Zmiana klimatu – kluczowe wyzwania prawa międzynarodowego

Autor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/2956-3747.7.13

Słowa kluczowe:

zrównoważony rozwój, zmiana klimatu, prawo międzynarodowe, prawo unijne, prawo amerykańskie, ESG, ochrona środowiska

Abstrakt

Celem artykułu jest wykazanie rosnącego zainteresowania społeczności międzynarodowej przeciwdziałaniu zmianom klimatu poprzez badanie kluczowych rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących zrównoważonego rozwoju i ochronie środowiska oraz pokazanie różnych dróg obranych przez podmioty prawa międzynarodowego do osiągnięcia neutralności klimatycznej, poprzez analizę wybranych rozwiązań z: prawa międzynarodowego, wspólnotowego, amerykańskiego i chińskiego.

Bibliografia

Al Jazeera, Mapping the hottest temperatures around the world, 5.07.2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/5/what-is-the-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-in-your-country-2
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Barcz J., Prawo Unii Europejskiej. Zagadnienia systemowe. Prawo materialne i polityki, Warszawa 2006.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

BBC, UN climate talks extend Kyoto Protocol, promise compensation, 8.12.2012, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-20653018
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Ciechanowicz-McLean J., Interes publiczny w prawie ochrony środowiska, [in:] Problemy współczesnego ustrojoznawstwa. Księga jubileuszowa profesora Bronisława Jastrzębskiego, ed. J. Dobkowski, Olsztyn 2007, pp. 452–459.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Ciechanowicz-McLean J., Konwencja Narodów Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian klimatu, [in:] Wielka encyklopedia prawa, t. 4, Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne, red. B. Hołyst, R. Hauser, J. Symonides, D. Pyć, Warszawa 2014.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Ciechanowicz-McLean J., Węzłowe problemy prawa ochrony klimatu, „Studia Prawnoustrojowe Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego” 2017, vol. 37.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Dubis S., Wpływ organów nadzoru budowlanego na zrównoważony rozwój samorządu terytorialnego, [in:] Wybrane aspekty realizacji zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju samorządu terytorialnego, eds. M. Sitek, P.B. Zientarski, Warszawa 2019.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Comission, Corporate sustainability reporting, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Commission, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Commission, Causes of climate change, https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/causes-climate-change_en
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Commission, European Climate Law, https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/european-climate-law_en
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Commission, European Green Deal, https://ec.europa.eu/stories/european-green-deal/
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Commission, Fit for 55, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55/
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Commission, National Energy and Climate Plans, https://commission.europa.eu/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-energy-and-climate-plans_en#final-necps
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Parliament and the Council, Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014, Directive 2004/109/EC, Directive 2006/43/EC and Directive 2013/34/EU, as regards corporate sustainability reporting.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Parliament and the Council, Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Parliament and the Council, Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on sustainability-related disclosures in the financial services sector, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R2088
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Parliament and the Council; The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive – Directive (EU) 2024/1760, https://www.corporate-sustainability-due-diligence-directive.com/
Zobacz w Google Scholar

European Union, Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Executive Order 14162 of January 20, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2025-02010
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Falkner R., The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics, “International Affairs” 2016, vol. 92(5), pp. 1107–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12708
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12708

Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Bilateral relations Switzerland–Peru, https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/representations-and-travel-advice/peru/switzerland-peru.html
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Switzerland and Ghana sign an agreement on climate protection, 23.11.2020, https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/ghana/en/home/news/news.html/content/countries/ghana/en/meta/news/2020/11/switzerland-ghana-climate-agreement
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Bilateral agreements on emission reductions and carbon storage abroad, https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/climate/info-specialists/climate--international-affairs/staatsvertraege-umsetzung-klimauebereinkommen-von-paris-artikel6.html
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Greenfield P., Cookstove carbon offsets overstate climate benefit by 1,000%, study finds, 23.01.2024, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/23/clean-cookstove-carbon-offsets-overstate-climate-benefit-by-1000-percent
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Greenfield P., Harvey F., China and India should not be called developing countries, several Cop29 delegates say, The Guardian, 19.11.2024, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/19/china-india-developing-countries-cop29-climate-talks
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Hermanowski K., Zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju a prawna ochrona drzew i krzewów, “Journal of Modern Science” 2023, vol. 50(1), pp. 292–316.
Zobacz w Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.13166/jms/161527

ICAO, Resolution A41-21 Consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices related to environmental protection – Climate change, https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Assembly/Resolution_A41-21_Climate_change.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market, The Voluntary Carbon Market Explained, https://icvcm.org/voluntary-carbon-market-explained/
Zobacz w Google Scholar

International Maritime Organization, 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/2023-IMO-Strategy-on-Reduction-of-GHG-Emissions-from-Ships.aspx
Zobacz w Google Scholar

IPCC, 2018: Annex I: Glossary, ed. J.B.R. Matthews, [in:] Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, eds. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield, Cambridge, UK–New York, NY, USA, pp. 541–562.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Kaczmarski T., SBTi Board Statement reaction – Carbon markets and their effectiveness, 23.04.2024, https://eaasglobal.medium.com/sbti-board-statement-reaction-carbon-markets-and-their-effectiveness-6161349425a3
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Kenig-Witkowska M.M., Międzynarodowe prawo środowiska. Wybrane zagadnienia systemowe, LEX/el., Warszawa 2011.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Krishnan M., Samandari H.,Woetzel J., Smit S., Pacthod D. ,Pinner D., Nauclér T., Tai H., Farr A., Wu W., Imperato D., The net-zero transformation, What would it cost, what it could bring, McKinsey Global Institute, January 2022, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/sustainability/our%20insights/the%20net%20zero%20transition%20what%20it%20would%20cost%20what%20it%20could%20bring/the-net-zero-transition-executive-summary.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Krzywoń A., Konstytucja RP a środowisko, “Państwo i Prawo” 2012, no. 8.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Maizland L., Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Council on Foreign Relations, 12.06.2021.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

NewClimate non-profit organization, Climate Action Tracker, https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Protokół z Kioto do Ramowej konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych w sprawie zmian kliamtu, Dziennik Ustaw Nr 203, https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20052031684/O/D20051684.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Senken, Understanding the Compliance vs Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM), https://www.senken.io/academy/understanding-the-compliance-vs-voluntary-carbon-market-vcm
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Sitek M. (2007). Polityka ochrony środowiska w sektorze usług turystycznych w świetle prawa Unii Europejskiej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego, Olsztyn.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Stoczkiewicz M., Prawo ochrony klimatu w kontekście praw człowieka, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2021.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Swissinfo.ch, Switzerland and Senegal sign climate deal, 06.07.2021, https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/switzerland-and-senegal-sign-climate-deal/46764460
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Teraz Środowisko, Gazy cieplarniane – Słownik ochrony środowiska, https://www.teraz-srodowisko.pl/slownik-ochrona-srodowiska/definicja/gazy-cieplarniane.html
Zobacz w Google Scholar

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inflation Reduction Act Overview, https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-12/12%2009%202022_OAR%20IRA%20Overview_vPublic.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

UN environment programme, Carbon Markets, https://www.unep.org/topics/climate-action/climate-finance/carbon-markets
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Union of Concerned Scientists, Each Country’s Share of CO2 Emissions, 16.07.2008.
Zobacz w Google Scholar

United Nations, Kyoto Protocol on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1998, https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris Agreement, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/parisagreement_publication.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
Zobacz w Google Scholar

United Nations, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC, 1992, https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar

UNFCCC, Conference of the Parties (COP), https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop
Zobacz w Google Scholar

UNFCCC, Status of Ratification of the Convention, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/status-of-ratification-of-the-convention#:~:text=Currently%2C%20there%20are%20198%20Parties%20(197%20States,United%20Nations%20Framework%20Convention%20on%20Climate%20Change
Zobacz w Google Scholar

U.S. Congress, Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), H.R.5376 – Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text
Zobacz w Google Scholar

The White House, Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/
Zobacz w Google Scholar

Opublikowane

2025-11-19

Jak cytować

Kaczmarski, T. (2025). Zmiana klimatu – kluczowe wyzwania prawa międzynarodowego. Paragraf. Studia Z Prawa I Administracji, (7), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.18778/2956-3747.7.13

Numer

Dział

Articles