Urban Un/Belonging: Translating Pre-Partition Spaces in Old Rawalpindi, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.15.04Keywords:
city translation, 1947-partition, Rawalpindi, Imperial India, the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, digital mediaAbstract
In this article, I propose a transgressive re/inscription of the city spaces of Old Rawalpindi through the lens of Sherry Simon’s integrated translational city theory. In the wake of the 1947 partition of the Indian sub-continent into the Muslim-majority Pakistan and the Hindu-majority India, a large number of Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains living in Rawalpindi migrated to India. The numerous houses and other buildings that they left behind have been variously re/purposed, abandoned, and re/occupied by the Muslims arriving from India. The data for this study consists of documentation of these buildings, official websites and studies, interviews with the im/migrants and locals, and the researcher’s observations. The in/consistencies between the official versions and those of the current and past residents, crucially highlighted by the digital media, suggest multiple identities and a semiotic un/belonging.
Downloads
References
“About Rawalpindi.” Rawalpindi Development Authority, https://rda.gop.pk/rawalpindi/ accessed 24 July 2025.
Ashraf, Muhammad I., Muhammad Saleem Akhter, and Iqra Jathol. “Peace Building through Religious Tourism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Kartarpur Corridor.” Pakistan Social Sciences Review, vol. 3, no. 2, 2019, pp. 204–12. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)16
Bennett, Susan. Performing Nostalgia: Shifting Shakespeare and the Contemporary Past. Routledge, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315003085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315003085
Bharadwaj, Prashant, Asim I. Khwaja, and Atif R. Mian. “The Partition of India: Demographic Consequences.” SSRN, 5 Nov. 2008, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1294846 accessed 24 July 2025. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1294846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1294846
Bourhis, Richard, Y. “The English-Speaking Communities of Quebec: Vitality, Multiple Identities and Linguicism.” The Vitality of the English-Speaking Communities of Quebec: From Community Decline to Revival, edited by Richard Y. Bourhis, CEETUM (Université de Montréal), 2008, pp. 127–64.
Chawla, Muhammad I., Muhammad Hameed, and Syeda Mahnaz Hassan. “The Jain History, Art and Architecture in Pakistan: A Fresh Light.” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, vol. 56, no. 1, 2019, pp. 217–27.
D’Agostino, Glauco. “Pakistan: Blend of Traditions, Faiths and Architectures.” Geopolitica. Revistă de Geografie Politică, Geopolitică şi Geostrategie, vol. XVII, no. 80, 2019, pp. 1–20.
Deumert, Ana, and Sinfree Makoni. “Decolonial Praxis and Pedagogy in Sociolinguistics: Concluding Reflections.” From Southern Theory to Decolonizing Sociolinguistics: Voices, Questions and Alternatives, edited by Ana Deumert and Sinfree Makoni, Multilingual Matters, 2023, pp. 239–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.22679664.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.22679664.17
Dhaliwal, Ravi. “Platform for Kartarpur Shrine View Is History.” The Tribune, 8 May 2019, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/platform-for-kartarpur-shrine-view-is-history-769633/ accessed 24 July 2025.
“District Rawalpindi.” Rawalpindi Development Authority, https://rawalpindi.punjab.gov.pk/overview accessed 24 July 2025.
Farooqi, Mariam S., and Rida Arif. “The Lost Art of Rawalpindi.” Thaap: Culture, Art & Architecture of the Marginalized & the Poor, 2015, pp. 31–44.
Fritzsche, Peter. Reading Berlin 1900. Harvard UP, 1998.
Gatti, Flora, and Fortuna Procentese. “Experiencing Urban Spaces and Social Meanings through Social Media: Unravelling the Relationships between Instagram City-related Use, Sense of Place, and Sense of Community.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 78, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101691
Gergen, Kenneth J. “The Challenge of Absent Presence.” Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance, edited by James E. Katz and Mark A. Aakhus, Cambridge UP, 2002, pp. 227–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489471.018
Gita. X direct message to the author. 29–31 Aug. 2024.
Gozzi, Raymond, Jr. “Absent Presence.” A Review of General Semantics, vol. 63, no. 1, 2006, pp. 82–85.
Haider, Sajjad. WhatsApp correspondence with the author. Jan.–Oct. 2024.
Hameed, Abdul, et al. “Sikh Bazar at Garhi Habibullah, Mansehra (Pakistan): History Architecture and Tourism Potential.” Pakistan Heritage, vol. 13, 2022, pp. 83–96.
Hammersley, Martyn, and Roger Gomm. Introduction. Case Study Method: Key Issues, Key Texts, edited by Roger Gomm, Martyn Hammersley, and Peter Foster, SAGE, 2000.
Hassan, Shiraz. “Birthplace of Reformist Movement a Picture of Neglect.” Dawn, 14 Sept. 2014, https://www.dawn.com/news/1131886 accessed 24 July 2025.
Jakobson, Roman. “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation.” On Translation, edited by Reuben Arthur Brower, Harvard UP, 1959, pp. 232–39. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674731615.c18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674731615.c18
Jatt, Zahida R. “Exploring Tourism Opportunities: Documentation of the Use of Spaces of the Pre- Partitioned Temples and Gurudwaras in Punjab, Pakistan.” Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, pp. 59–73.
Jehangir, Javaid. “Audit Report on the Accounts of City District Government Rawalpindi, Audit Year 2017–18.” Auditor General of Pakistan, https://agp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Policy/16.%20Rawalpindi%20A.c-4%20AY%202017-18%20(03.02.18).pdf accessed 24 July 2025.
Kermani, Secunder. “Kartarpur Corridor: A Road to Peace between India and Pakistan?” BBC, 29 Nov. 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46382657 accessed 24 July 2025.
Lee, Tong King. “Introduction: Thinking Cities through Translation.” The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City, edited by Tong King Lee, Routledge, 2021, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-1
Lookingbill, Andrew, and Ethan Russell. “Google Maps 101: How We Map the World.” The Keyword, 22 July 2019, https://blog.google/products/maps/google-maps-101-how-we-map-world/ accessed 24 July 2025.
Mahmood, Asif. “Renaming of Areas Perplexes Locals.” The Tribune, 20 May 2024, https://tribune.com.pk/story/2467489/renaming-of-areas-perplexes-locals accessed 24 July 2025.
Noor, Aliza. “Displaced by Partition, She Visited Pakistan Home after 75 Years.” Al-Jazeera, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/13/displaced-by-partition-she-visited-pakistan-home-after-75-years accessed 24 July 2025.
“Om.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language accessed 24 July 2025.
Otsuji, Emi, and Alastair Pennycook. “Interartefactual Translation: Metrolingualism and Resemiotization.” The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City, edited by Tong King Lee, Routledge, 2021, pp. 59–76. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-6
Pennycook, Alastair. Language Assemblages. Cambridge UP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009348638 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009348638
Razvi, Abbas. X direct message to the author. 29 Aug. 2024.
“Reena Verma from India Visits Her Ancestral Home in Pakistan after 75 Years.” YouTube, uploaded by BBC News, 21 July 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gij3U4-mF_E accessed 24 July 2025.
“Reinscription.” Oxford Reference, https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100412315 accessed 24 July 2025.
Remm, Tiit. “Textualities of the City—From the Legibility of Urban Space towards Social and Natural Others in Planning.” Sign Systems Studies, vol. 44, no. 1–2, 2016, pp. 34–52. https://doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2016.44.1-2.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12697/SSS.2016.44.1-2.03
Schaflechner, Jürgen. Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan. Oxford UP, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850524.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850524.001.0001
Shohamy, Elana, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, and Monica Barni. “Introduction: An Approach to an ‘Ordered Disorder.’” Linguistic Landscape in the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, and Monica Barni, Multilingual Matters, 2010, pp. xi–xxviii. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847692993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847692993
Simon Sherry. “The Translational City.” The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City edited by Tong King Lee, Routledge, 2021, pp. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-3
Simon, Sherry. “The Translational Life of Cities.” The Massachusetts Review, vol. 56, no. 3, 2015, pp. 404–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mar.2015.0064
Spilioti, Tereza, and Korina Giaxoglou. “Translation and Trans-scripting: Languaging Practices in the City of Aθens.” The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City, edited by Tong King Lee, Routledge, 2021, pp. 278–93. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-21
Sywenky, Irene. “Imperial Translational Spaces and the Politics of Languages in Austria-Hungary: The Case of Lemberg/Lwów/Lviv.” The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City, edited by Tong King Lee, Routledge, 2021, pp. 176–89. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429436468-14
Waksman, Shoshi, and Elana Shohamy. “Decorating the City of Tel Aviv-Jaffa for Its Centennial: Complementary Narratives via Linguistic Landscape.” Linguistic Landscape in the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, and Monica Barni, Multilingual Matters, 2010, pp. 57–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.29308476.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.29308476.8
Yasin, Aamir. “Nirankari Gurdwara—Centre of Learning for over 50 Years.” Dawn, 30 Dec. 2024, https://www.dawn.com/news/1881845 accessed 24 July 2025.
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.



