 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1030457
Google Scholar

BREUL, M., HULKE, C. and KALVELAGE, L. (2021), ‘Path formation and reformation: Studying the variegated consequences of path creation for regional development’, Economic Geography, 97 (3), pp. 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1922277
Google Scholar

BROUDER, P. (2017), ‘Evolutionary economic geography: reflections from a sustainable tourism perspective’, Tourism Geographies, 19 (3), pp. 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2016.1274774
Google Scholar

BUJAK, W., LEBENSZTEJN, M., DOBROWOLSKI, S., GAJEWSKI, R., JARZĘBOWSKI, T., CZKWIANIANC, A., PAWLICA, J. and WALENDZIAK, R. (2007), ‘Betonowanie płyty fundamentowej nowego bloku energetycznego Elektrowni Bełchatów’ [Concreting the foundation slab of the new power unit of the Bełchatów Power Plant], Budownictwo, Technologie, Architektura, 4, pp. 56–61.
Google Scholar

BURCHARD-DZIUBIŃSKA, M., KASSENBERG, A., KOZAKIEWICZ, M., PACURA, J., RZEŃCA, A., SOBOL, A. and SZABLEWSKI, A. (2020), Zielona transformacja albo zapaść. Zagłębie bełchatowskie w przededniu zmian [Green transformation or collapse. Bełchatów basin on the eve of change], Łódź: Ośrodek Działań Ekologicznych „Źródła”.
Google Scholar

CHAFFIN, B. C., GARMESTANI, A. S., GUNDERSON, L. H., BENSON, M. H., ANGELER, D. G., ANTHONY, C., ARNOLD, T., COSENS, B., CRAIG, R. K., RUHL, J. B. and ALLEN, C. R. (2016), ‘Transformative environmental governance’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, pp. 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085817
Google Scholar

CHURSKI, P., BURCHARDT, M., HERODOWICZ, T., KONECKA-SZYDŁOWSKA, B. and PERDAŁ, R. (2022), Diagnoza strategiczna Wielkopolski Wschodniej [Strategic diagnosis of Eastern Wielkopolska], Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.
Google Scholar

CIRKOS, B. and GURGUL, M. (2009), ‘Działania PGE Elektrowni Bełchatów SA w kontekście rozwoju czystych technologii węglowych: instalacja demonstracyjna CCS’ [Activities undertaken by PGE Elektrownia Bełchatów SA within the context of the development of clean coal technologies: demo CCS installation], Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria, 33 (2), pp. 83–91.
Google Scholar

CONESA, H. M. (2010), ‘The difficulties in the development of mining tourism projects: the case of La Unión Mining District (SE Spain)’, PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 8 (4), pp. 653–660.
Google Scholar

CZEPAS, P. (2020), ‘Utracone w XX wieku. O przeszłości podbełchatowskich wsi przed wydobyciem węgla brunatnego (zarys problematyki badawczej na wybranym przykładzie wsi Wola Grzymalina)’ [Lost in the 20th Century. Concerning the Histories of Villages near Bełchatów Prior to the Mining of Brown Coal (An Outline of Research Topics Based on the Particular Example of the Village of Wola Grzymalina)], Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne, 20, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31261/SEIA.2020.20.06
Google Scholar

CZYŻAK, P., HETMAŃSKI, M., IWANOWSKI, D., DANIEL, K. and SZWARC, K. (2020), Zielone miejsca pracy. Przypadek regionu bełchatowskiego [Green jobs. The case of the Bełchatów region], Warszawa: Fundacja ClientEarth Prawnicy dla Ziemi.
Google Scholar

DĄBROWSKA-PROKOPOWSKA, E. (2018), ‘Krytyczna analiza teorii zmian ustrojowych w Polsce w aspekcie rozwoju lokalnego i regionalnego w odniesieniu do teorii systemów złożonych’ [The critical analysis of the paradigms of political transformation in Poland with taken into account the issue of local and regional development to the theory of complex systems], [in:] GRUSZEWSKA E., KARPIŃSKA K. and PROTASIEWICZ A. (eds.), Współczesne problemy ekonomiczne w badaniach młodych naukowców. T. 1, Wzrost, rozwój i polityka gospodarcza, Białystok: Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, pp. 24–34.
Google Scholar

DAŃKOWSKA, A. and SADURA, P. (2021), Przespana rewolucja: Sytuacja społeczna w regionie bełchatowskim u progu transformacji energetycznej [A sleepy revolution: The social situation in the Bełchatów region on the threshold of the energy transformation], Warszawa: Fundacja ClientEarth Prawnicy dla Ziemi.
Google Scholar

DEBBAGE, K. (2018), ‘Economic geographies of tourism: one “turn” leads to another’, Tourism Geographies, 20 (2), pp. 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1434816
Google Scholar

DODDS, R. and BUTLER, R. (2010), ‘Barriers to implementing sustainable tourism policy in mass tourism destinations’, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 5 (1), pp. 35–53.
Google Scholar

DRONKA, T. and KRÓL, C. (2019), ‘Powiat bełchatowski’ [Bełchatów county], [in:] ADAMCZYK, J., STASIAK, A. and WŁODARCZYK, B. (eds.), Kanon krajoznawczy województwa łódzkiego, Warszawa-Łódź: Wydawnictwo PTTK “Kraj”, pp. 12–21.
Google Scholar

DROZDOWSKI, S. and KOZŁOWSKI, Z. (1980), ‘Zagospodarowanie złoża węgla brunatnego Bełchatów’ [Spatial development of the Bełchatów lignite deposit], Przegląd Geologiczny, 28 (7), pp. 377–380.
Google Scholar

DUMBRĂVEANU, D. (2001), ‘The challenge of privatization: The tourist accommodation industry in transition’, [in:] LIGHT, D. and PHINNEMORE, D. (eds.), Post-Communist Romania: Coming to Terms with Transition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333977910_11
Google Scholar

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2019), A European Green Deal. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en [accessed on: 03.01.2022].
Google Scholar

EUROPEAN COMMISSION. (2020), EU emissions trading system. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/union-registry_en [accessed on: 03.01.2022].
Google Scholar

FLETCHER, R., BLANCO-ROMERO, A., BLÁZQUEZ-SALOM, M., CAÑADA, E., MURRAY MAS, I. and SEKULOVA, F. (2021), ‘Pathways to post-capitalist tourism’, Tourism Geographies, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1965202
Google Scholar

FLISIAK, J. and RYBICKI, S. (1997), ‘Numeryczne modelowanie zachowania wysadu solnego Dębiny w warunkach oddziaływania odkrywkowej eksploatacji złoża węgla brunatnego Bełchatów’ [Numerical modeling of the behavior of the Dębina salt dome under the influence of open-cast mining of the Bełchatów], Przegląd Geologiczny, 45 (10), pp. 996–1000.
Google Scholar

FRANGENHEIM, A., TRIPPL, M. and CHLEBNA, C. (2020), ‘Beyond the single path view: Interpath dynamics in regional contexts’, Economic Geography, 96 (1), pp. 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2019.1685378
Google Scholar

GOŹDZIEWICZ, E. and KULESZA, M. (2006), ‘Rozwój przestrzenny Bełchatowa’ [Spatial growth of Bełchatów], Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica, 7, pp. 161–181.
Google Scholar

GRABOWSKI, J. (2010), ‘Turystyka społeczna w wybranych zakładach pracy’ [Social tourism in selected workplaces], [in:] STASIAK, A. (ed.), Turystyka społeczna w regionie łódzkim, Łódź: Wydawnictwo WSTH, pp. 157–172.
Google Scholar

HALKIER, H. and THERKELSEN, A. (2013), ‘Exploring tourism destination path plasticity: The case of coastal tourism in North Jutland, Denmark’, Zeitschrift Fur Wirtschaftsgeographie, 57 (1–2), pp. 39–51.
Google Scholar

HASSINK, R., ISAKSEN, A. and TRIPPL, M. (2019), ‘Towards a comprehensive understanding of new regional industrial path development’, Regional Studies, 53 (11), pp. 1636–1645. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1566704
Google Scholar

HOSPERS, G. J. (2003), ‘Localization in Europe’s periphery: Tourism development in Sardinia’, European Planning Studies, 11 (6), pp. 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965431032000108369
Google Scholar

HOSPERS, G. J. (2004), Regional economic change in Europe: A neo-Schumpeterian vision, Munster: LIT Verlag.
Google Scholar

IOANNIDES, D. and BROUDER, P. (2016), ‘Tourism and economic geography redux: evolutionary economic geography’s role in scholarship bridge construction’, [in:] BROUDER, P., ANTON CLAVÉ, S., GILL, A. and IOANNIDES, D. (eds.), Tourism Destination Evolution, London: Routledge, pp. 183–193.
Google Scholar

ISAKSEN, A. (2015), ‘Industrial development in thin regions: trapped in path extension?’, Journal of Economic Geography, 15 (3), pp. 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu026
Google Scholar

JARMOŁOWICZ, W. and PĄTEK, D. (2013), ‘Polska transformacja gospodarcza: Przesłanki – przebieg – rezultaty’ [Polish economic transformation: premises – course – results], [in:] OWSIAK, S. and POLLOK, A. (eds.), W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu ekonomicznego, Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, pp. 71–89.
Google Scholar

JAROSZ, D. (2001), ‘Państwowe organizowanie wypoczynku: Fundusz Wczasów Pracowniczych w latach 1945–1956’ [State organization of leisure: Employee Holiday Fund in 1945–1956], Studia i Materiały, V, pp. 49–108.
Google Scholar

JASKULSKI, M. and NOWAK, T. (2019), ‘Transformations of landscape topography of the Bełchatów Coal Mine (Central Poland) and the surrounding area based on DEM analysis’, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8 (9), p. 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090403
Google Scholar

JONSEN‐VERBEKE, M. (1999), ‘Industrial heritage: A nexus for sustainable tourism development’, Tourism Geographies, 1 (1), pp. 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616689908721295
Google Scholar

JÓŹWIAK, M. and SIEG, P. (2021), ‘Tourism Development in Post-Industrial Facilities as a Regional Business Model’, Sustainability, 13 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042028
Google Scholar

KACZMAREK, J. (2002), ‘Systemowe uwarunkowania procesu transformacji w Polsce’ [The systemic conditions of the transformation process in Poland], Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Ekonomiczna w Krakowie, 570, pp. 5–16.
Google Scholar

KALIŃSKI, J. (2017), ‘Lignite basins in Poland after 1945’, Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, 2, pp. 107–130. https://doi.org/10.33119/KKESSiP.2017.2.6
Google Scholar

KASZTELEWICZ, Z. and KACZOROWSKI, J. (2009), ‘Rekultywacja i rewitalizacja kopalń węgla brunatnego na przykładzie Kopalni “Bełchatów” [Lignite mines revitalization based on the example of Bełchatów Brown Coal Mine]. Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria, 33 (2), pp. 187–212.
Google Scholar

KATURIĆ, I., GREGAR, M., SIMOV, S., LIPOVAC, R., COTELLA, G., BERISHA, E., CASAVOLA, D., GAUPP-BERGHAUSEN, M., ANDRONIC, C. and EVERS, D. (2021), SUPER – Sustainable Urbanization and Land-use Practices in European Regions: Croatia – Spin-off.
Google Scholar

ESPON. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/SUPER%20spin-off%20Croatia_Main%20Report.pdf [accessed on: 03.01.2022].
Google Scholar

KLEMPA, M., BUJOK, P., PORZER, M. and SKUPIEN, P. (2016), ‘Industrial Complexes and their Role in Industrial Tourism-Example of Conversion’, GeoScience Engineering, 62 (1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1515/gse-2016-0008
Google Scholar

KUCHARSKA, P. (2018), ‘Wpływ działalności przemysłu wydobywczego i energetycznego na środowisko życia ludzi – szansa czy zagrożenie? Przykład KWB i Elektrowni Bełchatów’ [Impact of mining and energy industry on human being habitat – an opportunity or a threat?]. Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii, 53 (4), pp. 65–80. https://doi.org/10.18778/1429-3730.53.04
Google Scholar

KULESZA, M. (2000), ‘Transformacja ustroju administracyjnego Polski (1990–2000)’ [Transformation of the administrative system of Poland (1990–2000)], Studia Iuridica, 38, pp. 79–86.
Google Scholar

KURIKKA, H. and GRILLITSCH, M. (2021), ‘Resilience in the periphery: What an agency perspective can bring to the table’, [in:] WINK, R. (ed.), Economic Resilience in Regions and Organisations, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, pp. 147–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33079-8_6
Google Scholar

KUŹNICKI, T. (2017), Z dziejów letnisk przy stacji Kamieńsk (Gomunice, Wielki Bór, Kocierzowy) [From the history of the summer resorts at the Kamieńsk railway station (Gomunice, Wielki Bór, Kocierzowy)], Radomsko: Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne Oddział w Radomsku.
Google Scholar

LEŚNIEWSKA-NAPIERAŁA, K. and NAPIERAŁA, T. (2017), ‘The function of hotels in revitalizing rural areas: Case studies in Pomerania Province’, Tourism, 27 (2), pp. 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/tour-2017-0014
Google Scholar

LIK, J. and SOŁTUNIAK, J. (2012), Wykorzystanie zasobów wodnych województwa łódzkiego na cele energetyki i towarzyszącej jej turystyki [The use of water resources in the Łódzkie Voivodeship for the purposes of energy and the accompanying tourism, Łódź: Wydawnictwo PAN.
Google Scholar

MACKINNON, D., DAWLEY, S., PIKE, A. and CUMBERS, A. (2019), ‘Rethinking Path Creation: A Geographical Political Economy Approach’, Economic Geography, 95 (2), pp. 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2018.1498294
Google Scholar

MALINA, G. and NIEZGODA, G. (2017), ‘Koncepcja zrównoważonego zagospodarowania terenów po eksploatacji węgla brunatnego w rejonie Bełchatowa’ [Redevelopment concept of open pits following lignite exploitation in the area of Bełchatów], Ochrona Środowiska, 39 (4), pp. 19–30.
Google Scholar

MANSFELD, Y. (1992), ‘“Industrial landscapes” as positive settings for tourism development in declining industrial cities’, GeoJournal, 28 (4), pp. 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00273115
Google Scholar

MARTIN, R. and SUNLEY, P. (2006), ‘Path dependence and regional economic evolution’, Journal of Economic Geography, 6 (4), pp. 395–437. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbl012
Google Scholar

MARTIN, R. and SUNLEY, P. (2010), ‘The Place of Path Dependence in an Evolutionary Perspective on the Economic Landscape’, [in:] BOSCHMA, R. and MARTIN, R. (eds.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography, London: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 62–92. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806497.00010
Google Scholar

MEEKES, J. F., BUDA, D. M. and DE ROO, G. (2017), ‘Adaptation, interaction and urgency: a complex evolutionary economic geography approach to leisure’, Tourism Geographies, 19 (4), pp. 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1320582
Google Scholar

MIEROSŁAWSKA, A. (1997), ‘Rolnictwo w rejonie bełchatowskich inwestycji górniczo-energetycznych: Uwarunkowania, zagrożenia, szanse’ [Agriculture in the area of quarry coal mine and power station investments at Bełchatów: Conditions, threats, and opportunities], Postępy Nauk Rolniczych, 6, pp. 93–106.
Google Scholar

MIREK, A. and BIAŁY, L. (2009), ‘Stan zagrożeń naturalnych w kopalniach węgla brunatnego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zagrożeń występujących w KWB «Bełchatów»’ [Natural threats in lignite mines with special taking into consideration threats occurring in Bełchatów Brown Coal Mine], Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria, 33 (2), pp. 327–341.
Google Scholar

MOTYKA, J., CZOP, M., JOŃCZYK, W., STACHOWICZ, Z., JOŃCZYK, I., and MARTYNIAK, R. (2007), ‘Wpływ głębokiej eksploatacji węgla brunatnego na zmiany środowiska wodnego w rejonie kopalni “Bełchatów”’ [Water environmental impacts of the deep brown coal exploration in Bełchatów open-pit]. Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria, 31 (2), pp. 477–487.
Google Scholar

NIŻNIK, A. and PĄCZKA, S. (1979), Bełchatowski Okręg Górniczo-Energetyczny [Bełchatów Mining and Energy District], Łódź: Uniwersytet Łódzki.
Google Scholar

NOWOTARSKI, W. (2019), ‘Jakość współczesnej turystyki versus ograniczenia okresu PRL lat 1945–1989: Porozumienie zakopiańskie jako studium przypadku turystyki młodzieżowej’ [The quality of modern tourism versus the limitations of the period of the People’s Republic of Poland, 1945–1989. The Zakopane Agreement as a case study of youth tourism], Turystyka i Rekreacja - Studia i Prace, 22, pp. 101–113.
Google Scholar

PĘDZIWIATR, K. (2014), ‘Wpływ Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego Bełchatów na zagospodarowanie przestrzenne gmin Rząśnia i Szczerców w ocenie mieszkańców’ [Influence of the Bełchatów Brown Coal Mine on spatial planning in the communes of Rząśnia and Szczerców in the inhabitants’ opinion], Prace Geograficzne, 138, pp. 81–94.
Google Scholar

PGE POLSKA GRUPA ENERGETYCZNA. (2022), ‘Investor Relations’, https://www.gkpge.pl/investor-relations [accessed on: 03.02.2022].
Google Scholar

PIRAS, S., TOBIASZ-LIS, P., CURRIE, M., DMOCHOWSKA-DUDEK, K., DUCKETT, D. and COPUS, A. (2021), ‘Spatial justice on the horizon? A combined Theory of Change scenario tool to assess place-based interventions’, European Planning Studies, 30 (5), pp. 952–973. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1928057
Google Scholar

RATAJCZAK, T., HYCNAR, E. and JOŃCZYK, W. (2009), ‘Złoża antropogeniczne a wartość surowcowa zgromadzonych kopalin na przykładzie KWB «Bełchatów» SA’ [The anthropogenic deposits and value of collect raw materials on example Bełchatów Brown Coal Mine], Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria, 33 (2), pp. 383–389.
Google Scholar

SANDBERG, M., KLOCKARS, K. and WILÉN, K. (2019), ’Green growth or degrowth? Assessing the normative justifications for environmental sustainability and economic growth through critical social theory’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, pp. 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.175
Google Scholar

SANZ-IBÁÑEZ, C., WILSON, J. and CLAVÉ, S. A. (2017), ‘Moments as catalysts for change in the evolutionary paths of tourism destinations’, [in:] BROUDER, P., CLAVÉ, S. A., GILL, A. and IOANNIDES, D. (eds.), Tourism destination evolution, London: Routledge, pp. 81–102.
Google Scholar

SECHI, L., MOSCARELLI, R. and PILERI, P. (2020), ‘Planning tourist infrastructures to regenerate marginalised territories: the study case of North Sardinia, Italy’, City, Territory and Architecture, 7 (5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-019-0108-x
Google Scholar

SEJMIK WOJEWÓDZTWA ŁÓDZKIEGO. (2021), Strategia Rozwoju Województwa Łódzkiego 2030 [Development Strategy of Łódzkie Voivodship 2030], http://dziennik.lodzkie.eu/WDU_E/2021/2686/akt.pdf [accessed on: 03.02.2022].
Google Scholar

SIMMIE, J. and MARTIN, R. (2010), ‘The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach’, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3 (1), pp. 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029
Google Scholar

SOBOCKA-SZCZAPA, H. (1986), ‘Kształtowanie się struktury demograficznej pod wpływem uprzemysłowienia (na przykładzie rejonu bełchatowskiego)’ [Shaping the demographic structure under the influence of industrialization (on the example of the Bełchatów region)]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 51, pp. 79–103.
Google Scholar

SZUPIŁO, J. (1982), ‘Rynek pracy w rejonie uprzemysłowionym (na przykładzie Zespołu Górniczo-Energetycznego “Bełchatów”)’ [The labor market in an industrialized region (the example of the “Bełchatów” Mining and Energy Group)]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 15, pp. 19–34.
Google Scholar

SZROMEK, A. R. and HERMAN, K. (2019), ‘A Business Creation in Post-Industrial Tourism Objects: Case of the Industrial Monuments Route’, Sustainability, 11 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051451
Google Scholar

UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE. (2022), The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement [accessed on: 03.02.2022].
Google Scholar

WECK, S., MADANIPOUR, A. and SCHMITT, P. (2021), ‘Place-based development and spatial justice’, European Planning Studies, 30 (5), pp. 791–806. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1928038
Google Scholar

WILLIAMS, A. M. and BALÁŽ, V. (2000), Tourism in transition: Economic change in Central Europe, London–New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
Google Scholar

YIN, R. K. (2018), Case study research and applications: Design and methods, Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Google Scholar

ZANKO, S. (2009), ‘New! Coastal ecologies: destination Croatia. The New Urban Question’, The New Urban Question – Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism, Amsterdam/Delft, pp. 181–190.
Google Scholar

ZARZĄD WOJEWÓDZTWA ŁÓDZKIEGO. (2021), Terytorialny Plan Sprawiedliwej Transformacji Województwa Łódzkiego [Territorial Plan of Just Transformation of the Łódzkie Voivodeship], https://bip.lodzkie.pl/zarzad-wojewodztwa-lodzkiego/uchwały-zarzadu/details/9/2584/ [accessed on: 03.02.2022].
Google Scholar