Percent of body fat, fat-mass, fat-free mass and assessment of body composition among rural school-going children of Eastern-India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2018-0011Keywords:
Adiposity, anthropometry, body composition, fat mass, fat free mass, percent of body fatAbstract
Percent of body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) are useful indicators for the assessment of body composition. The present study was conducted among 1351 children (boys: 660; girls: 691) aged 5–12 years residing in West Bengal, Eastern-India. The children were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and sub-scapular skinfold (SSF) were recorded using standard procedures. The PBF, PBF-for-age z-score (PBFZ) and body mass index (BMI) were subsequently calculated. Body composition was assessed using FM, FFM, fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI). Age-specific mean values of FM ranged from 2.12–4.00 kg (boys) and 2.16–4.40 kg (girls). Age-specific mean values of FFM ranged from 14.45–23.93 kg (boys) and 14.01–23.03 kg (girls). Sex-specific mean differences between sexes were statistically significant in weight, height, TSF, SSF, PBF, PBFAZ, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI (p<0.05), except in BMI (p>0.05). These results are important for future investigations in clinical and epidemiological settings so as to accurately identify the risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using PBF, FM and FFM.
Downloads
References
Ablove T, Binkley N, Leadley S, Shelton J, Ablove R. 2015. Body mass index continues to accurately predict percent body fat as women age despite changes in muscle mass and height. Menopause 22:727-30.
View in Google Scholar
Aguirre CA, Salazar GDC, De Romaña DL, Kain JA, Corvalán CL, Uauy RE. 2015. Evaluation of simple body composition methods: assessment of validity in prepubertal Chilean children. Eur J Clin Nutr 69:269-73.
View in Google Scholar
Almeida SM, Furtado JM, Mascarenhas P, Ferraz ME, Silva LR, Ferreira JC, Monteiro M, Vilanova M, Ferraz FP. 2016. Anthropometric predictors of body fat in a large population of 9-year-old school-aged children. Obes Sci Prac 2:272-81.
View in Google Scholar
Alpizar M, Peschard VG, Escalante-Araiza F, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Murata C, Arenas-Pérez R, Rodriguez-Ayala E. 2017. Smoothed body composition percentiles curves for Mexican children aged 6 to 12 years. Children (Basel) 4:E112.
View in Google Scholar
Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. 2016. Body composition in clinical practice. Eur J Radiol 85:1461-8.
View in Google Scholar
Blouin K, Boivin A, Tchernof A. 2008. Androgens and body fat distribution. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 108:272-80.
View in Google Scholar
Boone-Heinonen J, Markwardt S, Fortmann SP, Thornburg KL. 2015. Overcoming birth weight: can physical activity mitigate birth weight-related differences in adiposity? Pediatr Obes 11:166-73.
View in Google Scholar
Boot AM, Engels MA, Boerma GJ, Krenning EP, deMuinck Keizer-Schrama SM. 1997. Changes in Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition, and Lipid Metabolism during Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment in Children with GH Deficiency 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 82:2423-8.
View in Google Scholar
Bose K, Jana S, Bisai S, Mukhopadhyay A, Bhadra M. 2007. Comparison of nutritional status between tuberculosis patients and controls: a study from North 24 Parganas district in West Benghal, India. Mal J Nutr 13:131-9.
View in Google Scholar
Breij LM, Kerkhof GF, De Lucia Rolfe E, Ong KK, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Acton D, Hokken-Koelega A. 2017. Longitudinal fat mass and visceral fat during the first 6 months after birth in healthy infants: support for a critical window for adiposity in early life. Pediatr Obes 12:286-94.
View in Google Scholar
Chowdhury SD, Chakraborti T, Ghosh T. 2007. Fat patterning of Santhal children: a tribal population of West Bengal, India. J Trop Pediatr 53:98-102.
View in Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Faith MS, Pietrobelli A, Heo M. 2005. What is the best measure of adiposity change in growing children: BMI, BMI%, BMI z-score or BMI centile? Eur J Clin Nutr 59:419-25.
View in Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Stat Med 17:407-29.
View in Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Green PJ. 1992. Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood. Stat Med 11:1305-19.
View in Google Scholar
Colley D, Cines B, Current N, Schulman C, Bernstein S, Courville AB, Zambell K, Reynolds JC, Yanovski J. 2015. Assessing body fatness in obese adolescents: alternative methods to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Digest 50:1-7.
View in Google Scholar
Correia-Costa L, Santos AC, Severo M, Guerra A, Schaefer F, Afonso AC, Barros H, Azevedo A. 2015. Sex-specific mediating role of insulin resistance and inflammation in the effect of adiposity on blood pressure of prepubertal children. PloS One 10:e0132097.
View in Google Scholar
Crocker MK, Stern EA, Sedaka NM, Shomaker LB, Brady SM, Ali Thomas AH, Shawker H, Hubbard VS, Yanovski JA. 2014. Sexual dimorphisms in the associations of BMI and body fat with indices of pubertal development in girls and boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 99:e1519-29.
View in Google Scholar
DattaBanik S, Das S. 2015. Body mass inde Xand body adiposity index in relation to percent body fat: a study in adult men of three endogamous groups of South Bengal. HOMO 66:90-9.
View in Google Scholar
DattaBanik S. 2011. Nutritional status adiposity and body composition of Oraon and Sarak females in Ranchi District, India--a comparison. Ecol Food Nutr 50:43-62.
View in Google Scholar
Debnath S, Mondal N, Sen J. 2017. Use of upper arm anthropometry, upper arm muscle area-by-height (UAMAH) and mid upper-arm-circumference (MUAC)-for-height as indicators of body composition and nutritional status among children. Anthropol Rev 80:85-102.
View in Google Scholar
Debnath S, Mondal N, Sen J. 2018. Socio-economic and Demographic Correlates of Stunting and Thinness among Rural School-going Children (Aged 5-12 Years) of North Bengal, Eastern India. J Life Sci 10:14-31.
View in Google Scholar
De Onis M. 2017. Child growth and development. In Nutrition and Health in a Developing World. Humana Press, Cham. pp 119-41.
View in Google Scholar
Duren DL, Sherwood RJ, Czerwinski SA, Lee M, Choh AC, Siervogel RM, Chumlea WC. 2008. Body composition methods: comparisons and interpretation. J Diabetes Sci Tech 2:1139-46.
View in Google Scholar
Eckhardt CL, Adair LS, Caballero B, Avila J, Kon IY, Wang J, Popkin BM. 2003. Estimating body fat from anthropometry and isotopic dilution: a four-country comparison. Obes Res 11:1553-62.
View in Google Scholar
Freedman DS, Wang J, Maynard LM, Thornton JC, Mei Z, Pierson RN, Dietz WH, Horlick M. 2005. Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents. Int J Obes 29:1-8.
View in Google Scholar
Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. 1996. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups?. Am J Epidemiol 143:228-39.
View in Google Scholar
Gerver WJM, de Bruin R, Zwaga N, van Wersch M, Raghupathy P. 2000. Nutritional status in children based on anthropometrical data. A description of an Indian population (Vellore). Acta Med Aux 32:93-104.
View in Google Scholar
Ghosh A, Choudhary S, Chowdhury SD, Ghosh T. 2009. Fat and fat-free mass in Nepalese children: an assessment of nutritional status. Eur J Pediatr 168:1513.
View in Google Scholar
Gibby JT, Njeru DK, Cvetko ST, Heiny EL, Creer AR, Gibby WA. 2017. Whole-Body Computed Tomography–Based Body Mass and Body Fat Quantification: A Comparison to Hydrostatic Weighing and Air Displacement Plethysmography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 41:302-08.
View in Google Scholar
Glass NA, Torner JC, Letuchy EM, Burns TL, Janz KF, Eichenberger Gilmore JM, Schlechte JA, Levy SM. 2016. The relationship between greater prepubertal adiposity, subsequent age of maturation, and bone strength during adolescence. J Bone Mineral Res 31:1455-65.
View in Google Scholar
Goran MI, Driscoll P, Johnson R, Nagy TR, Hunter G. 1996. Cross-calibration of body-composition techniques against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in young children. Am J Clin Nutr 63:299-305.
View in Google Scholar
González-Agüero A, Matute-Llorente Á, Gómez-Cabello A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. 2017. Percentage of body fat in adolescents with Down syndrome: Estimation from skinfolds. Disab Health J 10:100-4.
View in Google Scholar
Griffiths LJ, Sera F, Cortina-Borja M, Law C, Ness A, Dezateux C. 2016. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time: Cross-sectional and prospective associations with adiposity in the Millennium Cohort Study. BMJ Open 6:e010366.
View in Google Scholar
Gültekin T, Akin G, Ozer BK. 2005. Gender differences in fat patterning in children living in Ankara. Anthropol Anz 63:427-37.
View in Google Scholar
Guo B, Wu Q, Gong J, Xiao Z, Tang Y, Shang J, Cheng Y, Xu H. 2016. Gender difference in body fat for healthy Chinese children and adolescents. Childhood Obes 12:144-54.
View in Google Scholar
Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, Faustman E, editors. 2018. Handbook of life course health development. Springer.
View in Google Scholar
Hall J, Allanson J, Gripp K, Slavotinek A. 2007. Handbook of physical measurements. Oxford University Press.
View in Google Scholar
Harris EF, Smith RN. 2009. Accounting for measurement error: a critical but often overlooked process. Arch Oral Biol 54:S107-17.
View in Google Scholar
He Q, Horlick M, Thornton J, Wang J, Pierson Jr RN, Heshka S, Gallagher D. 2002. Sex and race differences in fat distribution among Asian, African-American, and Caucasian prepubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 87:2164-70.
View in Google Scholar
Ho-Pham LT, Lai TQ, Nguyen MT, Nguyen TV. 2015. Relationship between body mass index and percent body fat in Vietnamese: implications for the diagnosis of obesity. PloS One 10:e0127198.
View in Google Scholar
Hu F. 2008. Measurements of adiposity and body composition. In: Hu FB, editor. Obesity epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
View in Google Scholar
Hung SP, Chen CY, Guo FR, Chang CI, Jan CF. 2017. Combine body mass index and body fat percentage measures to improve the accuracy of obesity screening in young adults. Obes Res Clin Prac 11:11-8.
View in Google Scholar
Jensen NS, Camargo TF, Bergamaschi DP. 2016. Comparison of methods to measure body fat in 7-to-10-year-old children: a systematic review. Pub Health 133:3-13.
View in Google Scholar
Kshatriya GK, Ghosh A. 2008. Undernutrition among the tribal children in India: tribes of Coastal, Himalayan and Desert ecology. Anthropol Anz 66:355-63.
View in Google Scholar
Kumar N, Shekhar C, Kumar P, Kundu AS. 2007. Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status scale-updating for 2007. Indian J Pediatr 74:1131-2.
View in Google Scholar
Laurson KR, Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ. 2011. Body Fat Percentile Curves for U.S. Children and Adolescents. Am J Prev Med 41:S87-S92.
View in Google Scholar
Lee MJ, Fried SK. 2017. Sex-dependent depot differences in adipose tissue development and function; role of sex steroids. Korean J Obes 26:2383-899X.
View in Google Scholar
Lee SY, Gallagher D. 2008. Assessment methods in human body composition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11:566.
View in Google Scholar
Leung KC, Johannsson G, Leong GM,Ho KK. 2004. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Endocr Rev 25:693-721.
View in Google Scholar
Louer AL, Simon DN, Switkowski KM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gillman MW, Oken E. 2017. Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study. J Vis Exp 120.
View in Google Scholar
Mishra D, Singh HP. 2003. Kuppuswami’s socio-economic status scale – A revision. Indian J Pediatr 70:273-4.
View in Google Scholar
Mondal N, Sen J. 2010. Prevalence of undernutrition among children (5–12 years) belonging to three communities residing in a similar habitat in North Bengal, India. Ann Hum Biol37:199-217.
View in Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay A, Bhadra M, Bose K. 2005. Regional adiposity, body composition and central body fat distribution of 10–16 years old Bengalee boys of Nimta, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Coll Antropol 29:487-92.
View in Google Scholar
Musaiger AO, Gregory WB. 2000. Profile of body composition of school children (6-18y) in Bahrain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1093-6.
View in Google Scholar
Nedungadi TP, Clegg DJ. 2009. Sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution and risk for cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovascular Translational Res 2:321-7.
View in Google Scholar
Noradilah MJ, Ang YN, Kamaruddin NA, Deurenberg P, Ismail MN, Poh BK. 2016. Assessing Body Fat of Children by Skinfold Thickness, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry A Validation Study Among Malay Children Aged 7 to 11 Years. Asia-Pac J Pub Health 28:74S-84S.
View in Google Scholar
Norgan NG. 1997. The beneficial effects of body fat and adipose tissue in humans. Int J Obesity Related Metabol Dis21:738-46.
View in Google Scholar
Pausova Z, Mahboubi A, Abrahamowicz M, Leonard GT, Perron M, Richer L, Veillette S, Gaudet D, Paus T. 2012. Sex differences in the contributions of visceral and total body fat to blood pressure in adolescence. Hyperten 59:572-9.
View in Google Scholar
Reddon H, Guéant JL, Meyre D. 2016. The importance of gene–environment interactions in human obesity. Clin Sci 130:1571-97.
View in Google Scholar
Rolland-Cachera MF. 1993. Body composition during adolescence: method, limitation and determinants. Horm Res 39:25–40.
View in Google Scholar
Santos S, Gaillard R, Oliveira A, Barros H, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Beek EM, Hofman, A, Jaddoe VW. 2016. Associations of infant subcutaneous fat mass with total and abdominal fat mass at school-age: The generation r study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 30:511-20.
View in Google Scholar
Sen J, Mondal N. 2013. Fat mass and fat-free mass as indicators of body composition among Bengalee Muslim children. Ann Hum Biol 40:286-93.
View in Google Scholar
Sharma J, Mondal N. 2018. Physical Growth and Body Composition Assessment among Rural Adolescent Girls (10-16 years) of Karbi Anglong, Assam, Northeast India. J Life Sci 10:1-13
View in Google Scholar
Shen W, Punyanitya M, Silva AM, Chen J, Gallagher D, Sardinha LB, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB. 2009. Sexual dimorphism of adipose tissue distribution across the lifespan: a cross-sectional whole-body magnetic resonance imaging study. Nutr Metabol 6:17.
View in Google Scholar
Simmonds M, Burch J, Llewellyn A, Griffiths C, Yang H, Owen C, Duffy S, Woolacott N. 2015. The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Tech Ass 19:1-336.
View in Google Scholar
Singh J, Mondal N. 2014. Use of upper-arm anthropometry as measure of body-composition and nutritional assessment in children and adolescents (6-20 years) of Assam, Northeast India. Ethiop J Health Sci 24:243-52.
View in Google Scholar
Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau R, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, Bemben DA. 1988. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol 60:709-23.
View in Google Scholar
Staiano AE, Broyles ST, Gupta AK, Katzmarzyk PT. 2013.Ethnic and sex differences in visceral, subcutaneous, and total body fat in children and adolescents. Obesity 21:1251-5.
View in Google Scholar
Thibault R, Genton L, Pichard C. 2012. Body composition: why, when and for who? Clin Nutr 31:435-47.
View in Google Scholar
Thibault R, Pichard C. 2012. The evaluation of body composition: a useful tool for clinical practice. Ann Nutr Metab 60:6-16.
View in Google Scholar
Touitou Y, Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Rensing L. 2004. Ethical principles and standards for the conduct of human and animal biological rhythm research. Chronobiol Int 21:161-70.
View in Google Scholar
Ulijaszek SJ, Kerr DA. 1999. Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Br J Nutr 82:165-77.
View in Google Scholar
VanItallie TB, Yang MU, Heymsfield SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA. 1990. Height-normalized indices of the body’s fat-free mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 52:953-9.
View in Google Scholar
Wang H, Story RE, Venners SA, Wang B, Yang J, Li Z, Wang L, Liu X, Tang G, Xing H, Xu X. 2007. Patterns and interrelationships of body-fat measures among rural Chinese children aged 6 to 18 years. Pediatr 120:e94-e101.
View in Google Scholar
Wells JC. 2007. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metabol 21:415-30.
View in Google Scholar
Wells JCK, Fewtrell MS. 2006. Measuring body composition. Arch Dis Child 91:612-7.
View in Google Scholar
Wells JCK. 2010. The evolutionary biology of human body fatness: thrift and control.– Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
View in Google Scholar
Weststrate JA, Deurenberg P, van Tinteren H. 1989. Indices of body fat distribution and adiposity in Dutch children from birth to 18 years of age. Int J Obes 13:465-77.
View in Google Scholar
Whitaker KM, Choh AC, Lee M, Towne B, Czerwinski SA, Demerath EW. 2016. Se Xdifferences in the rate of abdominal adipose accrual during adulthood: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Int J Obes 40:1278-85.
View in Google Scholar
Xue H, Tian G, Duan R, Quan L, Zhao L, Yang M, Libuda L, Muckelbauer R, Cheng G. 2016. Sedentary behavior is independently related to fat mass among children and adolescents in South China. Nutrients 8: Article #667
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Anthropological Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
