The Power of Judgement regarding Covid-19 policies or practices. A reflection from New Zealand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2300-1690.21.04Słowa kluczowe:
Complexity, Trust, Covid-19, JudgementAbstrakt
Judgements are made when problems are complex and there is insufficient information or too many competing factors for a protocol or guideline to be helpful. Judgements inevitably reflect values and beliefs of what is good. They are based on an ethical foundation. A particular ethical issue relevant to Covid-19 is inequality of health outcomes. Making a judgement is of little moment if the person making the judgement is not trusted by anyone else. An understanding of trust is important. Many judgements that impacted on the outcome of Covid-19 were made in the years before the pandemic. Judgements on the science underlying decisions should be made by the specialists in that area o science. It is important to be clear for whose benefit a judgement is made. Is it for the individual, for a particular community, a particular country or for the whole world? In the case of Covid-19 a decision made that did not at least consider the impact on the rest of the world was likely to be flawed, given that the pandemic is a global problem needing a global approach. Judgements during a novel pandemic are by definition made on insufficient information. To mitigate this, they need to be made transparently, clearly enunciating the reasons for the judgement, based on as much consultation as possible and trying to avoid unconscious bias. This has been an existential crisis for us all. We need to make judgements differently in the future or we risk this disaster being repeated.
Bibliografia
Algan, Y., Cohen, D., Davoine, E., Foucault, M., & Stantcheva, S. (2021). Trust in scientists in times of pandemic: Panel evidence from 12 countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(40), e2108576118. doi:10.1073/ pnas.2108576118
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108576118
Bloomberg. (2021). The best and worst places to be as we learn to live with delta. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-resilience-ranking/?cmpid=BBD092821_CORONAVIRUS&utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter&utm_term=210928&utm_campaign=coronavirus&fbclid=IwAR01oohnPCLSkiH2R8IRj6dN6tWmpsFoW9hV0Dte7tKc1lRLRW0rKm1Iw44
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Burki, T. (2021). Journey to Wuhan during its lockdown. The Lancet infectious diseases, 21(5), 613–613. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00166-3
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00166-3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). US Opioid Dispensing Maps. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/rxrate-maps/ndex.html
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Cesari, M., & Proietti, M. (2020). COVID-19 in Italy: Ageism and Decision Making in a Pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(5), 576–577. doi:10.1016/j. jamda.2020.03.025
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.03.025
Chappell, B. (2020). Trump says funding cuts will be permanent if WHO does not commit to ‘major’ changes. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/coronaviruslive-updates/2020/05/19/858579903/trump-says-cuts-to-who-funding-willbe-final-if-it-doesnt-commit-to-majorchange?t=1632989094209
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Cohen, I. G., Crespo, A. M., & White, D. B. (2020). Potential Legal Liability for Withdrawing or
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Cohen, I. G., Crespo, A. M., & White, D. B. (2020). Potential Legal Liability for Withdrawing or Withholding Ventilators During COVID-19: Assessing the Risks and Identifying Needed Reforms. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5442
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5442
Cook, H., & Newton, K. (2021). Covid-19: New ZEaland’s vaccine rollout explained in 13 charts. Retrieved from https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300418994/covid19-new-zealands-vaccine-rollout-explained-in-13-charts-as-demandstarts-to-drop
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Coster, A. (2020). Coronavirus: Iwi checkpoints were about safety and discretion. Retrieved from https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/121400826/coronavirus-iwi-checkpointswere-about-safety-and-discretion
Zobacz w Google Scholar
del Rio, C., Malani, P. N., & Omer, S. B. (2021). Confronting the Delta Variant of SARS-CoV-2, Summer 2021. JAMA, 326(11), 1001–1002. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.14811
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.14811
Fischer, D. H. (2012). Fairness and freedom : a history of two open societies : New Zealand and the United States. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Gautret, P., Lagier, J.-C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., … Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(1), 105949. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, 18/1/21). WHO chief warns against ‘catastrophic moral failure’ in COVID-19 vaccine access UN News. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1082362
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Gray, B. (2017). The Cynefin framework: applying an understanding of complexity to medicine. Journal of Primary Health Care, 9(4), 258–261.
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/HC17002
Gray, B. (2020). COVID-19 from Wellington New Zealand. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11673-020-10038-3
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10038-3
Grey, C. (2020). Thinking about lockdowns. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVmEXdGqO-s
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Grounded Kiwis. (2021). MIQ is broken. Help Kiwis get home. Retrieved from https://www.groundedkiwis.com/
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Health Quality and Safety Commission of New Zealand. (2021). Atlas of Healthcare Variation Opioids. Retrieved from https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/our-programmes/health-quality-evaluation/projects/atlas-of-healthcare-variation/opioids/
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Hernandez, J., & Horton, C. (2020). Taiwan’s weapon against coronavirus: an epidemiologist as vice president. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/09/world/asia/taiwan-vice-president-coronavirus.html
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Hill, S., Sarfati, D., Blakely, T., Robson, B., Purdie, G., Dennett, E., … Kawachi, I. (2010). Ethnicity and management of colon cancer in New Zealand. Cancer, 116(13), 3205–3214. doi:10.1002/ cncr.25127
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25127
Iba, T., Arakawa, M., Mochizuki, K., Nishida, O., Wada, H., & Levy, J. H. (2019). Usefulness of measuring changes in SOFA score for the prediction of 28-day mortality in patients with sepsisassociated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 25, 1076029618824044.
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029618824044
Karakike, E., Kyriazopoulou, E., Tsangaris, I., Routsi, C., Vincent, J.-L., & Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J. (2019). The early change of SOFA score as a prognostic marker of 28-day sepsis mortality: analysis through a derivation and a validation cohort. Critical Care, 23(1), 1–8.
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2665-5
Marks, J. H. (2020). Lessons from Corporate Influence in the Opioid Epidemic: Toward a Norm of Separation. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 17(2), 173–189. doi:10.1007/s11673-020-09982-x
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-09982-x
National Ethics Advisory Committee. (2007). Getting Through Together: Ethical values for a pandemic. Ministry of Health, Wellington New Zealand. Retrieved from http://neac.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/getting-throughtogether-jul07.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar
National Ethics Advisory Committee. (2021). Ethics and Equity: Resource Allocation and COVID-19. Retrieved from https://neac.health.govt.nz/
Zobacz w Google Scholar
New Zealand History. (2020). Māori and the flu 1918–19. Retrieved from https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/influenza-pandemic-1918/maori-and-the-flu
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Nuzzo, J. B., Bell, J. A., & Cameron, E. E. (2020). Suboptimal US Response to COVID-19 Despite Robust Capabilities and Resources. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.17395
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17395
Nyenswah, T. G., Kateh, F., Bawo, L., Massaquoi, M., Gbanyan, M., Fallah, M., … De Cock, K. M. (2016). Ebola and Its Control in Liberia, 2014–2015. Emerging infectious diseases, 22(2), 169–177. doi:10.3201/eid2202.151456
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2202.151456
Onora O’Neill. (2002). Reith Lecture ‘Without Trust We Cannot Stand’. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2002/lecture1.shtm
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Our World In Data. (2021). Share of People Vaccinated against Covid-19 Sep 28,2021. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Perrott, A. (2020). Language skills vital if contact tracing is to work Retrieved from https://www.nzdoctor.co.nz/article/news/language-skills-vital-if-contact-tracing-work
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Philippe C, M. N. P.-B. I. É. M. ( April 2021.). The Zero Covid strategy protects people and economies more effectively. Retrieved from https://www.institutmolinari.org/2021/04/03/the-zero-covidstrategy-protects-people-and-economies-moreeffectively/.
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59454/whn-2108-540
Raschke, R. A., Agarwal, S., Rangan, P., Heise, C. W., & Curry, S. C. (2021). Discriminant Accuracy of the SOFA Score for Determining the Probable Mortality of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia Requiring Mechanical Ventilation. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1545
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1545
Saag, M. S. (2020). Misguided Use of Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: The Infusion of Politics Into Science. JAMA, 324(21), 2161–2162. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.22389
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.22389
Singh, H. (2021). The Spinoff Covid Tracker. The Spinoff. Retrieved from https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/04-10-2021/the-spinoff-covid-tracker/
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Snowden, D. J., & Boone, M. E. (2007). A leader’s framework for decision making. Harvard Bus Rev, 85(11), 68
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Statistics New Zealand. (2021). Unemplyment Rate. Retrieved from https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/unemployment-rate
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Summers, J., Cheng, H.-Y., Lin, H.-H., Barnard, L. T., Kvalsvig, A., Wilson, N., & Baker, M. G. (2020). Potential lessons from the Taiwan and New Zealand health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, 100044
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100044
Tan, Y. (2021). Covid-19 a pandemic of inequality exposed. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54082861
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Tee, Y.-S., Fang, H.-Y., Kuo, I.-M., Lin, Y.-S., Huang, S.-F., & Yu, M.-C. (2018). Serial evaluation of the SOFA score is reliable for predicting mortality in acute severe pancreatitis. Medicine, 97(7).
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009654
The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. (2021). Second Report on Progress. Retrieved from https://theindependentpanel.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/IndependentPanel_Second-Report-on-Progress_Final-15-Jan-2021.pdf
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Truog, R. D., Mitchell, C., & Daley, G. Q. (2020). The Toughest Triage — Allocating Ventilators in a Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(21), 1973–1975. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2005689
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005689
Williamson, E. J., Walker, A. J., Bhaskaran, K., Bacon, S., Bates, C., Morton, C. E., … Inglesby, P. (2020). Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature, 584(7821), 430–436
Zobacz w Google Scholar
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
Worldometer Coronavirus. (2021). Worldometer. Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Zobacz w Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.