The many species of humanity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.63.01Keywords:
paleoanthropology, species of humans, race, treesAbstract
Naming new human species may seem to be a harmless endeavor, of little interest to all but a few specialists playing out the consequences of different evolutionary explanations of phyletic variation, but it has significant implications in how humanity is viewed because studies of race and human evolution are inexorably linked. When essentialist approaches are used to interpret variation in the past as taxonomic rather than populational, as increasingly has been the case, it serves to underscore a typological view of modern human variation.
In terms of how they are treated in analysis, there often seems to be no difference between the species, subspecies, or paleodemes of the past and the populations or races whose interrelationships and demographic history are discussed today. This is not inconsequential because both history and current practice shows that science, especially anthropology, is not isolated from society.
Downloads
References
ARMELAGOS G.J., 1995, Race, reason, and rationale, Evol. Anthropol., 4, 103-109
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360040307
ARMELAGOS G.J., A.H. GOODMAN, 1998, Race, Racism, and Anthropology, [in:] Building a New Bicultural Synthesis, A.H. Goodman & T.L. Leatherman (eds.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 359-377
View in Google Scholar
BAR-YOSEF O., 1998, The chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant, [in:] Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, & O. Bar-Yosef (eds.), Plenum, New York, 39-56
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47153-1_3
BARBUJANI G., A. MAGAGNI, E. MINCH, L.L. CAVALLI-SFORZA, 1997, An apportionment of human DNA diversity, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4516-4519
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4516
BARKAN E.A., 1988, Mobilizing scientists against Nazi racism, 1933-1939, [in:] Bones, Bodies, Behavior. Essays on Biological Anthropology, G.W. Stocking Jr. (ed.), University of Wisconin, Madison, 180-205
View in Google Scholar
BOWLER J.M., A.G. THORNE, 1976, Human remains from Lake Mungo, [in:] The Origin of the Australians, R.L. Kirk & A.G. Thorne (eds.), Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 127-138
View in Google Scholar
BRACE C.L., 1982, The roots of the race concept in American physical anthropology, [in:] A History of American Physical Anthropology 1930-1980, F. Spencer (ed.), Academic, New York, 11-29
View in Google Scholar
BRACE C.L., 1999, An anthropological perspective on “race” and intelligence: the non-clinal nature of human cognitive capacities, J. Anthropol. Research, 55, 245-264
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.55.2.3631210
BRACE C.L., G.R. GAMBLE, J.T. BOND (eds.), 1971, Race and Intelligence, American Anthropological Association, Washington D.C.
View in Google Scholar
CARTMILL M., 1998, The status of the race concept in physical anthropology, Am. Anthropol., 100, 651-660
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.651
CASPARI R., 1997, La Diversite Humaine, fruit d’echanges continus, La Recherche, 302, 74-81
View in Google Scholar
CAVALLI-SFORZA L.L, 1997, Genes, peoples, and languages, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 7719-7724
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.15.7719
CAVALLI-SFORZA L.L., 1998, The Chinese human genome diversity project, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 11501-11503
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.20.11501
CAVALLI-SFORZA L.L., P. MENOZZI, A. PIAZZA, 1994, The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University, Princeton
View in Google Scholar
CAVALLI-SFORZA L.L., E. MINCH, J.L. MOUNTAIN, 1992, Coevolution of genes and languages revisited, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 5620-5624
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.12.5620
CAVALLI-SFORZA L.L., A.C. WILSON, C.R. CANTOR, R.M. COOK-DEEGAN, M-C.KING, 1991, Call for a worldwide survey of human genetic diversity: A vanishing opportunity for the Human Genome Project, Genomics, 11, 490-491
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(91)90169-F
COON C.S., 1962, The Origin of Races, Knopf, New York
View in Google Scholar
DIXON R.B., 1923, The Racial History of Man, Scribner, New York
View in Google Scholar
DOBZHANSKY Th., 1963, The possibility that Homo sapiens evolved independently 5 times is vanishingly small, Sci. Amer., 208, 169-172
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0263-169
FOLEY R.A., M.M. LAHR, 1997, Mode 3 technologies and the evolution of modern humans, Cambridge Archaeol. J., 7, 3-36
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774300001451
GABUNIA L.K., A. VEKUA, 1995, A Plio Pleistocene hominid from Dmanisi, East Georgia, Caucasus, Nature, 373, 509-512
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/373509a0
GABUNIA L., A. VEKUA, D. LORDKIPANIDZE, et al., 2000, Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age, Science, 288, 1019-1025
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5468.1019
GOODMAN A.H., G.J. ARMELAGOS, 1996, Race, racism and the new physical anthropology, [in:] Race and other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montagu in his Ninetieth Year, L. Reynolds & L. Lieberman (eds.), Dix Hills, New York, 174-186
View in Google Scholar
GOULD S..J., 1994, Curveball, The New Yorker, 75 (Nov. 28), 139-149
View in Google Scholar
GOULD S.J., 1996, The Mismeasure of Man, Revised 2nd Edition, Norton, New York
View in Google Scholar
GRANT M., 1916, The Passing of the Great Race, Scribner, New York
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/207903
HAECKEL E., 1883, The History of Creation, or the Development of the Earth and its inhabitants by Natural Causes, Appleton, New York
View in Google Scholar
HAECKEL E., 1905, The Wonders of Life, Harper, New York
View in Google Scholar
HARDING R.M., 2000, Diversity, not divergence. Genetic History of Modern Humans, 8th CEPH Annual Conference, Faculte de Mede cine Lariboisiere Saint-Louis, Paris, France, 24-26 May 2000, Trends in Genetics, 16, 381
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02088-6
HARPENDING H.C., E. ELLER, 2000, Human Diversity and its History, [in:] Biodiversity, M. Kato & N. Takahata (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Tokyo HARRISON F.V. (ed.), 1998, Contemporary issues forum: race and racism, Am. Anthropol., 100, 607-715
View in Google Scholar
HERRNSTEIN R.J., C. MURRAY, 1994, The Bell Curve. Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, The Free Press, New York
View in Google Scholar
HOOTON E.A., 1931, Up From the Ape, MacMillan, New York
View in Google Scholar
HOOTON E.A., 1936, Plain statements about race, Science, 83, 511-513
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.83.2161.511
HOWELL F.C., 1996, Thoughts on the study and interpretation of the human fossil record, [in:] Contemporary Issues in Human Evolution, W.E. Meikle, F.C. Howell & N.G. Jablonski (eds.), Wattis Symposium Series in Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, Memoir 21, 1-45
View in Google Scholar
HOWELL F.C., 1999, Paleo-demes, species clades, and extinctions in the Pleistocene hominin record. J. Anthropol. Research, 55, 191-244
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.55.2.3631209
HRDLIČKA A., 1927, The anthropology of the American Negro: historical notes, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 10, 205-235
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330100204
ITZKOFF S.W., 2000, The Inevitable Domination by Man, Paideia Publishers, Ashfield, MA
View in Google Scholar
JENSEN A.R., 1969, How much can we boost I.Q. and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educ. Rev., 39, 1-123
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7
KEITH A., 1948, A New Theory of Human Evolution, Philosophical Library, New York
View in Google Scholar
KIDD J.R., K.K. KIDD, K.M. WEISS, 1993, Human genome diversity initiative, Hum. Biol., 65, 1-6
View in Google Scholar
KLEIN R.G., 2000, The Human Career, 2nd edition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
View in Google Scholar
LAHR M.M., R.A. FOLEY, 1998, Towards a theory of modern human origins: Geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution, Yearb. Phys. Anthropol., 41, 137-176
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1998)107:27+<137::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-Q
LENZ F., 1931, Menschliche Auslese und Rassenhygiene (Eugenik), Lehmann, Munich, p. 417
View in Google Scholar
LEWIN R., 1993, The Origin of Modern Humans, Scientific American Library, New York
View in Google Scholar
LITTLEFIELD A., L. LIEBERMAN, L.T. REYNOLDS, 1982, Redefining race: the potential demise of a concept in physical anthropology, Curr. Anthropol., 23, 641-656
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/202915
MARKS A.E., 1993, The early Upper Paleolithic: the view from the Levant, [in:] Before Lascaux: The Complex Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay & E. White (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 5-21
View in Google Scholar
MARKS J., 1995, Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History, Aldine de Gruyter, New York
View in Google Scholar
MONTAGU M.F.A., 1963, What is remarkable about varieties of man is likeness, not differences, Curr. Anthropol., 4, 361-363
View in Google Scholar
MONTAGU M.F.A. (ed.), 1964, The Concept of Race, The Free Press, New York.
View in Google Scholar
MOORE J.H., 1994, Putting anthropology back together again: the ethnogenetic critique of cladistic theory, Am. Anthropol., 96, 925-948
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1994.96.4.02a00110
MOORE J.H., 1995, The end of a paradigm, Curr. Anthropol., 36, 530-531
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/204395
OLSZEWSKI D.I., H.L. DIBBLE, 1994, The Zagros Aurignacian, Curr. Anthropol., 35, 68-75
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/204242
OSBORN H.F., 1926, The evolution of human races, Nat. Hist., 26, 3-13
View in Google Scholar
OTTE M., 1998, Turkey as a key, [in:] Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, T. Akazawa, K. Aoki & O. Bar-Yosef (eds.): Plenum Press, New York, 483-492
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47153-1_31
OWENS K., M-C KING, 1999, Genomic views of human history, Science, 286, 451-453
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.451
RELETHFORD J.H., 1999, Models, predictions, and the fossil record of modern human origins, Evol. Anthropol., 8, 7-10
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<7::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-O
RELETHFORD J.H., H.C. HARPENDING, 1995, Ancient differences in population size can mimic a recent African origin of modern humans, Curr. Anthropol., 36, 667-674
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/204415
RUSHTON J.P., 1995, Race, Evolution and Behavior: A Life History Perspective, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick
View in Google Scholar
RUSHTON J.P., 1999, Brain size and cognitive ability: a review with new evidence (abstract), Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 108 (S28), 237-238
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199902)108:2<237::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Z
RUSHTON J.P., C.D. ANKNEY, 2000, Size matters: a review and a new analysis of racial differences in cranial capacity and intelligence that refute Kamin and Omari, Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 591-620
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00256-1
SCHULL W.J., G.J. ANNAS, N. ARNHEIM, et al., 1998, Evaluating Human Genetic Diversity, National Academy Press, Washington DC
View in Google Scholar
SCHWARTZ J.H., 2000, Taxonomy of the Dmanisi crania, Science, 28, W9, 55-56
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5476.55b
SEIELSTAD M., E BEKELE, M. IBRAHIM, A. TOURE, M. TRAORE, 1999, A view of modern human origins from Y chromosome microsatellite variation, Genome Research, 9, 558-567
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.9.6.558
SHEN P., F. WANG, P.A. UNDERHILL, et al., 2000, Population genetic implications from sequence variation in four Y chromosome genes, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 7354-7359
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.13.7354
SHIPMAN P., 1994, The Evolution of Racism. Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science, Simon and Schuster, New York
View in Google Scholar
SLATKIN M., 1991, Inbreeding coefficients and coalescent times, Genetical Research, 58, 167-175
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300029827
STOCKING G.W. JR., 1968, Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays on the History of Anthropology, Free Press, New York
View in Google Scholar
TATTERSALL I., 1986, Species recognition in human paleontology, J. Hum. Evol., 15, 165-175
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80043-4
TATTERSALL I., 1992, Species concepts and species identification in human evolution, J. Hum. Evol., 22, 341-350
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(92)90064-G
TATTERSALL I., J.H. SCHWARTZ, 2000, Extinct Humans, Westview Press, Boulder
View in Google Scholar
TAVARE S., D. BALDING, R.C. GRIFFITHS, P. DONNELLY, 1997, Inferring coalescence times from DNA sequence data, Genetics, 145, 505-518
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.505
TEMPLETON A.R., 1982, Genetic architectures of speciation, [in:] Mechanisms of Speciation, C. Barigozzi (ed.), Alan R. Liss, New York, 105-121
View in Google Scholar
TEMPLETON A.R., 1997, Out of Africa? What do genes tell us? Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 7, 841-847
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80049-4
TEMPLETON A.R., 1998, Human races: a genetic and evolutionary perspective, Am. Anthropol., 100, 632-650
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632
TERRELL J.E., P.J. STEWART, 1997, The paradox of human population genetics at the end of the Twentieth Century, Reviews in Anthropology, 25, 13-33
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1996.9978138
THOMSON R., J.K. PRITCHARD, P. SHEN, P.J. OEFNER, M.W. FELDMAN, 2000, Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes: Evidence from DNA sequence data, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 7360-7365
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.13.7360
THORNE A., R. GRON, G. MORTIMER, J.J. SIMPSON, M. MCCULLOCH, L. TAYLOR, D. CURNOE, 1999, Australia’s oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton, J. Hum. Evol., 36, 591-692
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0305
VAN PEER P., 1998, The Nile corridor and the Out-of-Africa model, Curr. Anthropol., 39 (suppl.), 115-140
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/204692
WOLF E.R., 1994, Perilous ideas: race, culture, people, Curr. Anthropol., 35, 1-12
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/204231
WOLPOFF M.H., 1999a, Paleoanthropology, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York
View in Google Scholar
WOLPOFF M.H., 1999b, Paleoanthropology: controversy without end or an end without controversy?, Reviews in Anthropology, 28, 267-288 WOLPOFF M.H., R. CASPARI, 1997, Race and Human Evolution, Simon and Schuster, New York
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1999.9978235
WOOD B.A., M. COLLARD, 1999, The human genus, Science, 284, 65-71
View in Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.65
WU X., F.E. POIRIER, 1995, Human Evolution in China. A Morphometric Description of Fossils and a Review of the Sites, Oxford University Press, New York
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
