Deconstructing Plausible Deniability and Attributing Responsibility for the Conduct of Private Military Companies

Rizaldy Anggriawan

doi:10.18778/0208-6069.115.09

Authors

Rizaldy Anggriawan Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-769X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.115.09

Keywords:

accountability, international law, private military companies, state responsibility, Wagner group

Abstract

The proliferation of private military companies (PMCs) challenges the state-centric international legal system, enabling states to use proxies while maintaining plausible deniability. This paper deconstructs that legal and political fiction, aiming to identify and analyze existing pathways to accountability for PMC misconduct under international law. The analysis focuses on two primary legal avenues: state attribution under the International Law Commission’s (ILC) Articles on State Responsibility (ARSIWA) and corporate criminal liability. It demonstrates that these legal frameworks are fraught with difficulties, including a deep jurisprudential divide between the ICJ and ICTY on attribution standards and significant procedural hurdles for corporate prosecution. The Wagner Group serves as a case study. This study concludes that the core problem is not a legal vacuum, but rather a “compliance vacuum,” where states deliberately avoid their obligations. Overcoming this will require a more robust application of the law.

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