Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis for Geographically Weighted Temporal‑spatial Data
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.337.11Keywords:
nonlinear principal component analysis, geographically weighted data, temporal‑spatial dataAbstract
Schölkopf, Smola and Müller (1998) have proposed a nonlinear principal component analysis (NPCA) for fixed vector data. In this paper, we propose an extension of the aforementioned analysis to temporal‑spatial data and weighted temporal‑spatial data. To illustrate the proposed theory, data describing the condition of state of higher education in 16 Polish voivodships in the years 2002–2016 are used.
Downloads
References
Anselin L. (1988), Spatial econometrics: methods and models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Anselin L. (2010), Thirty years of spatial econometrics, “Regional Science”, no. 89(1), pp. 3–25.
Casetti E. (1972), Generating Models by the Expansion Method: Applications to Geographical Research, “Geographical Analysis”, no. 4(1), pp. 81–89.
Charlton M., Brundson C., Demšar U., Harris P., Fotheringham A.S. (2010), Principal components analysis: From global to local, paper presented at the 13th AGILE International Conferenceon Geographic Information Science, Guimarães, Portugal.
Cliff A.D., Ord J.K. (1973), Spatial autocorrelation, Pion, London.
Demšar U., Harris P., Brundson C., Fotheringham A.S., McLoone S. (2013), Principal Component Analysis on Spatial Data: An overview, “Annals of the Association of American Geographers”, no. 103(1), pp. 106–128.
Florek K., Łukaszewicz J., Perkal J., Steinhaus H., Zubrzycki S. (1951), Sur la liaison et la division des points d’un ensemble fini, “Colloquium Mathematicum”, no. 2, pp. 282–285.
Górecki T., Krzyśko M., Waszak Ł., Wołyński W. (2018), Selected statistical methods of data analysis for multivariate functional data, “Statistical Papers”, no. 59, pp. 153–182.
Górniak J. (2015), Identification of transport accessibility of Polish cities based on their transport infrastructures, “Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe UE w Katowicach”, no. 249, pp. 145–154.
Kruskal J.B. (1956), On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem, “Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society”, no. 7(1), pp. 48–50.
Mercer J. (1909), Functions of positive and negative type and their connection with the theory of integral equations, “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London”, Series A, no. 209, pp. 415–446.
R Core Team (2017), R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, https://www.R-project.org/ [accessed: 8.05.2018].
Schölkopf B., Smola A., Müller K.R. (1998), Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem, “Neural Computation”, no. 10, pp. 1299–1319.
Swamy P.A.V. (1971), Statistical inference in random coefficient regression models, Springer, Berlin.
Tobler W.R. (1970), A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region, “Economic Geography”, no. 46(2), pp. 234–248.
Walesiak M. (2014), Data normalization in multivariate data analysis. An overview and properties, “Przegląd Statystyczny”, no. 61(4), pp. 363–372.





