Structure of Demographic Types of Small Towns in Poland. Spatial and Temporal Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2016-0009Keywords:
small towns in Poland, demographic typesAbstract
The aim of this paper is to determine changes in the structure of demographic types of small towns in Poland between 2004 and 2013. It is assumed in the paper, following the Central Statistical Office of Poland, that small towns are urban settlements having less than 20,000 inhabitants. The time period covered in this study is the time of Poland’s accession to the EU, which brought reduction of many barriers on the labour market and in migration movement. Demographic types of small towns were determined using Webb’s typology. Natural increase and migration indicators constitute its base. It was found that the share of towns of progressive character decreased and the share of those of regressive character increased in the analyzed period. A negative migration balance had the greatest effect on the number of inhabitants of the analyzed settlement units. The described demographic changes in small towns in Poland were connected with the second stage of demographic transition.
Downloads
References
ALSTON, M. (2004), ‘You Don’t Want to be a Check-out Chick all Your Life: The Out-migration of Young People from Australia’s Small Rural Towns’, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 39 (3), pp. 299–313.
Google Scholar
BAGIŃSKI, E. (1998), Małe miasta w sieci osiedleńczej Polski, Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej.
Google Scholar
BAKER, J. (ed.) (1988), ‘Small Town Africa’, Seminar Proceedings, No. 23, Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Google Scholar
BLOOM, D.E., CANNING, D.and SEVILLA, J. (2001), ‘Economic Growth and the Demographic Transition’, Working Paper, No. 8685, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Google Scholar
CAMARA, G. (2011), ‘Demographic Evolution of the Small Towns in the North-East Development Region in the Post-Communist Period’, Romanian Review of Regional Studies, 7 (2), pp. 105–110.
Google Scholar
CAPLOW, T., HICKS, L.and WATTENBERG, B. J. (2001), The First Measured Century.An Illustrated Guide to Trends an America, 1900–2000, Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press.
Google Scholar
ČERMÁK, Z., HAMPL, M.and MÜLLER, J. (2009), ‘Contemporary Tendencies of Population Development of Metropolitan Areas in Czechia: Is an Important Turn Coming?’, Geografie – Sborník ČGS, 114 (1), pp. 37–51.
Google Scholar
CHESHIRE, P. and MAGRINI, S. (2004), Population Growth in European Cities: Weather Matters – But Only Nationally, London: Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics.
Google Scholar
CHOGUILL, C. (1989), ‘Small Towns and Development: A Tale from Two Countries’, Urban Study, 26 (2), pp. 267–274.
Google Scholar
DANIELS, T. and LAPPING, M. (1987), ‘Small Town Triage: A Rural Settlement Policy for The American Midwest’, Journal of Rural Studies, 3 (3), pp. 273–280.
Google Scholar
DOMHARDT, H. J. and TROEGER-WEISS, G. (2009), ‘Germany’s Shrinkage on Small Scale’, [in:] PALLAGST, K., ABER, J., AUDIRAC, I., CUNNINGHAM-SABOT, E., FOL, S., MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ, C., MORAES, S., MULLIGAN, H., VARGAS-HERNANDEZ, J., WIECHMANN, Th., WU, T. and RICH, J. (eds.), The Future of Shrinking Cities: Problems, Patterns and Strategies of Urban Transformation in a Global Context, Berkeley CA: Center for Global Metropolitan Studies, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California Berkeley and the Shrinking Cities International Research Network, pp. 161–168.
Google Scholar
DZIEWOŃSKI, K. (1957), ‘Rozwój problematyki badań geograficznych nad małymi miastami. Studia geograficzne nad aktywizacją małych miast’, Prace Geograficzne, 9, pp. 19–36.
Google Scholar
DZIEWOŃSKI, K. (1983), ‘Geografia osadnictwa i ludności w Polsce w latach 1945–1982. Mechanizmy rozwoju’, Przegląd Geograficzny, LV (3‒4), pp. 547–569.
Google Scholar
FIEJKA, Z. (1954), ‘O aktywizacji małych miast’, Ekonomista, III, pp. 86–103.
Google Scholar
FONSECA, M. L. (2008), ‘New Waves of Immigration to Small Towns and Rural Areas in Portugal’, Population, Space and Place, Special Issue: ‘International Migration to Non-Metropolitan Areas’, 14 (6), pp. 525–535.
Google Scholar
FUGUITT, G.V.and HEATON, T. B. (1995), ‘The Impact of Migration on the Nonmetropolitan Population Age Structure, 1960–1990’, Population Research and Policy Review, 14, pp. 215–232.
Google Scholar
FUGUITT, G.V., BROWN, D.L.and BEALE, C. L. (1989), Rural and Small Town America, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Google Scholar
GABRIEL, M. (2002), ‘Australia’s Regional Youth Exodus’, Journal of Rural Studies, 18, pp. 209–212.
Google Scholar
GLOCK, B. (2006), Stadtpolitik in schrumpfenden Städten.Duisburg und Leipzig im Vergleich, Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Google Scholar
GRAEME, H. and MORÉN-ALEGRET, R. (2008), ‘International Migration to Non-Metropolitan Areas of High Income Countries: Editorial Introduction’, Population, Space and Place, Special Issue: ‘International Migration to Non-Metropolitan Areas’, 14 (6), pp. 473–477.
Google Scholar
HAASE, A., BERNT, M., GROBMANN, K., MYKHNENKO, V.and RINK, D. (2013), ‘Varieties of Shrinkage in European Cities’, European Urban and Regional Studies, 0 (0), pp. 1–17.
Google Scholar
HANDWERK, W. P. (1983), ‘The First Demographic Transition: An Analysis of Subsistence Choices and Reproductive Consequences’, American Anthropologist, 85 (1), pp. 5–27.
Google Scholar
HARDOY, J.E.and SATTERTHWAITE, D. (1986), ‘Government Policies and Small and Intermediate Urban Centres’, [in:] HARDOY, J.E.and SATTERTHWAITE, D. (eds.), Small and Intermediate Urban Centres: Their Role in National and Regional Development in the Third World, London: Hodder and Stoughton and Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Google Scholar
HEFFNER, K. (2008), ‘Funkcjonowanie miast małych w systemie osadniczym Polski w perspektywie 2033 r.’, [in:] SAGANOWSKI, K., ZAGRZEJEWSKA-FIEDOROWICZ, M. and ŻUBER, P. (eds.), Ekspertyzy do Koncepcji Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2008–2033, t. I, Warszawa: Ministerstwo Rozwoju Regionalnego, pp. 281–333.
Google Scholar
HEFFNER, K.and CZARNECKI, A. (2004), Contribution to Final Report ‘The Role of Small and Medium Size Towns in Rural Development in Poland’, Warszawa: IRWiR PAN.
Google Scholar
HOEKVELD, J. J. (2012), ‘Time-Space Relations and the Differences Between Shrinking Cities’, Built Environment, 38 (2), pp. 179–195.
Google Scholar
JAŻEWICZ, I. (2005), ‘Przemiany społeczno-demograficzne i gospodarcze w małych miastach Pomorza Środkowego w okresie transformacji gospodarczej’, Słupskie Prace Geograficzne, 2, pp. 71–79.
Google Scholar
JAŻEWICZ, I. (2009), Funkcjonowanie małych miast Pomorza Środkowego w okresie transformacji systemowej, Słupsk: Akademia Pomorska.
Google Scholar
JOHNSON, K. (2006), ‘Demographic Trends in Rural and Small Town America’, Reports on Rural America, 1 (1), pp. 1–36.
Google Scholar
KACHNIARZ, T., MAKOWSKA, K.and SZYMKIEWICZ, E. (1996), Małe miasta przemysłowe, Warszawa: IGPiK.
Google Scholar
KAMIŃSKA, W.and MULARCZYK, M. (2014), ‘Demographic types of small towns in Poland’, Miscellanea Geographica, 18 (4), pp. 24–33.
Google Scholar
KANTOR-PIETRAGA, I. (2014), ‘Systematyka procesu depopulacji miast na obszarze Polski od XIX do XXI w.’, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 3158.
Google Scholar
KANTOR-PIETRAGA, I., KRZYSZTOFIK, R.and RUNGE, J. (2012), ‘Kontekst geograficzny i funkcjonalny kurczenia się małych miast w Polsce południowej’, [in:] HEFFNER, K., HALAMA, A.(eds.), ‘Ewolucja funkcji małych miast w Polsce’, Studia Ekonomiczne, Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziałowe, pp. 9–24.
Google Scholar
KIEŁCZEWSKA-ZALESKA, M. (1957), ‘Problemy geograficzno-gospodarcze małych miast w Polsce w świetle dokonanych opracowań’, Prace Geograficzne, pp. 37–60.
Google Scholar
KONECKA-SZYDŁOWSKA, B. and MATYKOWSKI, R. (2007), ‘Nowe Skalmierzyce – funkcjonowanie małego miasta na symbolicznym pograniczu’, [in:] SCHMIDT, J.and MATYKOWSKI, R.(eds.), Granica symboliczna i jej pogranicza w czasach najnowszych, Poznań: Awel, pp. 89–106.
Google Scholar
KONECKA-SZYDŁOWSKA, B. and WELTROWSKA, J. (2006), ‘Population Changes in the Towns of Wielkopolskie Voivodeship’, Bulletin of Geography.Socio-Economic Series, 5, pp. 21–32.
Google Scholar
KOSIŃSKI, L., KOSTROWICKI, J.and LESZCZYCKI, S. (eds.), ‘Studia geograficzne nad aktywizacją małych miast’, Prace Geograficzne, 9, pp. 37–62.
Google Scholar
KOSTROWICKI, J. (1953), ‘Problematyka małych miast w Polsce w związku z badaniami nad warunkami ich aktywizacji’, Przegląd Geograficzny, 25 (4), pp. 12–52.
Google Scholar
KOSTROWICKI, J. (1957), ‘Studia nad warunkami aktywizacji małych miast w ramach badań geograficznych nad warunkami rozwoju regionów’, [in:] DZIEWOŃSKI, K., KIEŁCZEWSKA-ZALESKA, M., KOSIŃSKI, L., KOSTROWICKI, J. and LESZCZYCKI, S. (eds.), ‘Studia geograficzne nad aktywizacją małych miast’, Prace Geograficzne, 9, pp. 11–18.
Google Scholar
KOZŁOWSKI, L. (2007), ‘Miasteczka rolnicze w Polsce. Geneza i trwałość funkcji rolniczej miast’, [in:] RYDZ, E. (ed.), Podstawy i perspektywy rozwoju małych miast, Słupsk: Akademia Pomorska, pp. 109–136.
Google Scholar
KWIATEK-SOŁTYS, A. (2004), ‘Przemiany struktur ludnościowych w małych miastach powiatowych w Polsce w latach 1992–2002’, [in:] SŁODCZYK, J. and RAJCHEL, D. (eds.), Przemiany demograficzne i jakość życia ludności miast, Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski, pp. 51–59.
Google Scholar
LESTHAEGHE, R. (1991), The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries: An Interpretation, IPO-Working Paper, Brussel: Vakgroep Sociologie, Vrije Universiteit.
Google Scholar
LESTHAEGHE, R. (2010), The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition, Report 10-696, Michigan: Population Studies Center University of Michigan.
Google Scholar
LINDH, T., MALMBERG, B. (1999), ‘Age Structure Effects and Growth in the OECD, 1950–1990’, Journal of Population Economics, 12, pp. 431–449.
Google Scholar
LISZEWSKI, S. (1975), Współczesny stan zagospodarowania Wolborza i możliwości jego aktywizacji gospodarczej, [in:] ROSIN, R. (ed.), 400-lecie śmierci A. Frycza-Modrzewskiego, 700-lecie nadania praw miejskich Wolborzowi, Łódź: Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne, pp. 121–150.
Google Scholar
MORÉN-ALEGRET, R. (2008), ‘Ruralphilia and Urbophobia versus Urbophilia and Ruralphobia? Lessons From Immigrant Integration Processes in Small Towns and Rural Areas in Spain’, Population, Space and Place, Special Issue: ‘International Migration to Non-Metropolitan Areas’, 14 (6), pp. 537–552.
Google Scholar
MYKHNENKO, V.and TUROK, I. (2008), ‘East European Cities: Patterns of Growth and Decline, 1960–2005’, International Planning Studies, 13 (4), pp. 311–342.
Google Scholar
NOTESTEIN, F. W., TAEUBER, I. P., KIRK, D., COALS, A.J. and KISER, L. E. (1944), The Future Population of Europe and the Soviet Union: Population Projections, 1940–1970, New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
PALLAGST, K., ABER, J., AUDIRAC, I., CUNNINGHAM-SABOT, E., FOL, S., MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ, C., MORAES, S., MULLIGAN, H., VARGAS-HERNANDEZ, J., WIECHMANN, Th., WU, T. and RICH, J. (eds.) (2009), The Future of Shrinking Cities: Problems, Patterns and Strategies of Urban Transformation in a Global Context, Berkeley, CA: Center for Global Metropolitan Studies, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California Berkeley and the Shrinking Cities International Research Network.
Google Scholar
PARR, J. B. (1973), ‘Growth Poles, Regional Development, and Central Place Theory’, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 31, pp. 173–212.
Google Scholar
PARTRIDGE, M., BOLLMAN, R.D., OLFERT, M.R. and ALASIA, A. (2007), ‘Riding the Wave of Urban Growth in the Countryside: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation?’, Land Economics, 83 (2), pp. 128–152.
Google Scholar
RAVENSTEIN, E. G. (1885), ‘The Laws of Migration’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 48 (2), pp. 167–227.
Google Scholar
RONDINELLI, D. A. (1984), ‘Small Towns in Developing Countries: Potential Centres of Growth, Transformation and Integration’, [in:] KAMMEIER, H. D. and SWAN, P. J. (eds.), Equity with growth? Planning perspectives for small towns in developing countries, Bangkok: AIT, pp. 10–48.
Google Scholar
SÁNCHEZ-BARRICARTE, J.J.and FERNÁNDEZ-CARRO, R. (2007), ‘Patterns in the delay and recovery of fertility in Europe’, European Journal of Population, 23 (2), pp. 145–170.
Google Scholar
SOBALA-GWOSDZ, A. (2010), ‘Demograficzne uwarunkowania rozwoju miast województwa śląskiego’, [in:] SOBALA-GWOSDZ, A. (ed.), Badanie trendów rozwojowych w województwie śląskim poprzez wyznaczenie ośrodków wzrostu i obszarów stagnacji, Bielsko-Biała: STRADA Consulting Piotr Kurowski, pp. 19–31.
Google Scholar
SZYMAŃSKA, D. (2002), ‘Niektóre aspekty urbanizacji w Polsce w latach 1950–2000’, [in:] SŁODCZYK, J. (ed.), Przemiany bazy ekonomicznej i struktury przestrzennej miast, Opole: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, pp. 53–69.
Google Scholar
SZYMAŃSKA, D. and GRZELAK-KOSTULSKA, E. (2005), ‘Problematyka małych miast w Polsce w świetle literatury’, [in:] HEFFNER, K.and MARSZAŁ, T. (eds.), ‘Problemy rozwoju małych miast w wymiarze lokalnym i regionalnym’, Biuletyn KPZK PAN, 220, pp. 21–36.
Google Scholar
TACOLI, C. (2004), The Role of Small and Intermediate Urban Centres and Market Towns and the Value of Regional Approaches to Rural Poverty Reduction Policy, Prepared for the OECD DAC POVNET Agriculture and Pro-Poor Growth Task Team, Helsinki, Workshop, 17–18 June, www.oecd.org/dac/povertyreduction/36562990.pdf (29.07.2014).
Google Scholar
TITUS, M. (1998), ‘The small town reconsidered’, [in:] TITUS, M. and HINDERINK, J. (eds.), Town and Hinterland in Developing Countries, Amsterdam: Thela Thesis.
Google Scholar
TITUS, M.and HINDERINK, J. (2002), ‘Small Towns and Regional Development: Major Findings and Policy Implications from Comparative Research’, Urban Studies, 39, pp. 379–391.
Google Scholar
TONTS, M. (1996), ‘Economic Restructuring and Small Town Adjustment: Evidence From The Western Australian Central Wheatbelt’, Rural Society, 6 (2), pp. 24–33.
Google Scholar
VAN DE KAA, D. J. (1987), ‘Europe’s second demographic transition’, Population Bulletin, 42 (1), pp. 1–59.
Google Scholar
VAN DE KAA, D. J. (2003), ‘The Idea of a Second Transition in industrialized countries’, The Japanese Journal of Population, 1 (1), pp. 1–34.
Google Scholar
VENERI, P., RUIZ, V. (2013), Urban-to-Rural Population Growth Linkages: Evidence from OECD TL3 Regions, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, 2013/03, OECD Publishing.
Google Scholar
WEBB, J. W. (1969), ‘The Natural and Migrational Components of Population Changes in England and Wales, 1921–1931’, Economic Geography, 2, pp. 130–148.
Google Scholar
WYSOCKI, Z. (1975), ‘Małe miasta w perspektywie nowego podziału administracyjnego Polski’, Wiadomości Statystyczne, 9, pp. 47‒54.
Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
