American Plans to Build Democracy in the Middle East After 9/11: the Case of Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.21.02Keywords:
United States, Iraq, Terrorism, Extremism, Democracy, Middle EastAbstract
The “Freedom Agenda” of President George W. Bush for the Middle East assumed that the liberation of Iraq from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and the start of political change would trigger the process of democratization of the entire region. Encouraged by financial and economic support, Arab countries should have been willing to implement political and educational support, which would lead to the creation of civil society and grass-roots political changes initiated by society itself. A number of mistakes made by the Bush administration in Iraq has not only caused the mission of the democratization of Iraq to be a failure, but also influenced the situation that today Iraq is closer to being a failed state than a democracy.
Downloads
References
About MEPI, The U.S. Department of State. Web. 23 May 2016, http://mepi.state.gov/about-us.html
Google Scholar
Achcar, G., Fantasy of a Region that Doesn’t Exist. Greater Middle East: the US Plan, “Le Monde Diplomatique” (2004). Web. 23 May 2016, http://mondediplo.com/2004/04/04world
Google Scholar
Arab Democracy. Plenty of Seeds, But Still a Long Way to Fruition, “Economist” (18 November 2005). Web. 22 May 2016, www.economist.com/node/5134844
Google Scholar
Barack Obama hails Iraq election “milestone”, BBC. Web. 7 June 2016, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8554772.stm
Google Scholar
Bolle, M.J., Middle East Free Trade Area: Progress Report, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 8 February 2005.
Google Scholar
Broader Middle East/N. Africa Partnership, The White House (9 June 2004). Web. 16 May 2016, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/06/20040609–49.html
Google Scholar
Burns, R., Pentagon Used White Phosphorous in Iraq, “Washington Post” (16 November 2005). Web. 21 May 2016, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/16/AR2005111600374.html
Google Scholar
Bush: America’s Security Directly Linked to Freedom in Middle East, The U.S. Department of Defense. Web. 4 June 2016, http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=17937
Google Scholar
Byman, D.L. and Pollack, K.M., Democracy in Iraq?, “Brookings Institution” (2003). Web. 19 June 2016, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2003/06/summer-iraq-byman02
Google Scholar
Carothers, T., U.S. Democracy Promotion During and After Bush. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007.
Google Scholar
Caryl, C., The Democracy Boondoggle in Iraq, “Foreign Policy” (6 March 2013). Web. 6 June 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/06/the-democracy-boondoggle-in-iraq/
Google Scholar
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 1: De-Ba`Athification Of Iraqi Society, National Security Archive (16 May 2003). Web. 20 May 2016, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB418/docs/9a%20-%20Coalition%20Provisional%20Authority%20Order%20No%201%20-%205–16–03.pdf
Google Scholar
Collateral Murder, WikiLeaks. Web. 23 May 2016, http://www.collateralmurder.com/
Google Scholar
Datta, M.N., Anti-Americanism and the Rise of World Opinion: Consequences for the US National Interest. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Google Scholar
Democracy Index 2015, A report by The Economist Intelligence Unit. Web. 14 June 2016, http://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/EIU-Democracy-Index-2015.pdf
Google Scholar
Dobbins, J., Jones, S.G., Runkle, B. and Mohandas, S., Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2009.
Google Scholar
Dodge, T., Ten Years After the Iraq War: Maliki Is a Serious Threat to Democracy, “New York Times” (20 March 2013). Web. 2 June 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/03/19/the-iraq-war-was-it-worth-it/ten-years-after-the-iraq-war-maliki-is-a-serious-threat-to-democracy
Google Scholar
Dziekan, M., Historia Iraku [The History of Iraq]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog, 2007.
Google Scholar
Empowering Women, The U.S. Department of State. Web. 12 May 2016, http://photos.state.gov/libraries/tunis/5/PDFs/Women_FACT_SheetFINAL0513.pdf
Google Scholar
Fragile States Index 2015, The Fund for Peace (2015). Web. 19 June 2016, http://library.fundforpeace.org/library/fragilestatesindex-2015.pdf
Google Scholar
Ghanim, D., Iraq’s Dysfunctional Democracy. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2011.
Google Scholar
The Greater Middle East Initiative. Web. 29 May 2016, www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/05/20084914585082787.html
Google Scholar
Hersh, S.M., Torture at Abu Ghraib? American soldiers brutalized Iraqis. How far up does the responsibility go?, “New Yorker” (10 May 2004). Web. 21 May 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/05/10/torture-at-abu-ghraib
Google Scholar
Hirsh, M., Reassessing Paul Bremer’s Stewardship of Iraq. “Newsweek” (18 March 2009). Web. 20 May 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/reassessing-paul-bremers-stewardship-iraq-69383
Google Scholar
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction, “National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book,” no. 80 (11 February 2004). Web. 17 May 2016, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB80/
Google Scholar
Iraq elections kick off amid threat of bomb attacks, huge security presence, CBS News (30 April 2014). Web. 19 June 2016, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/iraq-elections-kick-off-amid-threat-of-bomb-attacks-huge-security/
Google Scholar
Iraqi Constitution. Web. 6 June 2016, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/12/AR2005101201450.html
Google Scholar
Jawad, S.N., The Iraqi Constitution: Structural Flaws and Political Implications, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series/1, November 2013.
Google Scholar
Khedery, A., Why we stuck with Maliki – and lost Iraq, “Washington Post” (3 July 2014). Web. 29 May 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-we-stuck-with-maliki--and-lost-iraq/2014/07/03/0dd6a8a4-f7ec-11e3-a606–946fd632f9f1_story.html
Google Scholar
Kiwerska, J., Bilans operacji irackiej dla Ameryki [America’s Balance of the Iraqi Operation], „Biuletyn Instytutu Zachodniego,” no. 75 (2012), pp. 1–4.
Google Scholar
Lewis, S., The Greater Middle East Initiative: Implications for Transatlantic Relations, CSIS Europe Program (5 March 2004). Web. 16 May 2016, https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/attachments/040305_lewissummary.pdf
Google Scholar
Mardini, R. and Sky, E., Maliki’s Democratic Farce, “New York Times” (27 October 2013). Web. 2 June 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/28/opinion/malikis-democratic-farce.html?_r=0
Google Scholar
McCarthy, T., Donald Rumsfeld denies he thought democracy in Iraq was ‘realistic’ goal, “Guardian” (9 June 2015). Web. 29 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/09/donald-rumsfeld-iraq-war-democracy-contradiction
Google Scholar
McElroy, D., Iraq ready to legalise childhood marriage, “Telegraph” (8 April 2014). Web. 18 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10753645/Iraq-ready-to-legalise-childhood-marriage.html
Google Scholar
McInerney, S. and Bockenfeld, C., The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2017: Democracy, Governance, and Human Rights in the Middle East, Project on Middle East Democracy. Web. 24 May 2016, http://pomed.org/pomed-publications/fy17-budget-report/
Google Scholar
The Middle East Partnership Initiative Story, The U.S. Department of State. Web. 12 May 2016, http://2002–2009-mepi.state.gov/outreach/
Google Scholar
Nasr, O., Abu Ghraib photos provoked shock, then anger, for Arabs, CNN (21 May 2009). Web. 21 May 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/05/21/iraq.abu.ghraib.impact/index.html?iref=24hours
Google Scholar
National Strategy for Victory in Iraq, National Security Council (November 2005). Web. 17 May 2016, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/Iraqnationalstrategy11–30–05.pdf
Google Scholar
Pfiffner, J.P., US Blunders in Iraq: De-Baathification and Disbanding the Army, “Intelligence and National Security,” no. 25.1 (2010), pp. 80–82.
Google Scholar
President Bush Addresses the Nation, The White House (19 March 2003). Web. 22 May 2016, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319–17.html
Google Scholar
President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, The White House (1 June 2002). Web. 12 May 2016, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601–3.html
Google Scholar
President Delivers State of the Union Address, The White House (29 January 2002). Web. 12 May 2016, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129–11.html
Google Scholar
Remarks by President George W. Bush at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy (6 November 2003). Web. 23 May 2016, www.ned.org/george-w-bush/remarks-by-president-george-w-bush-at-the-20th-anniversary
Google Scholar
Reynolds, M., Bush Says U.S. Must Spread Democracy, “Baltimore Sun” (7 November 2003). Web. 6 June 2016, www.baltimoresun.com/news/bal-te.bush07nov07-story.html#page=1
Google Scholar
Ricks, T.E., Army Historian Cites Lack of Postwar Plan, “Washington Post” (25 December 2004), p. A01.
Google Scholar
Salbi, Z., Why women are less free 10 years after the invasion of Iraq, CNN (18 March 2013). Web. 14 June 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/18/opinion/iraq-war-women-salbi/
Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. and Ghazi, Y., Iraqi Women Feel Shunted Despite Election Quota, “New York Times” (12 March 2011). Web. 14 June 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/world/middleeast/13baghdad.html
Google Scholar
Sharp, J.M., The Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative: An Overview, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 15 February 2005.
Google Scholar
Slevin, P., Wrong Turn at a Postwar Crossroads?, “Washington Post” (20 November 2003), p. A01.
Google Scholar
Sly, L., The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein’s, “Washington Post” (4 April 2015). Web. 20 May 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-hidden-hand-behind-the-islamic-state-militants-saddam-husseins/2015/04/04/aa97676c-cc32–11e4–8730–4f473416e759_story.html
Google Scholar
Swansbrough, R., Test by Fire: The War Presidency of George W. Bush. New York: Palgrave Macmillantm, 2008.
Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230611870
Tanner, S., Wojny Bushów. Ojciec i syn jako zwierzchnicy sił zbrojnych [The Bushes’ Wars. Son and Father as Heads of Armed Forces]. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, 2007.
Google Scholar
Trumbull IV, Ch.P. and Martin, J.B., Elections and Government Formation in Iraq: An Analysis of the Judiciary’s Role, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,” no. 44 (2011), pp. 331–388.
Google Scholar
United States Institute of Peace. Web. 25 May 2016, www.usip.org/publications/the-broader-middle-east-and-north-africa-major-challenges-ahead.
Google Scholar
The U.S.-Middle East Partnership Initiative: Building Hope for the Years Ahead, The U.S. Department of State (12 December 2002). Web. 12 May 2016, http://2001–2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2002/15920.htm
Google Scholar
Waśko-Owsiejczuk, E., Polityka administracji George’a W. Busha wobec Bliskiego Wschodu – o planach demokratyzacji i stabilizacji gospodarczej regionu [Middle East Policy of the George W. Bush Administration – on the Plans for Democratization and Economic Stabilization of the Region], “Przegląd Politologiczny,” no. 2 (2015), pp. 21–32.
Google Scholar
Waśko-Owsiejczuk, E., Wpływ polityki USA na powstanie „państwa” islamskiego. O spuściźnie prezydentury George’a W. Busha [The Impact US Policy on the Formation of the Islamic “State” the Legacy of George W. Bush]. “Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne,” Vol. 53 (2017), pp. 7–31.
Google Scholar
Wittes, T., Freedom’s Unsteady March: America’s Role in Building Arab Democracy. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
Google Scholar
Yacoubian, M., The Broader Middle East and North Africa: Major Challenges Ahead (2004), The United States Institute of Peace. Web. 24 May 2016, www.usip.org/publications/the-broader-middle-east-and-north-africa-major-challenges-ahead.
Google Scholar
Yerkes, S.E. and Cofman, T., The Middle East Partnership Initiative: Progress, Problems, and Prospects, Brookings Institution. Web. 24 May 2016, www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2004/11/29middleeast-wittes
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.