Quantification and Assessment of Sustainable Urban Mobility Development in Selected EU Countries Using a Composite Index

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.365.01

Keywords:

development of sustainable transport, urban mobility, measures of green transport, regional diversity, European Union countries, composite index

Abstract

The paper quantifies and assesses the level of sustainable (green) urban mobility development in selected countries of the European Union. For this purpose, key indicators describing different areas of green transport in the years 2011–2020 were constructed. The analysis used available public data and applied Hellwig’s dynamic taxonomic method. The results of the analysis made it possible to answer the following research questions: 1) “What is the status and dynamics of green transport development in the countries studied?”, 2) “Which countries in the EU are leaders in sustainable transport and why?”, 3) “What determines the differentiation and development of green urban mobility in the countries studied?”. The results of the study show that, despite the spatial polarisation of development, there is a structural similarity that characterises the countries with the highest and lowest levels of sustainable mobility development. A strong group is formed by the Scandinavian countries, Belgium (the leader), Hungary, Austria, Denmark, and the Czech Republic. In the years 2011–2020, a decline in the level of development in the sustainable transport sector can be observed, caused, among others, by the effects of the global financial crisis in the years 2011–2014. In contrast, the years 2015–2020 brought a dynamisation of the growth of green transport. Analysing the determinants of this development, it can be noted that, despite the efforts made, European transport policy still faces many challenges, especially due to the steady increase in greenhouse gas emissions in this sector. In addition, regional specificities and differences in transport models risk undermining the results of the European Union’s efforts in this field.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Badach J. (2020), The Potential of Improving Air Quality by Urban Mobility Management: Policy Guidelines and a Case Study, “IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science”, vol. 581, 012030, http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/581/1/012030
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/581/1/012030

Bąk A. (2018), Zastosowanie metod wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej do oceny stanu środowiska w województwie dolnośląskim, “Wiadomości Statystyczne”, no. 1, pp. 7–20.
Google Scholar

Britannica (2022), Carbon footprint. Ecology and conservation, https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-footprint [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Brożek J., Szewczyk J., Jaworska M. (2021), Poziom rozwoju gospodarczego województw w ujęciu dynamicznym, “Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna”, vol. 14(57), pp. 11–24, https://doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2021.57.02
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2021.57.02

Brussels Regional Public Service (2023), Good Move. The Regional Mobility Plan 2020–2030, https://mobilite-mobiliteit.brussels/en/good-move [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Bryniarska Z., Kuza A. (2021), Analiza wpływu COVID–19 na funkcjonowanie transportu pasażerskiego, “Transport Miejski i Regionalny”, no. 10, pp. 3–18.
Google Scholar

Burdzik R., Folęga P., Konieczny Ł., Jaworski R. (2017), E mobilność – wyzwanie teraźniejszości, “Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport”, no. 118, pp. 17–29.
Google Scholar

Burzyński M., Machado J., Aalto A., Beine M., Goncalves J., Haas T., Kemp F., Magni S., Mombaerts L., Picard P., Proverbio D., Skupin A., Docquier F. (2021), COVID–19 crisis management in Luxembourg: Insights from an epidemionomic approach, “Economics & Human Biology”, vol. 43, 101051, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101051
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101051

Ceenergy News (2020), Hungary’s big green public transport overhaul, https://ceenergynews.com/voices/hungarys-big-green-public-transport-overhaul/ [accessed: 1.02.2024].
Google Scholar

Commission to the Council and the European Parliament (2006), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament – Keep Europe moving – Sustainable mobility for our continent – Mid term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White paper {SEC (2006) 768}, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52006DC0314 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

CORE (2023), Transport policy in Belgium: translating sustainability discourses into unsustainable outcomes, https://core.ac.uk/reader/55747020 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Czempas J. (2012), Współczynnik koncentracji k jako miara zróżnicowania dochodów i inwestycji gmin, “Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych”, vol. 13(1), pp. 69–81.
Google Scholar

Durlin T. (2018), The Status of Sumps in EU Member States, https://sumps-up.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Tools_and_Resources/Publications_and_reports/Status_of_SUMP_in_EU_Member_States/SUMPs-Up___PROSPERITY-SUMP-Status-in-EU-Report.pdf [accessed: 1.02.2024].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2012), EC Transport White Paper. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – 9EU Transport Policy: Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, Brussels, COM(2011)144 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0144:FIN:en:PDF [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2015), Expert Group on alternative transport fuels (‘the Sustainable Transport Forum’) (E03321), https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/expert-groups-register/screen/expert-groups/consult?lang=en&do=groupDetail.groupDetail&groupID=3321 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2020a), Technical support related to sustainable urban mobility indicators (SUMI). MOVE/B4/2017–358. Harmonisation Guideline. Final (web) version, https://transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-09/sumi_wp1_harmonisation_guidelines.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2020b), Expert Group on alternative transport fuels (‘the Sustainable Transport Forum’) (E03321), https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/expert-groups-register/screen/expert-groups/consult?lang=en&do=groupDetail.groupDetail&groupID=3321 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2021a), Delivering the European Green Deal, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2021b), Sustainable transport – new urban mobility framework, https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12916-Sustainable-transport-new-urban-mobility-framework_en [accessed: 2.12.2023].
Google Scholar

European Commission (2023), Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/550 of 8 March 2023 on National Support Programmes for Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning (notified under document C(2023) 1524), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023H0550 [accessed: 19.11.2023].
Google Scholar

European Federation for Transport and Environment (2023), Air quality, https://www.transportenvironment.org/challenges/air-quality/ [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Parliament (2023a), Road traffic and safety provisions, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/129/road-traffic-and-safety-provisions [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Parliament (2023b), Common transport policy: Overview, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/123/common-transport-policy-overview [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Parliament and of the Council (2002), Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise – Declaration by the Commission in the Conciliation Committee on the Directive relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32002L0049 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Transport Safety Council (2022), Ranking EU Progress on Road Safety. 16th Road Safety Performance Index Report, https://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/16-PIN-annual-report_FINAL_WEB_1506_2.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Union (2016), Communication from the Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions. A European Strategy for Low Emission Mobility COM/2016/0501 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52016DC0501 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Union (2020), Communication from the Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions. Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy – putting European transport on track for the future COM/2020/789 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0789 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

European Union (2022), European Climate Pact, https://climate-pact.europa.eu/about/priority-topics/green-transport_en [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Eurostat (2023), Sustainable development goals. Database, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/database [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Gascon M., Marquet O., Gràcia Lavedan E., Ambròs A., Götschi T., Nazelle A.D., Panis L.I., Gerike R., Brand C., Dons E., Eriksson U., Iacorossi F., Ávila Palència I., Cole Hunter T., Nieuwenhuisjen M.J. (2020), What explains public transport use? Evidence from seven European cities, “Transport Policy”, vol. 99, pp. 362–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.009
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.009

Hellwig Z. (1968), Zastosowanie metody taksonomicznej do typologicznego podziału krajów ze względu na poziom ich rozwoju oraz zasoby i strukturę wykwalifikowanych kadr, “Przegląd Statystyczny”, no. 4, pp. 307–326.
Google Scholar

Jongh P.J., Jongh E.D., Pienaar M., Gordon Grant H., Oberholzer M., Santana L. (2015), The impact of pre selected variance inflation factor thresholds on the stability and predictive power of logistic regression models in credit scoring, “ORiON”, vol. 31, pp. 17–37.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.5784/31-1-162

Jurgielewicz Delegacz E. (2021), Bezpieczeństwo w ruchu drogowym w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej, “Studia Prawnoustrojowe”, no. 54, pp. 149–168, https://doi.org/10.31648/sp.7148
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/sp.7148

Kamargianni M., Georgouli C., Tronca L.P., Chaniotakis M. (2022), Changing transport planning objectives during the Covid–19 lockdowns: Actions taken and lessons learned for enhancing sustainable urban mobility planning, “Cities”, vol. 131, 103873, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103873
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103873

Klímová A., Pinho P. (2020), National policies and municipal practices: A comparative study of Czech and Portuguese urban mobility plans, “Case Studies on Transport Policy”, vol. 8(4), pp. 1247–1255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.08.005
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.08.005

Kot S., Jakubowski M., Sokołowski A. (2007), Podręcznik dla studiów ekonomicznych, Wydawnictwo Difin, Warszawa.
Google Scholar

Krugman P. (2009), The return of depression economics and the crisis of 2008, W.W. Norton & Company, New York–London.
Google Scholar

Kusideł E., Antczak E. (2014), Wzorzec Rozwoju Mazowsza – etap II, “Trendy Rozwojowe Mazowsza”, no. 13.
Google Scholar

Kwarciński T. (2018), Elastyczne systemy transportu jako element podaży usług transportu pasażerskiego na przykładzie Luksemburga, “Problemy Transportu i Logistyki”, vol. 1(41), pp. 97–105.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18276/ptl.2018.41-09

Litman T. (2007), Well Measured: Developing Indicators for Comprehensive and Sustainable Transport Planning, www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/2017-02

Litman T. (2008), Sustainable Transportation Indicators. A Recommended Research Program For Developing Sustainable Transportation Indicators and Data, https://www.vtpi.org/sustain/sti.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Litman T., Burwell D. (2006), Issues in Sustainable Transportation, “International Journal of Global Environmental Issues”, vol. 6(4), pp. 331–347.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGENVI.2006.010889

Locat Partnership (2023), Transport Action for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, https://slocat.net/transport-sdgs/ [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Luxembourg National Railway Company (2017), Modu 2.0. Sustainable Mobility Strategy, https://transports.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/contexte/strategie/modu2-en-brochure.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Malasek J. (2016), A Set of Tools for Making Urban Transport More Sustainable, “Transportation Research Procedia”, vol. 14, pp. 876–885, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.059
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.059

Mężyk A., Zamkowska S. (2017), Rozwój polityki transportowej UE dla miast, “Autobusy: Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe”, vol. 18(6), pp. 1730–1736.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/atest.2017.015

Minelgaitė A., Dagiliūtė R., Liobikienė G. (2020), The Usage of Public Transport and Impact of Satisfaction in the European Union, “Sustainability”, vol. 12(21), 9154, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219154
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219154

Ministerstwo Infrastruktury (2019), Strategia Zrównoważonego Rozwoju Transportu do 2030 roku, https://www.gov.pl/web/infrastruktura/projekt-strategii-zrownowazonego-rozwoju-transportu-do-2030-roku2 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Młodak A. (2006), Analiza taksonomiczna w statystyce regionalnej, Wydawnictwo Difin, Warszawa.
Google Scholar

Mobilite Gratuite (2020), Free public transport from 1st March 2020, https://transports.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/mobilite/transports-collectifs/20200212-mobilite-gratuite-en-texte-faq.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Motowidlak U. (2020), Kierunki rozwoju mobilności niskoemisyjnej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź.
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/8142-974-0

Motowidlak U. (2022), Zielona mobilność 4.0 – dokąd zmierzamy?, [in:] M. Burchard Dziubińska (ed.), W poszukiwaniu zielonego ładu, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź, pp. 233–246, https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-870-2.13
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-870-2.13

Münzel K., Boon W., Frenken K., Blomme J., Linden D. van der (2019), Explaining carsharing supply across Western European cities, “International Journal of Sustainable Transportation”, vol. 14(4), pp. 243–254, https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1542756
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1542756

NewsAuto (2020), Co to jest ekomobilność i jakie są jej trzy filary?, https://www.newsauto.pl/jest-ekomobilnosc-jakie-sa-jej-trzy-filary/ [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Nicolini G., Antoniella G., Carotenuto F., Christen A., Ciais P., Feigenwinter C., Gioli B., Stagakis S., Velasco E., Vogt R., Ward H.C., Barlow J., Chrysoulakis N., Duce P., Graus M., Helfter C., Heusinkveld B., Järvi L., Karl T., Marras S., Masson V., Matthews B., Meier F., Nemitz E., Sabbatini S., Scherer D., Schume H., Sirca C., Steeneveld G. J., Vagnoli C., Wang Y., Zaldei A., Zheng B., Papale D. (2022), Direct observations of CO2 emission reductions due to COVID–19 lockdown across European urban districts, “Science of the Total Environment”, vol. 830, 154662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154662
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154662

OECD (1999), Report on Indicators for the Integration of Environmental Concerns into Transport Policies, https://t4.oecd.org/environment/greening-transport/latestdocuments/3/ [accessed: 1.02.2024].
Google Scholar

OECD (2023), Green growth indicators framework, https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/green-growth-indicators/ [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Oszter V . (2017), Transport policies in Hungary – historical background and current practice for national and regional level, “European Transport Research Review”, vol. 9(20), pp. 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-017-0236-x
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-017-0236-x

Poliak M., Poliaková A., Mrníková M., Šimurková P., Jaśkiewicz M., Jurecki R. (2017), The Competitiveness of Public Transport, “Journal of Competitiveness”, vol. 9(3), pp. 81–97, https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2017.03.06
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2017.03.06

Portail Transpotrs (2023), Quatrième édition du “Vëlosummer”: du 29 juillet au 27 août 2023, https://transports.public.lu/fr/actualites/2023/06-juin-30-lancement-velosummer.html [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Ramani T.L. (2018), Using Indicators to Assess Sustainable Transportation and Related Concepts, “Transportation Research Record”, vol. 2672(3), pp. 92–103, https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794543
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794543

Ramani T., Zietsman J., Eisele W., Rosa D., Spillane D., Bochne B. (2009), Developing sustainable transportation performance measures for txdot’s strategic plan: technical report, https://static.tti.tamu.edu/swutc.tamu.edu/publications/technicalreports/0-5541-1.pdf [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Reed G.F., Lynn F., Meade B.D. (2002), Use of Coefficient of Variation in Assessing Variability of Quantitative Assays, “Clinical and Vaccine Immunology”, vol. 9(6), pp. 1235–1239, https://doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.6.1235-1239.2002
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.9.6.1235-1239.2002

Słownik języka polskiego PWN (2023), Mobilność, https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/mobilno%C5%9B%C4%87.html [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Smart City Sweden (2023), Sustainable Public Transport in Stockholm, https://smartcitysweden.com/best-practice/368/sustainable-public-transport-in-stockholm/ [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Smolarski M., Suszczewicz M. (2021), Wpływ pandemii COVID–19 na funkcjonowanie regionalnego transportu kolejowego obszarów przygranicznych – na przykładzie województwa dolnośląskiego (PL) i kraju libreckiego (CZ), “Czasopismo Geograficzne”, vol. 92(1), pp. 121–140, https://doi.org/10.12657/czageo-92-06
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.12657/czageo-92-06

Stanisz A. (2007), Przystępny kurs statystyki z zastosowaniem STATISTICA PL na przykładach z medycyny. Tom 2. Modele liniowe i nieliniowe, StatSoft Polska, Kraków.
Google Scholar

Statec (2023), Statistics portal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, https://statistiques.public.lu/fr.html [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

STIB (2023), A solution for a greener mobility, https://www.stib‑mivb.be/article.html?_guid=008a3561-2ac1-3410-22bc‑d575f8441615&l=en [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Swedish Institute (2023), 10 ways to a greener future Electric buses and buzzing bees – Sweden is on the way to climate neutrality, https://sweden.se/climate/sustainability/10-ways-to-greener-future [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Sydorów M. (2023), Wyzwania zrównoważonej mobilności miejskiej na tle polityki miejskiej Unii Europejskiej: wybrane przykłady, “Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG”, vol. 26(1), pp. 9–21, http://doi.org/10.4467/2543859xpkg.23.001.17398
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543859XPKG.23.001.17398

The European Environment Agency (2019), Environmental noise in Europe – 2020. EEA Report no. 22/2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental-noise-in-europe [accessed: 10.08.2023]
Google Scholar

The European Environment Agency (2022), Air quality in Europe 2022, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2022 [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

The European Environment Agency (2023), Indicators, https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Tsavachidis M., Petit Y.L. (2022), Re shaping urban mobility – Key to Europe’s green transition, “Journal of Urban Mobility”, vol. 2, 100014, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100014
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100014

Tsvetkova A., Kulkov I., Busquet C., Kao P. J., Kamargianni M. (2022), Implications of COVID–19 pandemic on the governance of passenger mobility innovations in Europe, “Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives”, vol. 14, 100581, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100581
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100581

United Nations (2023), UNSD Environmental Indicators, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Urbanek A. (2019), Pomiar zrównoważonej mobilności miejskiej: przegląd badań, “Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarządzania i Finansów”, vol. 171, pp. 61–80, https://doi.org/10.33119/SIP.2019.171.4
Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.33119/SIP.2019.171.4

World Bank (2023), Logistics Performance Index (LPI), https://lpi.worldbank.org/report [accessed: 10.08.2023].
Google Scholar

Załoga E. (2012), Wpływ kryzysu finansowego “2007+” na aktywność sektora transportu lądowego w Unii Europejskiej, “Logistyka”, no. 2, pp. 325–330.
Google Scholar

Published

2024-04-02

How to Cite

Antczak, E., & Wiaderny, Łukasz. (2024). Quantification and Assessment of Sustainable Urban Mobility Development in Selected EU Countries Using a Composite Index. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 4(365), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.365.01

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.