Państwa de facto i ich struktury społeczno-ekonomiczne w przestrzeni postsowieckiej po aneksji Krymu
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18778/2300-0562.06.12Słowa kluczowe:
państwa de facto, gospodarka, Abchazja, Osetia Południowa, Arcach, Naddniestrze, Rosja, PKBAbstrakt
Artykuł koncentruje się na problemach ekonomicznych państw de facto w przestrzeni postsowieckiej po aneksji Krymu przez Rosję w 2014 r., utworzeniu Eurazjatyckiej Unii Gospodarczej w 2015 r. oraz podpisaniu pogłębionej i kompleksowej umowy o wolnym handlu między UE a Gruzją i Mołdawią wchodzącej w życie od 2016 r. Poddaje analizie długoterminowe strategie gospodarcze Naddniestrza, Górskiego Arcachu, Południowej Osetii-Alanii i Abchazji w kontekście tych zmian. Bazując na danych statystycznych i innych informacjach poddaje analizie ich problemy gospodarcze, które są ściśle związane z rozwojem sytuacji w Rosji i jej geopolitycznymi interesami.
Bibliografia
Abkhaziya – obshchie dannye, Torgovo-promyshlennaya palata Respubliky Abkhaziya 2014: http://www.tppra.org/ru/abhaziya-obshchie-dannye (16.04.2016).
Google Scholar
Achugba T.A., 2011, Istoriya Abkhazii v datach, Sukhum.
Google Scholar
Baarová B., 2015, Religious policy in de facto states of Caucasus – Abkhazia and South Ossetia, [in:] Political sciences, law, finance, economics and tourism. Conference proceedings, Vol. 1, Sofia, pp. 291–298.
Google Scholar
Babayan D., 2014, New Silk Roads in the Southern Caucasus: Chinese geopolitics in a strategic region, „Yale Journal of International Affairs”, 06 October 2014:http://yalejournal.org/article_post/new-silk-roads-in-the-southern-caucasus-chinesegeopolitics-in-a-strategic-region/ (17.11.2016).
Google Scholar
Babayan D.K., 2012, Kitaiskaya narodna respublika i nepriznanye gosudarstva, „Vestnik MGIMO Universiteta”, 3, pp. 75–79: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kitayskayanarodnaya-respublika-i-nepriznannye-gosudarstva (20.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Barcin A., 2015, Yuridicheskaya priroda suvereniteta nepriznannych i chastichno priznannych gosudarstv na primere Respubliky Abkhaziya, „Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba”,2 (94): img src="http://pa-journal.ranepa.ru/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ranepa_ru.png"alt="ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ СЛУЖБА"/ (25.05.2016).
Google Scholar
Byudzhet Abkhazii na 2015 god izmenen iz-za perenosa finpomoshchi RF na 2016, 2016, AIAAIRA: http://aiaaira.com/news/economy/byudzhet_abkhazii_na_2015_god_izmenen_iz_za_perenosa_finpomoshchi_rf_na_2016/ (03.12.2016).
Google Scholar
Całus K., 2016, The DCFTA in Transnistria: Who gains?, „New Eastern Europe”, 1: http://www.neweasterneurope.eu/articles-and-commentary/1861-the-dcfta-in-transnistria-who-gains (23.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Caspersen N., 2008, Separatism and democracy in the Caucasus, „Survival”, 50 (4), pp. 113–136.
Google Scholar
Caspersen N., 2009, Playing the rocognition game: external acotrs nad de facto states, „The International Spectator”, 44 (4), pp. 47–60.
Google Scholar
Caspersen N., 2012, Unrecognized states: The struggle for sovereignty in the modern international system, Cambridge.
Google Scholar
Chaindrava I., 2011, Georgia's recognition of the Circassian genocide in the context of Georgian-Abkhaz-Russian relations, International Alert: http://www.internationalalert.org/node/12157 (27.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Charaya V., 2014, Analitika: Ekonomicheskoe i socialnoe polozhenie v Abkhazii, Regional Dialogue – Analiticheskiy portal „Kavkazskogo doma”: http://regionaldialogue.com/ru/ekonomiczeskoe-sotsialnoe-polozhenie-abkhazii/ (28.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Delyagin M.G., 2008, Ekonomicheskii potencial Abkhazii i Yuzhnoi Osetii i ego
Google Scholar
osvoenie: http://delyagin.ru/position/48924-yekonomicheskij-potentcial-abkhazii-iyuzhnoj-osetii-i-ego-osoenie.html (18.08. 2016).
Google Scholar
Dinamika i struktura vnutrennego valovogo produkta v 2014 godu, 2015, „Vestnik Pridnestrovskogo respublikanskogo banka”, 4: http://www.cbpmr.net/resource/prbvd191-2.pdf (25.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Dugin A., 1997, Osnovy geopolitiky. Geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Dyčka L., 2015, Současný vývoj konfliktu v Podněstří na pozadí ukrajinské krize, „Vojenské rozhledy”, 1, pp. 38–45: www.vojenskerozhledy.cz (23.06. 2016).
Google Scholar
Egorova E. and Babin I., 2015, Eurasian Economic Union and the difficulties of integration: The case of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, „The Quarterly Journal”, 14 (2),pp. 87–99: https://connections-qj.org/system/files/14.2.07_egorova_babin.pdf (27.09.2016).
Google Scholar
Ekonomika i biznes v Abkhazii. Fond Abkhazia, 2015: http://fondabkhazia.com/republic/business (23.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Ekonomika Yuzhnoi Osetii uspeshno razvivaetsya, Stavropolye TV, 13 October 2011: http://www.stavropolye.tv/sfdnews/view/38535 (20.06.2015).
Google Scholar
Gamacharia D., Lordkipanidze M. and Achaladze L., 2014, Abcházie v dějinách gruzínského státu, Praha.
Google Scholar
Ghulinyan I., 2014, Armenien zwischen russischer Zwangs- und europäischer, Berlin: http://institut-fuer-sozialstrategie.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/gz_ifs_ghulinyan_armenien_zwischen_russland_und_europa.pdf (20.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Hale H.E., 2015, Patronal politics: Eurasian regime dynamics in comparative perspective, New York.
Google Scholar
Hoch T., 2011, Možnosti rozvoje de facto států prostřednictvím humanitární pomoci, rozvojové pomoci a aktivit organizací občanské společnosti: případová studie Abcházie, Praha.
Google Scholar
Hoch T., Kopeček V. and Kašpar J., 2015, Gruzie mezi EU a Ruskem, „Medzinárodné vzťahy”, 13 (4), pp. 347–364.
Google Scholar
Hoch T., Souleimanov E. and Baranec T., 2014, Russia's role in the official peace process in South Ossetia, „Bulletin of Geography, Socio-economic Series”, 23,pp. 53–71.
Google Scholar
Illarionov A., 2008, Kto kogo subsidiruet? Obobshenie. Gruziya i Yuzhnaya Osetiya: finansovyj aspekt: http://aillarionov.livejournal.com/49042.html (23.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Istomin I. and Bolgova I., 2016, Transnistrian strategy in the context of Russian-Ukrainian relations: the rise and failure of ‘dual alignment’, „Southeast Europeanand Black Sea Studies”, 16 (1), pp. 169–194.
Google Scholar
Jelínková B., 2014, Stane se Podněstří moldavským Krymem?, „Mezinárodní politika”, 6: http://www.iir.cz/article/stane-se-podnestri-moldavskym-krymem (26.08.2016).
Google Scholar
Kokojev G., 2015, Dinamika socialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya RYuO, Informacionnoje agenstvo Res: http://cominf.org/node/1166499619 (23.08.2016).
Google Scholar
Kolossov V. and O’Loughlin J., 2011, Economic insecurities and migration in the de facto states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, „Eurasian Geography and Economy”,52 (5), pp. 596–630.
Google Scholar
Kopeček V., 2010, Russian geopolitical perceptions and imaginations of the South Caucasus, [in:] Beyond globalisation: exploring the limits of globalisation in theregional context, Ostrava, pp. 99–105.
Google Scholar
Kopeček V., 2016, Political institutions in the post-Soviet de facto states in comparison: Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh, „Annual of Language Policy and Politics ofIdentity”, 10 (2), pp. 73–99.
Google Scholar
Kopeček V., Hoch T. and Baar V., 2016a, Conflict Transformation and Civil Society: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, „Europe-Asia Studies”, 68 (3), pp. 441–459.
Google Scholar
Kopeček V., Hoch T. and Baar V., 2016b, De facto states and democracy: the case of Abkhazia, „Bulletin of Geography, Socio-economic Series”, 32, pp. 85–104.
Google Scholar
Kosienkowski M., 2008, Quasi-państwo w stosunkach międzynarodowych, „Stosunki Międzynarodowe”, 3–4, s. 151–162.
Google Scholar
Kosienkowski M., 2010, Naddniestrzańska Republika Mołdawska. Determinanty przetrwania, Toruń.
Google Scholar
Kosienkowski M., 2012, Continuity and change in Transnistria’s foreign policy after the 2011 presidential elections, Lublin.
Google Scholar
Krivenjuk A., 2016, Abkhaziya – Turciya: otnosheniya, kotorych net, AIAAIRA: http://aiaaira.com/news/politics/abkhaziya_turtsiya_otnosheniya_kotorykh_net/(23.11.2016).
Google Scholar
Kudryasheva I.V., 2011, Gosudarstvennaya sostoyatelnost kak kriterii legitimacii novych gosudarstv, „Sravniteľnaja politika”, 3, pp. 20–36: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gosudarstvennaya-sostoyatelnost-kak-kriteriy-legitimatsii-novyh-gosudarstv, (13.10.2016).
Google Scholar
Kulova M.P. and Fedosova E.V., 2014, Dinamika intergracionnych processov Severnoi i Yuzhnoi Osetii v postsovetskii period: http://www.vncran.ru/upload/docs/RNORSO_2014/22.%D0%9Aulova_Fedosov%D0%B0.pdf (29.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Kunze T. and Bohnet H., 2007, Zwischen Europa und Russland. Zur Lage der abtrünnigen Republiken Transnistrien, Abchasien und Südossetien, „Konrad AdenauerStiftung, Auslandsinformationen”, 1, s. 6–30: http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_10097-544-1-30.pdf?070208170226 (25.04.2016).
Google Scholar
Kurfürst J., 2014, Východní Evropa mezi hodnotovou vizí a mocenskou revizí, „Mezinárodní politika”, 6: http://www.iir.cz/article/vychodni-evropa-mezi-hodnotovouvizi-a-mocenskou-revizi (22.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Lupusor A., Fala A. and Morcotilo I., 2014, Regional economic review: Transnistrian Region: www.expert-grup.org (23.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Markedonov S., 2011, Konflikty na Kavkaze: sovetskaya prelyudiya, „Neprikosnovennyi Zapas”, 4 (78): http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2011/4/ma12.html (19.03.2016).
Google Scholar
Markedonov S., 2012, De-fakto obrazovaniya postsovetskogo prostranstva: dvadcat let gosudarstvennogo stroitelstva, „Analiticheskiye doklady Instituta Kavkaza”, 5: http://apsnyteka.org/788-markedonov_s_de_fakto_obrazovaniya_postsovetskogo_prostranstva.html (17.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Markedonov S., 2015, Abkhaziya i Yuzhnaya Osetiya v 2014 godu: protivorechnye itogi, Centr Lva Gumuleva: http://www.gumilev-center.ru/sergey-markedonov-abhaziya-iyuzhnaya-osetiya-v-2014-godu-protivorechivyie-itogi-2/ (24.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Minasyan S., 2008, Armenia in Karabakh, Karabakh in Armenia: The Karabakh factor in Armenia's foreign and domestic policy, [in:] Iskandaryan A. (ed.), Caucasus neighborhood: Turkey and the South Caucasus, Yerevan, pp. 63–72.
Google Scholar
Minasyan S., 2010, Nagorno Karabakh after two decades of conflict: is prolongation of status quo inevitable, „Caucasus Institute Research Papers”, 2: http://dealingwiththepast.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/CI-2010-Nag-Kar-eng.pdf (16.04.2016).
Google Scholar
Nagorno Karabakh in figures 2015. Stepanakert, 2015, National Statistical Service of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic: http://stat-nkr.am/files/publications/2015/LXH_tverov_2015.pdf (29.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Nepriznannaya ekonomika nepriznannych gosudarstv. Real Armenia, Lratvakan.com: http://lratvakan.com/news/105236.html (23.06.2016).
Google Scholar
O Pridnestrove – ekonomicheskii potencial. Torgovo-promyshlennaya palata Pridnestrovya: http://tiraspol.ru/o-pridnestrove/ekonomicheskiy-potentsial/ (23.07.2016).
Google Scholar
O’Loughlin J., Kolossov V. and Toal G., 2011, Inside Abkhazia: a survey of attitudes in a de facto state, „Post-Soviet Affairs”, 27 (1), pp. 1–36.
Google Scholar
O’Loughlin J., Kolossov V. and Toal G., 2014, Inside the post-Soviet de facto states: a comparison of attitudes in Abkhazia, Nagorny Karabakh, South Ossetia and Transnistria, „Eurasian Geography and Economics”, 55 (5), pp. 423–456.
Google Scholar
Obem i dinamika valovogo vnutrennego produkta – 2015 god. Upravlenie gosudarstvennoi statistiki Respubliki Abkhaziya. Oficialnaya statistika, 2015: http://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=172 (30.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Obzor sostoyaniya ekonomiki i osnovnych napravlenii vneshneekonomicheskoi deyatelnosti Respubliki Abkhaziya za 2014 god. Torgovoe predstavitelstvo Rossiyskoy Federacii v Respublike Abkhaziya, 2014: http://www.ved.gov.ru/files/images/kai/Economics_Review_2014/Economics_Abhazia_2014.pdf (23.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Osnovnye pokazateli vneshnei torgovli. Abkhazia Invest: http://abkhazia-invest.com/ru/osnovnye-pokazateli-vneshnej-torgovli/ (24.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Otnosheniya mezhdu RF i Yuzhnoi Osetii. TASS 31 March 2016: http://tass.ru/info/1777008 (26.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Owen E., 2009, Abkhazia's Diaspora: Dreaming of Home, EurasiaNet: http://www.eurasia.net.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav030909b.shtml (08.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Plutenko Y.V., 2011a, Abkhaziya v sovremennoi sisteme mezhdunarodnych koordinat, Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba – OOO „Independent Mass-Media”, 4, pp. 29–36.
Google Scholar
Plutenko Y.V., 2011b, Problemy obrazovaniya novych gosudarstv na postsovetskom prostranstve na sovremennom etape, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Plutenko Y.V., 2011c, Stanovlenie gosudarstvennosti v Yuzhnoi Osetii, „Mir i politika”, 8, pp. 33–37.
Google Scholar
Popescu N., 2006a, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: independence or survival?, „Pro et Contra”, 10 (5–6 ), pp. 40–52.
Google Scholar
Popescu N., 2006b, Outsourcing de facto statehood: Russia and the secessionist entities in Georgia and Moldova, „CEPS Policy Brief”, 109, 20 July 2006.
Google Scholar
Popescu N., 2006c, The EU and Transnistria, UNISCI Discussion Papers No. 10., Brussels: http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/UNIS/article/viewFile/UNIS0606130247A/28143 (09.09.2016).
Google Scholar
Pospisil J. and Rodehau-Noack J., 2015, Tauwetter im „Frozen Conflict”? Moldau und Transnistrien im Schatten der Ukraine-Krise, Policy Paper No. 2, Wien:http://www.oiip.ac.at/fileadmin/Unterlagen/Dateien/Publikationen/Policy_Paper/Policy_Paper_Moldau__2_.pdf (21.10.2016).
Google Scholar
Pridnestrove teryaet nezavisimost i prorossiyskoe budushchee. Novyi den 20 November 2015: http://newdaynews.ru/moskow/549707.html (29.04.2016).
Google Scholar
Schleifer M., Nielsen A.M.S., 2015, Economic integration as a possible way forward in post-Soviet frozen conflicts, Center for International Private Enterprise: http://www.cipe.org/publications/detail/economic-integration-possible-way-forwardpost-soviet-frozen-conflicts (13.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Shvec D., 2015, Nezavisimaya gazeta uznala o pervom otkaze Rossii ot pomoshchi Pridnestrovyu, Slon.ru: http://slon.ru/fast/world/nezavisimaya-gazeta-uznala-o-pervom-otkaze-rossii-ot-pomoshchi-pridnestrovyu-1208567.xhtml (20.07.2016).
Google Scholar
Statisticheskii ezhegodnik 2015. Tiraspoľ, 2015, Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba statistiki Pridnestrovskoy Moldavskoy Respubliki: http://mepmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-statistika/informacziya/122-ezhegodnik-gosudarstvennoj-sluzhby-statistiki/2614-statisticheskij-ezhegodnik-2015 (17.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Statistika vneshney torgovli Rossii 2010–2015, Federaľnaya tamozhennaya sluzhba Rossii: http://russian-trade.com/statistics/by-country/south-ossetia/import/2015/ (23.08. 2016).
Google Scholar
Strategiya socialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki do 2025 goda, Tiraspol, 2012, Verchovnyy sovet PMR: http://www.vspmr.org/legislation/bills/5convocation/438.html (25.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Strategiya socialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Respubliky Abkhaziya do 2025 goda, 2015, Kabinet ministrov RA & CSI pri Prezidente RA, Sukhum: ru.abkhaziastrategic.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Strategia-Abkhazia-2025.pdf (30.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Strategiya socialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Respubliky Yuzhnaya Osetiya, 2013, Cchinval: ugo-osetia.ru/index.php/2011-06-30.../17_a2ef4c4877633aaa259c17953e0203b2 (19.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Strnad V., 2014, Podněstří – hrozí další Ukrajina?, „Mezinárodní politika, 6: http://iir.cz/article/podnestri-hrozi-dalsi-ukrajina (11.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Terkushov I., Markedonov S. and Shevchenko K. (eds.), 2013, Abkhazia: between the past and the future, Prague.
Google Scholar
The World Bank, 2016, GDP per capita (current US$): http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?page=5 (27.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Toal G. and O’Loughlin J., 2013, Inside South Ossetia: a survey of attitudes in a de facto state, „Post-Soviet Affairs”, 29 (2), pp. 136–172.
Google Scholar
Toal G. and O’Loughlin J., 2014, How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/how-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistriafeel-about-annexation-by-russia/ (23.04.2016).
Google Scholar
Toal G. and O’Loughlin J., 2015, Land for peace in Nagorny Karabakh? Political geographies and public attitudes inside a contested de facto state, „Territory,Politics, Governance”, 1 (2), pp. 158–182.
Google Scholar
Tokmazishvili M., 2013, Gruzinskii „Ekonomicheskii romantizm” v reshenii konfliktov i perspektivy razvitiya sobytii posle sochinskoi Olimpiady, International Alert,pp. 10–15: http://www.international-alert.org/sites/default/files/Caucasus_ConferencePapersOlympicPolitics_RU_2013.pdf (15.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Tujba E.N., 2012, Socio-economic processes in the post-war Abkhazia, „Voprosy upravleniya”, 1: http://vestnik.uapa.ru/en/issue/2012/01/22/ (19.05.2016).
Google Scholar
Vneshnyaya torgovlya PMR v razreze stran TS, ES i drugich stran za yanvar-mai 2016 g.: http://customs.gospmr.org/2014-3.html (30.08.2016).
Google Scholar
Wesseling E., 1997, The North Caucasian diaspora in Turkey: http://www.kapba.de/CaucasianDiaspora.html (23.04.2016).
Google Scholar
Yuzhnaya Osetiya i karlikovye strany i territorii mira, 2015: http://respublikarso.org/analytics/1147-yuzhnaya-osetiya-i-karlikovye-strany-i-territorii-mira.html (17.06.2016).
Google Scholar
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.