U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential

Robert Łoś

doi:10.18778/1641-4233.22.03

Authors

Robert Łoś University of Łódź, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of Theory of Foreign Policy and Security

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.22.03

Keywords:

Hard and soft power, America and China’s power resources

Abstract

The United States, as a leading world power, has to face China – an emerging powerful rival. The potential of both states’ power is measured by universal indicators. On a military level, these indicators are: military expenditure, soldiers/reserve/soldiers abroad, offensive weapons, nuclear warheads. On an economic level: GDP value, reserve currency/public debt to GNP, direct investment home and abroad. With regard soft power, six categories have been taken into consideration: diplomacy, socio-political, socio-economic, education, high and popular culture. All of the three researched levels were correlated with both states’ political system specificity and the character of the international arena’s relations. It allowed for the assessment of the current levels of both states’ power as well as their future prospects.

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Author Biography

Robert Łoś, University of Łódź, Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of Theory of Foreign Policy and Security

Robert Łoś, Ph.D. in History, Professor of Political Science, Head of the Department of Theory of Foreign Policy and Security at the University of Łódź, author of more than 50 scientific articles, 6 monographs, 7 books edited. Research interests focus on the latest issues of foreign policy in practical and theoretical aspects.

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