Escalation Ladder and the Game of Chances in the Ukraine war of 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.30.05Keywords:
The New Cold War, Ukrainian conflict, escalation ladderAbstract
The paper refers to the most recent developments during the 2022–2023 Ukraine war, analysed from the perspective of selected insights derived from deterrence studies, most notably the escalation ladder. The reason for the publication is to point out dangerous escalatory steps in the context of Putin’s Russia-Ukrainian war, including the abolishment of strategic arms control and tactical nuclear weapons deployment in the EU neighbourhood. V. Putin’s regime’s steps towards seizure or control of Ukraine’s largest nuclear power plant were discussed internationally as a severe humanitarian hazard. The pre-1989 deterrence debate could add a vital research perspective missing in the analytic frames of the New Cold War. Notably, the developments of the 2023 conduct of the Ukraine war with the support of the West countering the impact of a nuclear crisis scenario (tactical arsenal employment) could be analysed in the context of earlier concepts of limited war (1960s), as well as further elaborations on conditions of mutual vulnerability.
Downloads
References
Allison, Graham. Essence of Decision. Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971.
Google Scholar
Bertrand, Natasha. “Biden tells G7 allies the U.S. will support joint F-16 training effort for Ukrainians.” CNN, 19th May 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/19/politics/biden-g7-f-16-ukraine/index.html
Google Scholar
Bertrand, Natasha & Haley Britzky. “U.S. to send Patriot missile systems and tanks to Ukraine faster than originally planned.” CNN, 21st March 2023. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/21/politics/us-patriots-ukraine/index.html
Google Scholar
Brodie, Bernard. Strategy in the Missile Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400875108
Google Scholar
Falk, Pamela. “U.N. nuclear Chief visits Ukraine nuke plant after dam explosion, to ‘help prevent a nuclear accident’.” CBS, 16th June 2023. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-grossi-iaea-visitafter-
Google Scholar
kakhovka-dam-explosion/
Google Scholar
Faulconbridge, Guy. “Russia’s Putin issues new nuclear warning to West over Ukraine.” Reuters, 22th February 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-update-russias-elite-ukraine-war-major-speech-2023-02-21/
Google Scholar
Freedman, Lawrence. Deterrence. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008.
Google Scholar
Gera, Vanessa. “Poland, Lithuania brace for provocations from Russia and Belarus at border.” PBS, 3rd August 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/poland-lithuania-brace-for-provocations-from-russia-and-belarus-at-border
Google Scholar
Gregory, James. “Putin: Russia to station nuclear weapons in Belarus.” BBC, 26th March 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65077687
Google Scholar
Harding, Luke. “Russia no longer has full control of Luhansk region after Ukraine captures village.” The Guardian, 19th September 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/19/russia-no-longer-has-full-control-of-luhansk-asukraine-recaptures-village
Google Scholar
Heching, Dan. “Ukrainian Nuclear Power Plant, Europe’s Largest, Seized by Invading Russian Forces.” People, 5th March 2022. https://people.com/politics/ukrainian-nuclear-power-plant-europes-largest-seized-by-invadingrussian-forces/
Google Scholar
Isachenkov, Vladimir. “Russia stops giving advance notice about missile tests info to U.S.” PBS, 29th March 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/russia-stops-giving-advance-notice-about-missile-tests-info-to-u-s
Google Scholar
Judson, Jen. “Construction of Aegis Ashore in Poland nearing completion.” DefenseNews, 9th March 2022. https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/03/09/construction-of-aegis-ashore-in-poland-nearing-completion/Kahn, Herman. On Escalation. Metaphors and Scenarios. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968.
Google Scholar
Ljunggren, David. “Putin says Moscow to place nuclear weapons in Belarus, U.S. reacts cautiously.” Reuters, 26th March 2023. https://www.reuters.com
Google Scholar
Lucas, Edward. The New Cold War. Putin’s Threat to Russia and the West. London: Bloomsbury (Kindle edition), 2014.
Google Scholar
Mansoor, Sanya. “Ukraine is getting MiG-29 Fighter Jets from Poland and Slovakia. Here’s Why That Matters.” Time, 17th March 2023. https://time.com/6263986/poland-mig-29-fighter-jets-ukraine/
Google Scholar
Maynes, Charles & Ashley Westerman. “Ukrainian troops enter Kherson city after Russia retreats.” NPR, 11th November 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/11/11/1135995012/ukrainian-troops-enter-kherson-russia-withdrawalukraine
Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. “The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent.” Foreign Affairs 72.3 (1993): 50–66.
Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John J. “Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault. The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin.” Foreign Affairs 93.5 (2014): 77–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/20045622
Google Scholar
Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliteration of Nuclear weapons, Budapest, 5th December 1994, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb
Google Scholar
Morgan, Forrest & Karl Mueller et al.. Dangerous Thresholds. Managing escalation in the 21st century. Santa Monica: RAND, 2008.
Google Scholar
Nelson, Amy J. & Chinon Norteman. “What to do about the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant.” Brookings, 23rd March 2023. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2023/03/23/what-to-do-about-the-zaporizhzhia-nuclearpower-plant/
Google Scholar
Pemble, Adam. “US-made Patriot guided missile systems arrive in Ukraine.” AP, 20th April 2023. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-patriot-missilesystem-4c79f9110899ca1880a61f2d1f328179
Google Scholar
Sarkesian, Sam, John Williams, & Stephen Cimbala. U.S. National Security. Policymakers, Processes, and Politics. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2013.
Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1980.
Google Scholar
“Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovuch Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova.” International Criminal Court, 17th March 2023. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situationukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovichputin-and
Google Scholar
Sloan, Elinor C. Modern military strategy. An introduction. London: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740034
Google Scholar
“Slovakia delivers first 4 Soviet-era MiG-29 jets to Ukraine.” A.P. News, 23rd March 2023. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-us-slovakia-jets-c13dbb2e63da577e1f0d0f77050822e1
Google Scholar
Sparkes, Matthew. “Ukraine reclaims Chernobyl nuclear plant as Russian forces withdraw.” New Scientist, 1st April 2022. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2314502-ukraine-reclaims-chernobyl-nuclear-plant-as-russian-forceswithdraw/
Google Scholar
Stanton, Andrew. “Ex-U.S. General Predicts Ukraine Victory in 2023, ‘Momentum is With Them.” Newsweek, 27th December 2022. https://www.newsweek.com/ex-us-general-predicts-ukraine-victory-2023-momentum-1769765
Google Scholar
Steff, Reuben. Strategic Thinking, Deterrence and the U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Project. From Truman to Obama. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
Google Scholar
Tariff, Terry. The Nixon Administration and the Making of U.S. Nuclear Strategy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Google Scholar
Taylor, Maxwell. The Uncertain Trumpet. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960.
Google Scholar
Tony Blair: Putin can’t use Iraq to justify Ukraine invasion”. Deutsche Welle, 18th February 2023. https://www.dw.com/en/tony-blair-putin-cant-use-iraq-to-justify-ukraine-invasion/a-65037323
Google Scholar
“Vladimir Putin suspends last nuclear treaty with U.S., puts new missiles on combat duty”. ABC News, 21st February 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-21/putin-gives-speech-on-eve-of-ukraine-invasion-anniversary/102005842
Google Scholar
“Why Ukraine may be choosing a war of attrition”. The Economist, 3rd August 2023. https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/08/03/why-ukraine-may-bechoosing-a-war-of-attrition
Google Scholar
Zakir-Hussain, Maryam & Arpan Rai. “Ukraine news – live: Putin aiming to recruit 400,000 volunteers in new military campaign, says U.K.” The Independent, 30th March 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukrainerussia-putin-nuclear-war-bakhmut-b2310626.html
Google Scholar
Published
Versions
- 2024-06-18 (2)
- 2024-05-10 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.